AMMONIUM SULFATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:005601
NSC NUMBER:77671
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51481

MOLECULAR FORMULA

(NH4)2SO4
H8N2O4S
O4-S.2H4-N

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

140-OXIDIZERS

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS, 2004; EPA, 2005; HSDB, 2004; RTECS, 2004)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Commercial grade ammonium sulfate is widely used as a nitrogen source in fertilizers. Ammonium sulfate is also used in manufacturing ammonia alum, hydrogen sulfide, and viscose (silk) rayon; fireproofing of fabrics and paper; for tanning, galvanizing iron, and fermentation (as a nitrogen source); and as a dry chemical fire extinguishing agent, food additive, and adjuvant herbicide ingredient (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Meister, 2003; Lewis, 2001).

FORMS

Ammonium sulfate is the ammonium salt form of sulfuric acid. It is an odorless, colorless (or brownish-gray to white), rhombic crystalline solid that is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, acetone, ethanol, and ammonia (HSDB, 2004; Meister, 2003; Lewis, 2001).
Ammonium sulfate comes in several grades: commercial pure grade (at least 99% pure), technical, enzyme (no heavy metals), and Food Chemical Codex (FCC) grade (Lewis, 2001).
Ammonia sulfate also exists as the volcanic mineral mascagnite (native sulfate of ammonia) (WHO, 1986).

SOURCES

Substantial quantities of ammonium sulfate are generated as a manufacturing by-product from caprolactam, a synthetic fiber intermediate. Lesser quantities are generated as a by-product from coke oven gas production; synthetic ammonia and spent sulfuric acid processing; and manufacturing of bone black in petroleum refining. Ammonium sulfate is also produced from gypsum, through reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide (HSDB, 2004; Meister, 2003; Lewis, 2001).
It occurs naturally in the environment as the volcanic mineral mascagnite (native sulfate of ammonia) (WHO, 1986).
Ammonium sulfate aerosols occur in urban air as a component of "acid fog." Ammonium sulfate aerosol particulates form in the atmosphere through aqueous-phase reactions of gaseous ammonia with sulfur dioxide gas or sulfuric acid (HSDB, 2004; WHO, 1986).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Ammonium sulfate can cause skin irritation (Anon, 1996). It may cause reversible or irreversible changes following tissue exposure (HSDB, 2004). Repeated or prolonged exposure can result in dermatitis (Anon, 1996).

EYE EXPOSURE

Ammonium sulfate can be moderately irritating to the eyes (Anon, 1996).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

GENERAL - Ammonium sulfate can be irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract (Anon, 1996).
Inhalation of 500 micrograms/m(3) of respirable particles for 4 hours had no effect on healthy human volunteers (Kulle, 1984). A one-hour inhalation exposure at an unspecified dose had no effect in humans (Leilauf & Lippman, 1981). However, ASTHMATICS were sensitive to sulfates at levels as low as 0.1 mg/m(3), and ammonium was the most effective counterion (Utell et al, 1982; (Utell, 1983).

ORAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL - Ingestion of ammonium sulfate can produce the following gastrointestinal symptoms: GI irritation, ulceration or hemorrhage of the GI tract possible, abdominal pain, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting (Anon, 1996; Lewis, 2000). One fatal case of ammonium sulfate poisoning has been reported (Sato et al, 1999).
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS - Theoretically, if enough is absorbed systemically, ammonium sulfate can produce ammonia poisoning (Anon, 2002).
CASE REPORT - An intentional, fatal case of ammonium sulfate intoxication occurred in an elderly woman found dead. The amount of ammonium sulfate ingested could not be determined. Autopsy results indicated that ammonium sulfate ions were significantly elevated in the serum (ammonium ion 25000 mcg/dL {normal range 30 to 80 mcg/dL in humans} and sulfate ion 12 mEq/L {normal range 0.25 to 0.35 mEq/L in humans}) (Sato et al, 1999).

The authors conducted a toxicological study using rabbits to determine the toxicological mechanism of ammonium sulfate. Exposed rabbits were given 1.5 g/kg of ammonium sulfate, and developed symptoms of generalized seizure, acute hyperammonemia, hypersulfatemia, severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.629 +/-0.019, base excess -29.7+/- 2.4 and HCO(3) 4.2 +/- 0.7 at 60 minutes) and brain damage. All rabbits died within 60 to 70 minutes of exposure. The authors concluded that a lower dose resulted in lethality than previously reported (LD50 in rats 3 to 4 g/kg and 2 g/kg in mice) in oral animal toxicity studies (Sato et al, 1999).

ANIMAL DATA

INHALATION

INHALATION - Inhaled ammonium sulfate fog is cleared from the lungs fairly rapidly, with a half-life of approximately 18 to 20 minutes in hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits (Godleski & Leighton, 1978).
In acute exposure, ammonium sulfate acts synergistically with OZONE and NITROGEN DIOXIDE to produce acute toxicity in rats (Last, 1984). Inhalation of 0.3 to 0.6 mmcm for 1 hour had no effect in donkeys (Schlesinger, 1978), and an unspecified inhaled dose had no effect in guinea pigs (Loscutoff, 1985).
Ammonium sulfate decreased mucociliary clearance in rabbits (Schlesinger, 1984) and released histamine from the lungs of guinea pigs in vitro (Charles & Manzel, 1975). The latter findings suggest that inhalation of ammonium sulfate aerosol may exacerbate pre-existing lung conditions.

INGESTION

Ingestion of ammonium sulfate in animals can produce colic, ulceration, ataxia, and hepatomegaly (HSDB, 2004; Anon, 1996).
A toxicological study using rabbits to determine the toxicological mechanism of ammonium sulfate was conducted. Exposed rabbits were given 1.5 g/kg of ammonium sulfate, and developed symptoms of generalized seizure, acute hyperammonemia, hypersulfatemia, severe metablic acidosis (pH 6.629 +/-0.019, base excess -29.7+/- 2.4 and HCO3 4.2 +/- 0.7 at 60 minutes) and brain damage. All rabbits died within 60 to 70 minutes of exposure. The authors concluded that a lower dose had been fatal than previously reported (LD50 in rats 3 to 4 g/kg and 2 g/kg in mice) in oral animal toxicity studies (Sato et al, 1999).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

In a Russian occupational study, the effects of chronic exposure to ammonium sulfate indicated that cardiac contraction, neurotoxicity, and hypertension may be related to exposure (Rumyantsev, 1980). However, these effects have not been confirmed in other ammonium sulfate exposed workers.

Inhalation of an airborne ammonium sulfate concentration of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/m(3) for 8 hours/day for 3 days produced no effects in rats (Pepelko, 1980).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

DILUTION

Rinse the mouth and dilute with milk or water.
If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Rinse the mouth and dilute with milk or water.
If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

GENERAL

Ingestion of ammonium sulfate may produce gastric irritation, ulceration, or hemorrhage of the GI tract. Theoretically, systemic effects of an acute ingestion may result in ammonia poisoning if sufficient absorption occurs.
Treatment is SYMPTOMATIC and SUPPORTIVE.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL

Theoretically, massive doses of ammonium sulfate can produce ammonia poisoning through systemic absorption. This scenario is considered unlikely, except in persons with preexisting liver disease (HSDB, 2004).

MORTALITY

One fatal case of ammonium sulfate poisoning has been reported in an elderly female. A container near the body confirmed the presence of ammonium sulfate. The ingested dose was undeterminable. Autopsy results indicated significantly elevated ammonium and sulfate ions in the serum. Ammonium ions were 25,000 mcg/dL (normal range 30 to 80 mcg/dL in humans) and sulfate ions were 12 mEq/L (normal range 0.25 to 0.35 mEq/L in humans) (Sato et al, 1999).

ANIMAL DATA

In a study using rabbits, all of the animals died within 60-70 minutes after being given 1.5 g/kg of ammonium sulfate. Symptoms included generalized seizure, acute hyperammonemia, hypersulfatemia, severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.629 +/-0.019, base excess -29.7+/- 2.4 and HCO(3) 4.2 +/- 0.7 at 60 minutes) and brain damage. The authors concluded that a lower dose resulted in lethality than previously reported (LD50 in rats 3 to 4 g/kg and 2 g/kg in mice) in oral animal toxicity studies (Sato et al, 1999).

The median lethal dose range for ammonium sulfate in both rats and mice is 3-4.5 g/kg/body weight (WHO, 1986).

Oral doses of 40 g and 150 g ammonium sulfate were lethal to a heifer and a cow, respectively. Symptoms were correlated with blood ammonia-N levels. Death occurred at blood levels of 5 mg% ammonia-N or more. Ataxia occurred at blood levels above 2 mg% ammonia-N (HSDB, 2004).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION

Inhalation of ammonium sulfate at low levels [0.1 mg/m(3)] for short durations impaired respiratory function in asthmatics. Ammonium was the most effective counterion (Utell, 1983).
Inhalation of 500 mcg/m(3) of respirable particles for 4 hours had no effect on healthy human volunteers (Kulle, 1984).
Inhalation of ammonium sulfate aerosols by healthy and asthmatic adult males for 2 hours each day for 2-3 days produced little to no observable adverse health effects (HSDB, 2004).

GENERAL

Ammonium sulfate is also an eye, skin, and respiratory irritant. Repeat dermal exposure can produce irreversible skin changes in some cases (HSDB, 2004; Anon, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Inhalation of ammonium sulfate aerosol concentrations of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/m(3) for 8H/day for 3 days produced no effects in rats (Pepelko, 1980).
In rabbits, only the highest oral inhalation dose [600-1700 mcg/m(3)] of ammonium sulfate aerosol concentrations for 1H produced a significant adverse effect (mucociliary clearance depression) (HSDB, 2004)

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7783-20-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 610 mg/kg - tremor, lowered seizure threshold (convulsions), dyspnea (RTECS, 2004).
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 640 mg/kg - sleepiness, muscle contractions, respiratory changes (RTECS, 2004).
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 4,280 mg/kg - tetany, dyspnea, lowered respiratory threshold (convulsions) (RTECS, 2004).
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 58 mg/kg - Grade 3 (CHRIS, 2004).
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 2,840 mg/kg - sleepiness, muscle contractions, respiratory changes (RTECS, 2004).
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 4,540 mg/kg - dyspnea, tetany, motor activity changes (RTECS, 2004).
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 1,500 mg/kg - lowest published toxic dose/concentration for humans (RTECS, 2004).

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 5.40 mg/m(3) at 25 degrees C (DOE, 2005)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7783-20-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7783-20-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7783-20-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7783-20-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7783-20-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7783-20-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7783-20-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Wear adequate chemical protective clothing and equipment to protect against dermal and eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion of ammonium sulfate (dust, solution, or vapor form) when handling this chemical (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

Use specific manufacturer recommended respiratory protection to avoid vapor or dust inhalation during handling (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store ammonium sulfate containers safely away from reactive chemicals (e.g., nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, or products containing them), reactive metals (e.g., potassium, sodium potassium), and combustible organic materials (e.g., paper, wood, fabric, oils, etc.) (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000).
Store ammonium sulfate in appropriate containers. In the presence of moisture, ammonium sulfate can adversely react with iron, zinc, and other metals. Follow manufacturer's specific recommendations on safe containers and storage conditions (BASF Corporation, 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store ammonium sulfate in dry environment. Ventilate enclosed areas where ammonium sulfate is stored. Follow manufacturer's specific recommendations for proper and safe storage (HSDB, 2004).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Ammonium sulfate contact with nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, potassium, sodium potassium alloys, or products containing these chemicals may result in explosive, violent, and hazardous reactions (HSDB, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
In the presence of moisture, ammonium sulfate can react with numerous metals, including iron and zinc (BASF Corporation, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing and gloves, gas-tight goggles, and a filter mask when handling ammonium sulfate. Wear appropriate breathing equipment to prevent dust and vapor inhalation. Follow manufacturer's specific recommendations for protective clothing and equipment (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

Wear personal protective equipment to prevent inhalation and skin and eye contact with ammonium sulfate. Do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without proper protective equipment. Positive pressure, self-contained breathing equipment is required where fire occurs. Stay upwind of fires, spills, and leaks involving this material (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate chemical-protective equipment to prevent face and eye contact when working with or around ammonium sulfate (OHM/TADS, 2004).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Use appropriate respiratory protection to prevent any inhalation of ammonium sulfate vapor and dust. The chemical is a respiratory irritant and can be toxic if inhaled (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7783-20-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

If ammonium sulfate contacts the skin, promptly wash the the affected area(s) with running water for at least 20 minutes. Remove and wash any contaminated clothing to prevent dermal contact and to avoid spreading the chemical to other bodily areas (HSDB, 2004).
If ammonium sulfate contacts the eyes, remove contact lens and flush eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 20 minutes (HSDB, 2004).
In case of ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact, seek immediate medical attention, as toxic reactions from exposure may be delayed (HSDB, 2004).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.
- Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- May explode from heat or contamination.
- Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels).
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Ammonium sulfate is not flammable. As an oxidizer, however, ammonium sulfate may enhance or spontaneously ignite combustible organic materials (e.g., paper, wood, fabric, oils, etc.) (HSDB, 2004).
Presence of heat, flame, or other ignition sources in areas where ammonium sulfate and reactive materials are used, handled, or stored can pose a fire hazard (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7783-20-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Presence of heat, flame, or other ignition sources in areas where ammonium sulfate is used, handled, or stored can create hazardous conditions (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Ammonium sulfate is reactive with many chemicals, especially nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, potassium, sodium potassium alloys or products containing these chemicals. Contact may result in fire or explosions (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7783-20-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, ammonium sulfate releases toxic and irritating fumes of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Explosions or vigorous reactions may occur when ammonium sulfate contacts reactive chemicals, especially nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, and potassium or sodium potassium alloys (NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Avoid breathing ammonium sulfate vapors and dust as they are respiratory irritants and can be toxic (OHM/TADS, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Ammonium sulfate in solution is a strong acid that can react with bases to form ammonia (OHM/TADS, 2004; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Explosions and violent, hazardous reactions may occur when ammonium sulfate is mixed with reactive chemicals such as nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, or strong oxidizers. Other dangerous reactions may occur under the following conditions (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):

Mixtures of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate can readily explode upon contact with potassium or a sodium-potassium alloy.
Contact of melted ammonium sulfate with a nitrite salt can produce a violent explosion.
Contact of ammonium sulfate with fused potassium nitrite causes a vigorous effervescent reaction and flame.
Reaction of ammonium sulfate with sodium hypochlorite, a chemical commonly used to clean tanks and effluent drains, produces nitrogen trichloride, which is unstable and potentially explosive.
Heating ammonium sulfate with potassium chlorate generates an incandescent reaction.
Ammonium sulfate oxidation produces sulfur dioxide.

Ammonium sulfate can corrode concrete, including asbestos cement and asbestos-concrete water pipes (OHM/TADS, 2004).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

In the event ammonium sulfate is spilled or leaking (but not on fire), consider an evacuation from the downwind area based on the amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (HSDB, 2004).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7783-20-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7783-20-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ammonium sulfate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 40
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 125
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 500
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7783-20-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7783-20-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not get water inside containers.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In the event of a spill, isolate the spill area and evacuate all unnecessary persons to a safe, upwind and uphill location. Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent dermal contact and vapor inhalation. Remove all nearby ignition sources and safely stop the leak, if possible (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.
For small spills (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004):
- Eliminate all ignition sources.
- Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent any vapor inhalation and eye and skin contact with the material.
- Safely stop the leak if possible.
- Use dry earth, sand, soda ash, or similar dry, non-combustible, inert absorbent to cover and cleanup spill.
- Collect spilled material in dry, sealable containers to prevent water entry.
- Ventilate the area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Following product recovery, flush area with water.
For large spills (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004):
- Eliminate all ignition sources.
- Wear appropriate protective clothing and positive pressure, self-contained, breathing apparatus to prevent any vapor inhalation and eye and skin contact with the material.
- Cover spilled material with dry earth, sand, soda ash, or similar dry, non-combustible, inert absorbent.
- Collect spilled liquid in dry containers. Seal containers to prevent any water from entering.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Chemical treatment methods include adding lime to raise the pH and form the precipitate Ca(SO4). Zeolite selectively binds ammonium ions (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Treatment methods for ammonium sulfate in waste water include adding calcium sulfide and calcium oxide (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The principal source of human occupational exposure to ammonium sulfate comes from its widespread use in most mixed fertilizers and as a separate fertilizer in the western U.S. Major industrial exposure sources include: emissions from synthetic manufacturing of ammonium sulfate (from pure ammonia and concentrated sulfuric acid); creation of ammonium sulfate as a by-product of caprolactam (a synthetic fiber intermediate) production; and its occurrence as a coke-oven by-product (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Meister, 2003; Lewis, 2001).

Other industrial sources of exposure to ammonium sulfate include: its use in manufacturing ammonia alum, viscose (silk) rayon, and hydrogen sulfide; its use in fermentation, flameproofing (paper and fabrics), tanning, iron galvanizing, freezing mixtures, and food additives (animal drugs, feeds, related products); and its presence as an adjuvant ingredient in herbicides. Lesser quantities of ammonia sulfate are created through spent sulfuric acid processing and through bone black manufacturing in petroleum refining (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Meister, 2003; Lewis, 2001).

Ammonium sulfate forms in the atmosphere through the aqueous phase reaction of gaseous ammonia with sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, or ozone. Ammonium sulfate particulate is directly released to the atmosphere from some chemical manufacturing processes (HSDB, 2004; Cal/EPA, 1997; WHO, 1986).

Ammonium sulfate may exist as a residue in agricultural soil through application of fertilizers and pesticide formulations containing ammonium sulfate (HSDB, 2004).

The general population may be exposed to ammonium sulfate from its occurrence in urban air as a fine particulate component of "acid fog." Ammonium sulfate particulate forms through the reaction of ammonia with sulfur dioxide gas or sulfuric acid (HSDB, 2004; WHO, 1986).

A 1977/1978 study reported nearly 85% of the aerosol sulfate mass in a New York City subregion was in the fine particulate fraction (HSDB, 2004).
Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact are the principal human exposure routes to ammonium sulfate (Cal/EPA, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Aqueous phase reactions of ammonia with sulfur dioxide or ozone in the atmosphere produce ammonium sulfate aerosols and particulate. High humidity, high ammonia concentrations and low temperatures enhance formation of ammonium sulfate aerosols. Rain wash-out and wet and dry deposition can remove these aerosolized particulates from the atmosphere (WHO, 1986).
- The estimated half-life for ammonium sulfate particulate in the troposphere is approximately 3.5 to 10 days (Cal/EPA, 1997).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Ammonium salts, including ammonium sulfate, undergo slight hydrolysis and disassociate, forming ammonium and the anion (WHO, 1986).
- Excess deposition of ammonium sulfate in some surface water systems may result in acidification and oxygen depletion (WHO, 1986).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The ammonium cation is generally immobile in clay soil due to its absorption on the positively charged clay particles. Ammonium sulfate nitrification produces nitrate ions that are mobile in soil and commonly removed by leaching, plant uptake, and denitrification (WHO, 1986).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Both wet and dry deposition processes can remove ammonium sulfate particulate from the atmosphere. The estimated half-life for the particulate form in the troposphere is 3.5 to 10 days (HSDB, 2004; Cal/EPA, 1997; WHO, 1986).

Various scientific studies link ammonium sulfate deposition to acidification of some surface water systems. Certain agricultural soils may retain ammonium sulfate residue from application of fertilizers or pesticides containing ammonium sulfate. Nitrification and denitrification processes, presence of organic matter, and various physical-chemical factors affect a soil's ammonium sulfate content (HSDB, 2004; Cal/EPA, 1997; WHO, 1986).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Ammonium sulfate does not accumulate in fish and aquatic organisms (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Aquatic plants may assimilate ammonia, as a nitrogen source, from ammonium sulfate (WHO, 1986).
TERRESTRIAL
- Various studies show toxic effects to pine trees and other plants through excessive ammonium uptake from airborne ammonium sulfate particulate deposited on their needles and leaves (WHO, 1986).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Ammonium sulfate's toxicity relates directly to its solution chemistry, the concentration of unionized ammonia, and the resultant pH (OHM/TADS, 2004).

Physical factors that can affect ammonium sulfate toxicity include dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and presence of other ions (sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium) (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Some studies report no clear difference in amphibian toxicity attributable to the varying sulfate, nitrate, or chloride ion content in different ammonium fertilizers (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999).

Reported toxic threshold levels for ammonium sulfate include 13 ppm (as NH4) for Eurasian watermilfoil and 0.5 ppm (as free NH3) for fish (OHM/TADS, 2004).
One amphibian study reported a 10-day LC50 of 45.5 mg/L ammonium sulfate for African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]) tadpoles, which was nearly one-half the 10-day LC50 of 89.7 mg/L for Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]) tadpoles (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999).
The toxicity threshold level for Daphnia spp. reportedly decreases concurrent with decreases in the dissolved oxygen concentration. Study results showed a toxicity threshold of 288 ppm at 6.6 ppm dissolved oxygen, and a toxicity threshold of 116 ppm at 1.52 ppm dissolved oxygen (100H bioassay at 23 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2004).
An acclimatization experiment with bitterling fish in ammonium sulfate solutions showed some fish may develop a slight tolerance to higher ammonia concentrations (WHO, 1986).
Ammonium sulfate is reportedly toxic to some marine dinoflagellates, but only at much higher concentrations than naturally-occurring environmental levels (WHO, 1986).
Several studies report deposition of airborne ammonium sulfate aerosols causing leaf and needle damage on terrestrial trees and plants as a result of excessive ammonium uptake and subsequent nutrient imbalances (WHO, 1986).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

ALGAE

EC50 - DINOFLAGELLATE (Gymnodinium splendens): 100 mcg/L for 3 hours -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - DINOFLAGELLATE (Gymnodinium splendens + Gonyaulax polyedra): 150 mcg/L for 17 days -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)

AMPHIBIANS

LOAEL - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]), tadpoles: > 99.5 mg/L (length and wet weight) for 10 days (measured, ammonium expressed as NH4-N); same results calculated un-ionized NH3: LOAEL (10 days) = >0.91 mg/L (length and wet weight) (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)
LOAEL - PACIFIC TREEFROG (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]), tadpoles: 49.0 mg/L (length) and 24.6 mg/L (wet weight) for 10 days (measured, ammonium expressed as NH4-N); same results calculated as un-ionized NH3: LOAEL (10 days) = 0.44 mg/L (length) and 0.20 mg/L (wet weight) (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)
LC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]), tadpoles (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999):

135.0 mg/L for 4D -- 95% CI = 119.2-152.9
45.5 mg/L for 10D -- 95% CI = 38.0-54.5; calculated un-ionized NH3 = 0.42 mg/L (0.36-0.50)

LC50 - PACIFIC TREEFROG (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]), tadpoles (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999):

115.3 mg/L for 4D -- 95% CI = 93.3-142.5
89.7 mg/L for 10D -- 95% CI = 74.2-108.6; calculated un-ionized NH3 = 0.88 mg/L (95% CI = 0.73-1.07)

LC100 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]), tadpoles: 298.4 mg/L (standard error +/- 7.5) -- measured as NH4-N (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)
LC100 - PACIFIC TREEFROG (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]), tadpoles: 298.4 mg/L (standard error +/- 7.5) -- measured as NH4-N (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)
NOAEL - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]) tadpoles: 99.5 mg/L (length and wet weight) for 10D (measured, ammonium expressed as NH4-N); same results calculated un-ionized NH3: NOAEL = 0.91 mg/L for 10D (length and wet weight) (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)
NOAEL - PACIFIC TREEFROG (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]) tadpoles: 24.6 mg/L (length) and 12.3 mg/L (wet weight) for 10D (measured, ammonium expressed as NH4-N); same results calculated as un-ionized NH3: LOAEL = 0.20 mg/L for 10D (length) and 0.11 mg/L (wet weight) (Schuytema & Nebeker, 1999)

CRUSTACEANS

IC50 - SAND SHRIMP (Crangon crangon): 81-130 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - AQUATIC SOWBUG (Asellus intermedius): >100 mg/L for 96H (at pH 6.5-8.5) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHRIMP (Gammarus fasciatus): >100 mg/L for 96H (at pH 6.5-8.5) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 14 mg/L for 48H (at pH 7.8-8.1); >100 mg/L for 96H (at pH 6.5-8.5); static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 432 mg/L for 25H; 433 mg/L for 50H (Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 292 ppm for 96H -- freshwater (CHRIS, 2004)
TLm - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 423 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS, 2004)

FISH

EC - RAINBOW TROUT: 1,000 ppm for 0.5H (tap water) -- lost equilibrium (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC - BLUEGILL: 66 ppm for 3.5H (tap water); 66 ppm for 408H (distilled water) (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC - GOLDFISH: 264 ppm for 162H (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC - SUNFISH: 420 ppm for 1H (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC - MINNOW: 400 ppm for 6H (hard water, 18 degrees C) and 4,000 ppm (distilled water, 16 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC50 - Barbarus ambassis: 566 mg/L for 24H; 546 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLEAK (Alburnus alburnus): 592 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CARP (Cirrhinus mrigala): 62 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CARP (Cyprinus carpio) (Verschueren, 2001):

egg: 70 mg/L (at 20 degrees C), 67 mg/L (at 24 degrees C), 60 mg/L (at 28 degrees C), 18 mg/L (at 32 degrees C), and 23 mg/L (at 36 degrees C) for 96H
fry: 120 mg/L (at 20 degrees C), 140 mg/L (at 24 degrees C), 93 mg/L (at 28 degrees C), 121 mg/L (at 32 degrees C), and 45 mg/L (at 36 degrees C) for 96H
hatchling: 77 mg/L for 96H
spawn: 101 mg/L (at 20 degrees C), 124 mg/L (at 24 degrees C), 78 mg/L (at 28 degrees C), 52 mg/L (at 32 degrees C), and 48 mg/L (at 36 degrees C) for 96H
unspecified: 141 mg/L for 96H

LC50 - CATLA (Catla catla): 48 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 0.8 mg/L (at pH 6), 1.2 mg/L (at pH 7.2), 1.8 mg/L (at pH 8), and 2.2 mg/L (at pH 8.8) for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): >100 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 126 mg/L for 4D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 395 mg/L for 120H ( at pH 7.5-7.8); 608 mg/L for 120H (at pH 6-6.5) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - IDE (Leuciscus idus): 460 - 1,000 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ROHU (Labeo rohita): 67 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TILAPIA (Tilapia mossambica): 49 and 50 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio) (Verschueren, 2001):

250 and 480 mg/L for 96H; 600 mg/L for 24H; and 550 mg/L for 48H -- flow-through bioassay
420 mg/l for 96H; 480 mg/L for 48H; and 520 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay

TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: 1,290 ppm for 96H -- turbid, freshwater, 20-21 degrees C (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004)

MOLLUSCS

LC - VECTOR SNAILS: 300-800 ppm for 24H (at 28 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC50 - FRESHWATER SNAIL (Biomphalaria havanensis): 669 mg/L (for eggs); 526 mg/L (for juveniles); and 657 mg/L (for adults) for 24H (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FRESHWATER SNAIL (Helisoma trivolis): 558 mg/L (for eggs); 393 mg/L (for juveniles); and 701 mg/L (for adults) for 24H (HSDB, 2004)
LC100 - FRESHWATER SNAIL (Biomphalaria havanensis), adults: 1,000 mg/L for 48H (HSDB, 2004)
LC100 - FRESHWATER SNAIL (Helisoma trivolis), adults: 1,250 mg/L for 48H (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

132.14

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

At room temperature and normal pressure, ammonium sulfate exists as solid, brownish-grey to white orthorhombic crystals or granules. Its color is affected by the degree of purity. It is odorless and sinks and mixes with water (CHRIS, 2004; Lide, 2003; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 2001).

pH of 0.1 molar aqueous solution = 5.5 (Budavari, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.78 (at 15 degrees C) (solid) (CHRIS, 2004)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.77 (Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 2001)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.77 g/cm(3) (Lide, 2003)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

513 degrees C (with decomposition) (Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

soluble (Lewis, 2001)
very soluble (Lide, 2003)
754 g/L (at 20 degrees C and pH 5) (Verschueren, 2001)
70.6 g/100 g water (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
76.7 g/100 g water (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
103.8 g/100 g water (at 100 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

insoluble in acetone and alcohol (Lide, 2003; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log P = -5.1 (Verschueren, 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

280 degrees C (Lide, 2003)
>280 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents