1) Schilling/McCormick's garlic salt: 1895 mg sodium/tsp
2) Lawry's garlic salt: 968 mg sodium/tsp
3) Spice Island garlic salt: 930 mg sodium/tsp

1) ORAL: Ingestion of significant amounts may cause gastroenteritis (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and diarrhea) and hypoglycemia.
2) OCULAR: Eye exposure may cause tearing.
3) DERMAL: Skin contact may produce dermatitis and blistering following exposure. Dermal injury has also developed infrequently following prolonged contact with garlic cloves (eg, used as a poultice).
4) GARLIC SUPPLEMENTS: Patients that ingest garlic tablets or herbal preparations containing garlic in large amounts may be at risk to develop bleeding secondary to potential inhibition of platelet aggregation.
5) INHALATION: Inhalation of dust may produce asthmatic reactions following occupational exposure. CHRONIC: Iodine uptake may be reduced by chronic garlic ingestion

1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Treatment is unlikely to be necessary in most cases. Consider dilution in patients that are not vomiting, develop a burning sensation of the gastrointestinal tract following ingestion. Patients, in particular children, may require IV hydration, antiemetics and electrolyte replacement if they develop significant vomiting and/or diarrhea. TOPICAL: Contact dermatitis has occurred with exposure. Avoid further contact and cleanse skin with soap and water. Monitor for ongoing skin reaction. Dermal injury can occur from prolonged direct contact with garlic. The area should be cleansed and treated similar to other chemical burns (ie, silver sulfadiazine cream).

1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Severe toxicity is not anticipated with culinary use. Assess airway and respiratory function following a significant occupational exposure to garlic dust.

1) PREHOSPITAL: Gastric decontamination is rarely necessary. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
2) HOSPITAL: Gastric decontamination is rarely necessary. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

1) Airway support is unlikely to be necessary with culinary use. Monitor airway and respiratory function following an occupational exposure. Asthmatic reactions have been reported after multiple exposures to garlic dust.

1) No studies have addressed the utilization of extracorporeal elimination techniques in poisoning with this agent. However, enhanced elimination techniques are unlikely to be necessary following exposure to garlic.

1) HOME CRITERIA: Most cases of exposure will require no therapy. Patients who are asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms after exposure to garlic may be managed at home.
2) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Patients who are symptomatic may need to be monitored until they are clearly improving and clinically stable.
3) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Only patients with systemic toxicity (ie, respiratory insufficiency following occupational exposure) may require admission.
4) CONSULT CRITERIA: Consult a regional poison center or medical toxicologist for assistance in managing patients with severe toxicity or in whom the diagnosis is not clear.

1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

1) Antithrombotic activity has been reported from various components of garlic. These may potentiate other anti-thrombotic or anti-atherosclerosis agents (Block et al, 1984).

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) ANEMIA HEMOLYTIC
2) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.

1) HUMANS - At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to onions or garlic during pregnancy or lactation in humans.

1) ABORTION

1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.

1) There is some evidence in animals and humans that diets with Allium species have an anti-tumor effect, especially on cancers such as stomach cancer (You et al, 1989).

1) Gastric decontamination is rarely necessary.

1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

1) Gastric decontamination is rarely necessary.

1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

1) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY
2) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY

1) No specific laboratory measures are indicated. Vomiting is seldom serious enough to cause electrolyte loss.

1) Both oral and topical steroids have been used to treat various garlic-induced burns and rashes (Bojs & Svensson, 1988).
2) Ten hours after holding crushed garlic for 3 to 5 minutes, a burning sensation and edema were noted, developing into a sharply demarcated erythematous eruption that was partly bullous and partly hemorrhagic. The lesion cleared after 10 days of treatment with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% (Eming et al, 1999).

A) Only patients with systemic toxicity (ie, respiratory insufficiency) may require admission.

A) Most cases of exposure will require no therapy. Patients who are asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms after exposure to garlic may be managed at home.

A) Consult a regional poison center or medical toxicologist for assistance in managing patients with severe toxicity or in whom the diagnosis is not clear.

A) Patients who are symptomatic may need to be monitored until they are clearly improving and clinically stable.

1) The expressed garlic juice has been used in doses of 2 milliliters, and there was a standard syrup preparation (Syrupus Allii N.F. V) used in doses of 4 to 8 milliliters. The dose of the oil used is 0.12 to 0.2 milliliter (Okuyama et al, 1989).

a) ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC) - Anticoagulant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, immune system modulator, antilipidemic agent, hypoglycemic agent, and fibrinolytic activity (Abdullah et al, 1988; Anon, 1976).
b) ALLIUM CEPA (ONION) - Hypocholesterolemic, fibrinolytic agents (most likely propienyl and methyl sulfides), inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation, fatty acid oxygenases, antiasthmatics (Bayer et al, 1989; Anon, 1976).
c) ALLIUM URSINUM (WILD GARLIC) - Inhibits 5-lipooxygenase, cyclooxygenase, thrombocyte aggregation, and angiotensin I converting enzyme (Sendl et al, 1992).

a) RATS - Administration of 100 mg/kg/day of garlic oil to rats blocked increases in cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids when compared to controls who were also fed a high sucrose diet (Adamu et al, 1982). Another rat study confirmed these results (Kamanna & Chandrasekhara, 1984). The anti-atherogenic action is present in the oily fraction of garlic (Jain & Konar, 1978).
b) When tested in humans given 100 g of butter in a fatty diet, a 7% increase from prestudy cholesterol levels was reported in the non-treated groups, and a 7% decrease was reported in the group also given 50 grams of garlic. Serum cholesterol levels were measured 3 hours post ingestion. There were only 10 subjects in the study (Bordia & Bansal, 1973).
c) Another study involved 20 healthy volunteers. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased, while high density lipoproteins were increased after a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day of garlic oil (Bordia, 1981).
d) Similar results were seen in 62 patients with coronary artery disease and elevated cholesterol who used garlic for 10 months (Bordia, 1981); and in a study done by Sharma et al (1978).
e) There have been eleven studies with doses of 600 to 900 mg of garlic powder per day that have shown an average reduction of serum cholesterol and triglycerides of 10% to 13% (Grunwald, 1990; Mader, 1990).
f) Onion reduced hypercholesterolemia from 7% to 33% in 9 of 18 patients with blood cholesterol of 245 to greater than 300 milligrams/deciliter. Patients ingested 15 mL of onion extract 2 or 3 times daily for at least 3 months. Of these patients, 33% had approximately a 5% decrease, 11.1% had a 5% to 9% decrease, 5.6% had a 10% to 14% decrease, and 16.7% had either a 15% to 19% decrease, a 20% to 40% decrease, or an increase in serum cholesterol levels (Louria et al, 1985).

a) Human volunteers fed 50 g of garlic with 100 g of butter had a 15% increase in fibrinolytic activity 3 hours post-ingestion, compared to a group fed the butter alone (Bordia & Bansal, 1973).
b) Bordia et al (1977) found a 95% increase in fibrinolytic activity in post MI patients over the initial post infarct period.
c) Amounts close to 3 to 4 grams/day may produce an effect on fibrinolytic activity (Roser, 1990).

a) GARLIC -
b) ONION -

a) Rabbits given garlic had a 12% reduction in blood sugar (compared to 20% for tolbutamide) (Jain et al, 1973). Increases in serum insulin and improvement in liver glycogen storage has also been noted in humans taking garlic (Sitprija et al, 1987).
b) Onion has been shown to contain diphenylamine. When given to rabbits, pure diphenylamine caused a 21.7% to 33.4% reduction in blood sugar. A diethyl ether extract from onion produced a 34.8% to 50.3% reduction in blood glucose (Salveron & Cantoria, 1989).

a) ANTIBACTERIAL - Garlic does inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is about 1% as effective as penicillin (Anon, 1994; Willis, 1956).
b) ANTIFUNGAL - Although tested as an antifungal with positive results, garlic has not proven to be very useful or popular as a general antifungal (Anon, 1994; Adetumbi & Lau, 1983; Amer et al, 1980; Moore & Atkins, 1977).
c) ANTIVIRAL - Garlic extract was shown to have antiviral activity against influenza B, human rhinovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, parainfluenza type 3, and herpes simplex, but not against Coxsackie B1 virus (Weber et al, 1991; (Tsai et al, 1985). Various components of the garlic were tested. The order of virucidal activity, in decreasing order, was ajoene, allicin, allyl methylthiosulfinate, and methyl allylthiosulfinate (Weber et al, 1991).
d) AMEBICIDAL - Addition of 25 mcg/mL of crude garlic extract oil to cultures of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites inhibited growth. Concentrations of about 50 mcg/mL produced irreversible killing (Mirelman et al, 1987).

a) When mice with malignancies were pretreated with garlic extract, no treated mice died in 6 months, whereas all control mice expired (Weisberger & Pensky, 1957). It is postulated that allicin may react with the sulfhydryl groups found in rapidly dividing cells, reducing their growth rate.
b) The germanium and selenium found in garlic may have some effect on reducing tumor growth rate. Garlic extracts have been shown to inhibit liver and buccal tumors in experimental animals (Anon, 1994; Hayes et al, 1987).
c) Garlic and onion were also shown to inhibit tumors promoted by phorbol-myristate acetate (Belman, 1983).
d) An epidemiologic study found that patients who ingested larger amounts of Allium vegetables had fewer stomach cancers than those who ate fewer. Not all other factors were controlled. Interviews were conducted, in China, with 564 patients with stomach cancer and 1,131 controls. Persons in the highest quartile of intake had only 40% of the risk of those in the lowest quartile (You et al, 1989).

a) When tested in in-vitro and in-vivo animal models, garlic was shown to have a protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine (Hikino et al, 1986).

a) Alpha- and beta-unsaturated thiosulfinates found in Allium cepa exhibit antiasthmatic effects in vivo. Allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs was suppressed and in vitro inhibition of histamine release, leukotriene synthesis, and thromboxane production were noted in human cell cultures (Bayer et al, 1989; Dorsch et al, 1988).

a) Administration of 15 mL of onion extract 2 to 3 times daily for 2 months decreased blood pressure in 13 of 20 patients with moderate hypertension (systolic pressure less than 185 mmHg and diastolic pressure less than 110 mmHg). The mean decrease was 6.6 mmHg (p = 0.000132) (Louria et al, 1985).

1) Heinz body formation has been reported in several species of animals including cats, cattle, dogs, horses, and sheep (Robertson et al, 1998).
2) Heinz bodies and Howell-Jolly bodies were found in cows that ingested approximately 20 kilograms/day of onion for 6 weeks (Rae, 1999).

1) Heinz body formation has been reported in several species of animals including cats, cattle, dogs, horses, and sheep (Robertson et al, 1998).
2) The susceptibility of dogs, for the development of hemolytic anemia, is dependent on the type of erythrocytes they have. High potassium, high glutathione erythrocyte dogs are more susceptible to the oxidant action of onions than normal to low potassium erythrocyte dogs (Yamato et al, 1999; Yamoto & Maede, 1992).

1) Heinz body formation has been reported in several species of animals including cats, cattle, dogs, horses, and sheep (Robertson et al, 1998).
2) In one prospective study in cats fed baby food with or without onion powder, heinz body formation rose 33% to 53% (p < 0.0001) and methemoglobinemia levels rose to 1.2% in animals fed up to 2.5% onion powder for 2 months. The change in methemoglobinemia was significant (p < 0.0059), but not clinically important (Robertson et al, 1998).