PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE

USES: Piperonyl butoxide is an insecticide and acaricide which is used as a synergist (by enzyme inhibition) to increase the potency of pyrethrins and rotenone. This chemical is often combined with hydrocarbons or other insecticides.

TOXICOLOGY: Piperonyl butoxide inhibits mixed function oxidase enzymes of the liver which metabolize pyrethrins and pyrethroids, with which they are combined. Acute oral or dermal exposure is unlikely to result in significant signs and symptoms of systemic toxicity or dermal irritation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures to piperonyl butoxide are common but significant toxicity is rare.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Piperonyl butoxide is minimally toxic. Skin irritation or significant percutaneous absorption is not expected following normal dermal exposure. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, or diarrhea, eye irritation may be seen. One case of pathological laughter has been reported with human exposure.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Not reported in humans. Primary sources of data are from animals which include reports of hyperexcitability, unsteadiness, anemias, liver injury, coma, seizures, and brain damage in large overdoses.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Piperonyl butoxide is an insecticide and acaricide which is used as a synergist (by enzyme inhibition) to increase the potency of pyrethrins and rotenone. This chemical is often combined with hydrocarbons or other insecticides.
TOXICOLOGY: Piperonyl butoxide inhibits mixed function oxidase enzymes of the liver which metabolize pyrethrins and pyrethroids, with which they are combined. Acute oral or dermal exposure is unlikely to result in significant signs and symptoms of systemic toxicity or dermal irritation.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures to piperonyl butoxide are common but significant toxicity is rare.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Piperonyl butoxide is minimally toxic. Skin irritation or significant percutaneous absorption is not expected following normal dermal exposure. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, or diarrhea, eye irritation may be seen. One case of pathological laughter has been reported with human exposure.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Not reported in humans. Primary sources of data are from animals which include reports of hyperexcitability, unsteadiness, anemias, liver injury, coma, seizures, and brain damage in large overdoses.

DERMAL

CELLULITIS: Cellulitis occurred around the injection site when a commercial spray was injected subcutaneously and intravenously. The causal agent was impossible to determine (Goldberg et al, 1982).

GASTROINTESTINAL

Nausea and vomiting may occur (Sax, 1984).
Anorexia may be seen after a large single dose (Hayes, 1982).
Diarrhea may occur (Sax, 1984).

NEUROLOGIC

Primary sources of data are from animals which include reports of hyperexcitability, unsteadiness, anemias, liver injury, coma, seizures, and brain damage in large overdoses (Hayes, 1982; Lehman AJ, 1952; Sarles & Vandegrift, 1952).

ROUTE OF ABSORPTION

PB was absorbed systemically by all routes of administration in rats (Falk, 1972). It may accumulate in the fat (Kimura, 1983). It is extensively metabolized, forming as many as 26 metabolites in rats (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

TOXIC DOSE

A single oral dose of 50 mg PB (0.71 mg/kg) produced no ill effects in 8 male volunteers (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no chronic exposure studies were found for piperonyl butoxide in humans.

Mice fed 0.3 or 0.9% piperonyl butoxide in the diet for 20 days had increased liver weight and other signs of liver toxicity (Fujitani et al, 1993b).

Male rats given up to 2.4% of piperonyl butoxide in the diet for up to 12 weeks had clinical and histologic signs of liver damage; the highest dose group showed preneoplastic changes, including enlargement of hepatocyte nuclei and multinucleated cells. Kidney damage was also seen (Fujitani et al, 1993a).

PB is not a sensitizer in rabbits (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ORAL EXPOSURE

Piperonyl butoxide is of low toxicity. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not indicated. Gastrointestinal decontamination is only indicated if there is a coingestant with significant toxicity.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Move patient to fresh air. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta-2 agonist and corticosteroids.

OCULAR EXPOSURE

Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia occurs, patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimal toxic or lethal dose in humans is not established. There have been no deaths reported following acute exposure to piperonyl butoxide alone.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

No cases of severe irritation or toxic effects have been reported in the many exposures which occurred in development, manufacture, laboratory testing on insects, or field use.

Male volunteers tolerated a single oral dose of 50 mg (0.71 mg/kg body weight) piperonyl butoxide with no signs of toxicity (HSDB , 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS51-03-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Piperonyl butoxide

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- Greater than 7500 mg/kg (Sarles et al, 1949)
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- Greater than 7500 mg/kg (Sarles et al, 1949)
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 2500-5000 mg/kg (Sarles et al, 1949)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 7500-10,000 mg/kg (Sarles et al, 1949)
- 11,500 (Lehman, 1952)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- Greater than 7950 mg/kg (Gaines, 1969)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS51-03-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS51-03-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS51-03-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS51-03-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Piperonyl butoxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS51-03-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS51-03-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-[[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl]-6-propyl-

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS51-03-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 51-03-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS51-03-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS51-03-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Stable to hydrolysis and ultraviolet light (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS51-03-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS51-03-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS51-03-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS51-03-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

338.43(HSDB , 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

A light brown liquid with a mild odor and bitter taste (HSDB , 2000).

Piperonyl butoxide is a colorless to light brown or yellow liquid (HSDB , 2000).

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.04-1.07 g/mL (at 20 degrees C)

BOILING POINT

180 degrees C (at 1 mmHg) (Sax, 1984)

FLASH POINT

170 degrees C; 340 degrees F (Sax, 1984)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

practically insoluble in water (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

miscible with methanol, benzene, and ethanol (Sax, 1984)

-REFERENCES

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents