PICRIC ACID

1344-Picric acid, wet, with not less than 10% water
3364-Picric acid, wetted with not less than 10% water
3364-Trinitrophenol, wetted with not less than 10% water
1344-Trinitrophenol, wetted with not less than 30% water

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C6-H3-N3-O7

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

113-FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (WET/DESENSITIZED EXPLOSIVE)(for UN/NA Numbers1344and3364)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

((RTECS, 1995); (HSDB, 1995); OHM/TADS, 1995)IATA, 1995;(Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1992)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Picric acid has been widely used as an explosive. In military applications, it has been used in armor-piercing shells, detonators, and as a burster in projectiles. It is also used in the manufacture of fireworks and matches and as an oxidant in rocket fuels (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (HSDB, 1995)).
Picric acid is used in the manufacture of batteries and colored glass. It is effective in controlled etching of metals, especially copper and steel, to reveal grain structure. Its effect on proteins makes it useful in processing leather, and it is also employed as a quick dye for silk and wool and as a mordant (ILO, 1983; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
In the laboratory, picric acid is used as a reagent, as a chemical intermediate for the production of picramic acid, chloropicrin, and metallic picrates, and in forensic chemistry (ILO, 1983; Lewis, 1993; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Picric acid's antiseptic characteristics were once employed to treat such ailments as malaria, trichinosis, herpes, smallpox, and burns. It was also used as an astringent, as a solvent to extract insulin from human tissue, and as a taeniacide for sheep (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (HSDB, 1995)).
Other uses include sensitization of photographic emulsions, removal of gelatin from hectographic images, and as a germicide and fungicide (ILO, 1983; (HSDB, 1995)).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Picric acid is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin or eye exposure. The primary routes of exposure are inhalation and dermal. It is a respiratory tract, eye, and skin irritant and strong sensitizer. Picric acid is reportedly not mutagenic in the Ames assay.

Following ingestion, headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, yellow discoloration of the skin, hematuria, and albuminuria may occur; high doses may cause destruction of erythrocytes, hemorrhagic nephritis, and hepatitis. High doses will color all tissues yellow and cause apparent yellow vision. Anuria and polyuria may be noted.

Skin contact with picric acid dust has caused sensitization dermatitis; edema, papules, vesicles, and desquamation have developed. Eye contact with the solution may cause corneal injury.

Exposure may also cause weakness, myalgia, convulsions, and coma.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, kidneys, liver, and blood (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

Do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring urinalysis is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Published LDLo values in rabbits exposed to picric acid by subcutaneous injection are 120 and 500 mg/kg, while the LDLo in cats was 100 to 125 mg/kg by the same route (ACGIH, 1991).
Dogs died of respiratory paralysis following an (unspecified) acute dose of picric acid (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
One to two grams of picric acid ingested by humans caused severe poisoning (ACGIH, 1991).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

In 1946, US Navy personnel anchored at Wakayama, Japan were exposed to 2 to 20 mg/L picric acid in drinking water, which caused an outbreak of hematuria (ACGIH, 1991).
The primary occupational exposures of picric acid are by skin and eye contact or inhalation of the dust or fumes, and results of exposure may be aggravated by sensitization (ACGIH, 1991).

In a study of 71 workers exposed to 0.0088 to 0.1942 mg/m(3) of AMMONIUM PICRATE dust, dermatitis developed only in workers with the lowest exposures, suggesting that individuals may adapt when exposed to higher concentrations (ACGIH, 1991).
The result of inhalation of high concentrations of picric acid dust by one worker was temporary coma, weakness, myalgia, anuria, and later polyuria (Hathaway, 1991).
Workers exposed to picric acid experienced such visual impairments as eye irritation, corneal injury, and yellow-tinted vision (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

Picric acid doses less than or equal to 50 mg/kg in dogs caused transitory changes in the kidneys, including glomerulitis, but did not result in death (ACGIH, 1991).
A picric acid solution injected into the corneal stroma of the rabbit caused corneal injury despite quick neutralization of the solution (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS88-89-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Picric acid
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Picric acid
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Picric acid

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1995 ACGIH, 1991 ITI, 1988 Wyman et al, 1992 Note: All values below are from RTECS (1995) unless otherwise noted.
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS88-89-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Picric acid

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Skin sens; dermatitis; eye irr
Molecular Weight: 229.11

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS88-89-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS88-89-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Picric acid
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL: 0.3 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 75 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Picric acid
Table Z-1 for Picric acid:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS88-89-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Picric acid
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS88-89-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS88-89-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phenol, 2,4,6-trinitro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1344 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Trinitrophenol, wetted with not less than 30 percent water, by mass

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1344
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: 23, A8, A19, N41

23: This material may be transported under the provisions of Division 4.1 only if it is so packed that the percentage of diluent will not fall below that stated in the shipping description at any time during transport. Quantities of not more than 500 g per package with not less than 10 percent water by mass may also be classed in Division 4.1, provided a negative test result is obtained when tested in accordance with test series 6(c) of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (IBR, see sxn. 171.7 of this subchapter).
A8: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with cushioning material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
N41: Metal construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: None

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 28, 36

28: Stow "away from" flammable liquids.
36: Stow "away from" heavy metals and their compounds.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3364 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Trinitrophenol (picric acid), wetted, with not less than 10% water by mass

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3364
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: 162, A8, A19, N41, N84

162: This material may be transported under the provisions of Division 4.1 only if it is packed so that at no time during transport will the percentage of diluent fall below the percentage that is stated in the shipping description.
A8: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with cushioning material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
N41: Metal construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
N84: The maximum quantity per package is 500 g (1.1 lbs.).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: None

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 0.5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 0.5 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 36

36: Stow "away from" heavy metals and their compounds.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1344 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Trinitrophenol, wetted with not less than 30% water, by mass
UN Number: 1344

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3364 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Picric acid, wetted with not less than 10% water, by mass
UN Number: 3364
Proper Shipping Name: Trinitrophenol, wetted with not less than 10% water, by mass
UN Number: 3364

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS88-89-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Because of the serious explosion hazard of dry picric acid, 10 to 20% water is usually added for safety during transportation (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1989).

During cleanup, avoid exposing spilled quantities of picric acid to shock, friction, or heat (NFPA, 1994).

One precautionary method suggested for handling wetted picric acid is to weigh the containers before and after each use. Weight loss between uses would indicate a loss of water and these containers should not be opened due to the potential for explosion (Dux & Stalzer, 1988).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

The containers normally used for picric acid are bottles, boxes, or wooden kegs. Containers must be protected from damage and shock. Do not allow the material to dry out (OHM/TADS, 1995; NFPA, 1994; ITI, 1988).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Picric acid and its derivatives should be stored in small quantities in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from sources of heat. Detached locations are preferred (NFPA, 1994; ILO, 1983).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Picric acid is incompatible with all oxidizable substances, albumin, gelatin, and alkaloids (Budavari, 1989). Material should be isolated from organic materials, transition and heavy metals, concrete, ammonia, and bases (NFPA, 1994; Lewis, 1992).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Personnel should avoid contact with picric acid, its dusts, and fumes from burning material. Broken containers should not be handled unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Material that contacts the body should be washed away with copious amounts of soap and water. Personnel should wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles when handling picric acid, and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when fighting fires involving the material (AAR, 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 88-89-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 150
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: saturated solution in ethanol
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 150
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 250
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 405
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Saturated Ethanol Solution
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 160
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- DRIED OUT material may explode if exposed to heat, flame, friction or shock; Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).
- Keep material wet with water or treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
Picric acid is a flammable solid which may explode when shocked or heated to temperatures above 300 degrees C (572 degrees F). Rupture may occur in closed containers when heated. Decomposition or oxidation may occur without the presence of air or oxygen (NFPA, 1994).
The dry form of picric acid will ignite and burn quietly if quantities are small or thinly spread out over a large area. Larger quantities or packaged or confined material may explode without warning (AAR, 1994).
Picric acid, wet, will burn very vigorously once ignited (AAR, 1994).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS88-89-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Because of its oxidizing properties, mixtures of combustible materials and picric acid will burn more rapidly than the materials would themselves (AAR, 1994).
Decomposition or oxidation may occur without the presence of air or oxygen (NFPA, 1994).
The dry form of picric acid is sensitive to shock, friction, and heat. Picric acid forms salts easily and the picrate salts may be more sensitive explosives than the pure form (NFPA, 1991; (Lewis, 1992).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

CARGO FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches cargo! Cargo may EXPLODE!
Stop all traffic and clear the area for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions and let burn.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

TIRE OR VEHICLE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

Use plenty of water - FLOOD it! If water is not available, use CO2, dry chemical or dirt.
If possible, and WITHOUT RISK, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles from maximum distance to prevent fire from spreading to cargo area.
Pay special attention to tire fires as re-ignition may occur. Stand by with extinguisher ready.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS88-89-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents should NOT be used when fighting fires involving picric acid. Since explosive decomposition may occur, fire should be attacked from a protected location or maximum possible distance, and approach should be made from upwind (NFPA, 1994).

For fires involving the dry form, evacuate the area and let it burn. For picric acid, wet, flooding quantities of water should be applied to cool containers (AAR, 1994).

If picric acid is not involved in fire, all ignition sources should be kept away. Spilled picric acid should be kept wet, and dry material should not be swept up. Prevent picric acid from leaking into water sources and sewers (AAR, 1994).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion of picric acid produces toxic oxides of nitrogen (AAR, 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Picric acid is dangerously explosive, especially in the dried form or when exposed to shock, heat, or flame (AAR, 1994; (Lewis, 1992).

It explodes above 300 degrees C (572 degrees F), producing toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen. Heat may cause containers to rupture violently (NFPA, 1994).

Some of the metallic picrate salts formed with heavy metals may be more explosion sensitive than the pure form of picric acid. Salts formed with concrete, ammonia, and bases are also unstable. A powerful explosive is formed when picric acid is mixed with uronium perchlorate (Lewis, 1992).

The salts formed with ammonia and amines and the complexes formed with aromatic hydrocarbons are generally less sensitive to heat, friction, or impact (Bretherick, 1990).

According to Bretherick (1990), picric acid has approximately the same order of stability as TNT and should not be considered unduly sensitive, but Meyer (1987) states that the strength and detonation velocity of picric acid is somewhat superior to TNT.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

The dry form of picric acid is dangerously explosive, and explosions of the dust have been reported. Spilled picric acid should be kept wet, and dry material should not be swept up (AAR, 1994; (Bretherick, 1990).

Combustion of picric acid produces toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (AAR, 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Picric acid is dangerously explosive, especially in the dried form or when exposed to shock, heat, or flame (AAR, 1994; (Lewis, 1992).

Vigorous reactions occur with oxidizing and reducing materials. Picrate salts formed with heavy metals are sensitive to heat, friction, and impact, and may be more sensitive explosives than pure picric acid. Other unstable salts are also formed with concrete, ammonia, and bases (Lewis, 1992). Picric acid is also incompatible with albumin, gelatin, alkaloids, and organic materials (Budavari, 1989; NFPA, 1994).

The salts formed with ammonia and amines and the complexes formed with aromatic hydrocarbons are generally less sensitive to heat, friction, or impact (Bretherick, 1990).

Picric acid and uronium perchlorate mixtures form very powerful explosives, while mixtures with aluminum and water ignite after a delay (Lewis, 1992).

Picric acid is corrosive to metals (NIOSH, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial evacuation for 500 meters (1/3 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If picric acid is on fire, involved in fire, or if fire becomes uncontrollable, consider evacuation of one mile radius (AAR, 1994).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS88-89-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS88-89-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Picric acid
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 75
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS88-89-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS88-89-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 75 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Spilled material should be kept wet and no attempt should be made to sweep up dry picric acid. Cleanup of spills should be prompt, avoiding shock, friction, and heat. Material should be shoveled into a dry container with extreme caution. Prevent material from leaking into water sources or sewers (AAR, 1994; (NFPA, 1994).
During cleanup, eliminate all ignition sources and ventilate the area. Explosive experts should supervise any attempts to sweep or burn the material during reclamation ((HSDB, 1995)).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)
- Flush area with flooding quantities of water.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 113 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- KEEP "WETTED" PRODUCT WET BY SLOWLY ADDING FLOODING QUANTITIES OF WATER.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Landfilling is not a recommended disposal method ((HSDB, 1995)).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Controlled incineration is a recommended disposal method. A rotary kiln incinerator which is equipped with particulate abatement and wet scrubber devices should be used ((HSDB, 1995)).
Another possible method of disposal is deliberate detonation of small amounts at a time ((HSDB, 1995)).
- During remediation of the Midvale, Utah hazardous waste site, some of the very shock sensitive chemicals such as picric acid were detonated using dynamite. This method was considered safer than risking explosion during transportation (Childs, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Picric acid may enter the environment from wastewater and air effluents originating at sites where it is produced or used as in chemical synthesis ((HSDB, 1995)).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Picric acid is not expected to partition to the atmosphere, since its pKa of 0.38 at 25 degrees C indicates it will exist primarily in anionic form in most atmospheric conditions ((HSDB, 1995)).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Picric acid released to water may undergo photolysis by absorption of UV light wavelengths greater than 290 nm in alkaline conditions, with the major photolytic product being 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid). Picric acid appears to be stable to photolysis under acidic conditions ((HSDB, 1995)).
- Adsorption of picric acid to suspended organic solids or sediments cannot be predicted ((HSDB, 1995)).
- Bioaccumulation and volatilization are not expected to be major fate processes ((HSDB, 1995)).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The potential for leaching of picric acid is not predictable since its adsorption to clay or humic materials is not known. It appears to be resistant to aerobic degradation, and volatilization from soil surfaces is not expected to be significant ((HSDB, 1995)).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Photolysis of picric acid may occur under alkaline conditions at UV wavelengths greater than 290 nm, but it appears to be stable to photolysis under acidic conditions ((HSDB, 1995)).

Chemical hydrolysis of picric acid is not expected to be important since nitroaromatic compounds and phenol are generally resistant to this process ((HSDB, 1995)).

BIODEGRADATION

Picric acid appears to be resistant to aerobic degradation, and evidence suggests that nitrophenols may inhibit aerobic microbial growth processes ((HSDB, 1995)).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Picric acid is not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms ((HSDB, 1995)).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The bioconcentration factors of picric acid in the tissues of the Salmo garidneri species of rainbow trout were less than one in the epaxial muscle and one in the skin (HDSB, 1995).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES ((HSDB, 1995)):

1. LC50, Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout), 109.6 mg/L/96 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
2. LC50, Crassostrea virginica (American oysters), 254.9 mg/L/14 hr, conditions of bioassay not specified
3. LC50, Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), 193 mg/L/24 hr, static bioassay
4. LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), 170 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit, 160 to 180 mg/L), static bioassay

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

229.11 (Budavari, 1989)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Picric acid is a pale yellow, crystalline solid. It is odorless but has an intensely bitter taste (Budavari, 1989).

VAPOR PRESSURE

< 1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1994)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 1.763 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

122-123 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

explodes above 300 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

150 degrees C; 302 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

300 degrees C; 572 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1 g of picric acid dissolves in 78 mL of water and 15 mL of boiling water (Budavari, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

1 g of picric acid dissolves in 12 mL alcohol, 10 mL benzene, 35 mL chloroform, and 65 mL ether (Budavari, 1989).
It is soluble in acetone, methanol, and pyridine ((HSDB, 1995)).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 0.38 (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 1995))

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents