PICLORAM

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:5-22-13-00585

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C6-H3-Cl3-N2-O2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

134-FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Picloram is used mainly as a defoliant and systemic herbicide to control annual and perennial broadleaf and woody plants. It may also be used as a flow stimulant for natural rubber and pine gum. Extremely low dosages of picloram may act as a growth regulator on certain fruits (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hartley & Kidd, 1990a; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 1997a; Lewis, 1998).
Picloram is sold for non-crop use in broadleaf control along utility rights-of-way, in pastures, forestland, rangeland, and some grains (Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2002; IARC, 1991).

FORMS

Picloram is available in granules, pellets, aqueous concentrates, water-soluble liquid mixtures, and technical grades (ACGIH, 1991a; Hartley & Kidd, 1990a; Hayes & Laws, 1991; HSDB , 2002).
Trade name picloram mixtures (Tordon 101 and Tordon RTU) often contain 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (ACGIH, 1991a; Hayes & Laws, 1991; HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Picloram is produced by "chlorination of 2-methylpyridine, hydrolysis, and reaction with ammonia" (HSDB , 2002).
Chlorine, ammonia, and alpha-picoline are used to produce picloram through a process of chlorination, ammoniation and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (Ashford, 1994).
Picloram liquid concentration ranges from 0.25-2.0 pounds of acid equivalent per gallon. The pellet formulations contain 2-10% acid equivalent by weight (EPA, 1990a).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Picloram forms several potassium and amine salts; however, this document addresses only technical picloram.

Trade names Borolin, Amdon, and K-Pin have been discontinued (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Human overdose exposure data are limited. Nausea may occur following exposure to massive amounts. Its low vapor pressure makes inhalation toxicity unlikely. Picloram is not reported to be a sensitizer. The dust may be irritating to the eyes, skin, nose, throat and respiratory tract. Corneal injury is unlikely. Picloram has poor dermal absorption, but is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is cleared swiftly via the kidneys with >90% of the absorbed dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Systemic toxicity is thought to be low.

Experimental animal exposures have produced skin rashes, hair loss, tachycardia, ataxia, diarrhea, leukopenia, vaginal bleeding, prostration, seizures, and liver and kidney lesions.

IARC has classified picloram as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). Mutations have been observed in microorganisms. Developmental abnormalities have been noted in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Lethality occurred in 4 of 20 male and 2 of 20 female rats given 600 mg/kg of potassium picloram in a 90-day drinking water study. A dose of 1070 mg/kg in this study was lethal to 9 of 10 male and 7 of 10 female rats (ACGIH, 1991).
Approximately one g/kg of picloram is a lethal oral dose for rats (ACGIH, 1991; Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Picloram at 36 mg/kg combined with 2,4-D at 134 mg/kg resulted in livestock fatalities (HSDB , 2002).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

Volunteers receiving a dermal application of a 5% aqueous picloram solution experienced no skin sensitization (ACGIH, 1991).

LACK OF EFFECT

HUMAN DATA

Six male volunteers ingested 0.5 or 5 mg/kg picloram dissolved in grape juice with no observed adverse effects (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

No adverse effects were observed in rats and dogs with lifetime exposure to a daily oral dose of 150 mg/kg of picloram (HSDB , 2002).
Multi-generational rat studies revealed no adverse effects resulting from oral exposure to picloram concentrations up to 3000 ppm (HSDB , 2002).
No signs of toxicity were observed in rats exposed by inhalation to 150 mg/L for 15 days (HSDB , 2002).
Single doses of picloram at 720 mg/kg did not result in overt toxic signs in sheep (HSDB , 2002).
In a 2-year feeding trial, rats did not experience any effects of picloram at 150 mg/kg per day (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).
No fatalities occurred when 4000 mg/kg of picloram was applied to the skin of rabbits (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1918-02-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Picloram

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Picloram
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Picloram

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Picloram
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 7x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 2000 Hartley & Kidd, 1990 Hayes & Laws, 1991 HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002 Verschueren, 2001
- LD50- (ORAL)CATTLE:
- LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)SHEEP:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1918-02-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Picloram

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver and kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 241.48

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1918-02-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1918-02-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Picloram
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Picloram (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Picloram (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Picloram (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for Picloram (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1918-02-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Picloram
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1918-02-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1918-02-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1918-02-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Follow regulations, as picloram is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide (EPA, 1990; Sittig, 1991).
Handle picloram as a carcinogen and take appropriate precautions (Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Picloram has low volatility and can remain stable in storage for a minimum of two years. The shelf life of concentrated picloram is about three years (HSDB , 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store picloram in tightly closed containers (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store picloram in a cool, well-ventilated area (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Picloram hydrolyzes in hot, concentrated alkali (HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves and goggles, to prevent skin and eye contact when working with picloram. All protective clothing should be clean and put on each day before work. Immediately wash contaminated skin. NIOSH does not have recommendations specifying the need to remove clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Contaminated clothing should be changed before leaving the work premises (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear dust-proof goggles or full facepiece respiratory protection when working with picloram powder or dust (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1918-02-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Picloram is a combustible solid (NIOSH , 2002).
Tordon 10K pellets are not flammable; however, Tordon 101 mixture is considered combustible (HSDB , 2002).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1918-02-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Tordon 101 mixture has a flash point of 35 degrees C (tag open cup) and is combustible (HSDB , 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Do not get water inside containers.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1918-02-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

To fight fires involving picloram, utilize carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water spray (Sittig, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Toxic fumes of chlorides and nitrogen oxide are emitted when picloram is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Picloram hydrolyzes in hot, concentrated alkali (HSDB , 2002).

When heated to decomposition, picloram emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxide and chlorine (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1918-02-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1918-02-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1918-02-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1918-02-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 134 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Only persons wearing protective equipment should be allowed in the contaminated area (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

After ventilating the area, powdered material should be collected in a safe manner and sealed in appropriate containers (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Sodium biphenyl decomposed pesticides (20 compounds including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and nematocides - specific chemicals were not listed) by 80-90%. When metallic sodium and liquid ammonia where mixed, 15 out of 19 chemicals completely degraded. Metallic lithium was not as effective as metallic sodium (HSDB , 2002).
"This chlorinated brush killer is usually formulated with 2,4-D and the disposal problems are similar. Incineration at 1000 degrees C for 2 seconds is required for thermal decomposition. Alternatively, the free acid can be precipitated from its solutions by addition of a mineral acid. The concentrated acid can then be incinerated and the dilute residual solution disposed in an area where several years persistence in the soil can be tolerated" (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Eighteen months was required for picloram to degrade between 75-100% of the initial concentration. No detectable degradation was observed in soils with high organic content after 8 weeks (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1991).
Groundwater incubated for 15 weeks at concentrations of 0.72 ppm and 10.0 ppm averaged 71% and 67.9% of nondegraded picloram, respectively (Howard, 1991).
The degradation half-life of picloram in a mixture of 5 grams of soil and 1-4 mL of water was 128 to 144 hours (5.3 - 6 days). In a mixture of 0.25 to 10 grams of soil and 1 mL of water, it was 97 to 1000 hours (4 - 42 days). In a mixture of 0.5% fertile garden soil, yeast, organics, and inorganics, picloram persisted >275 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration, adsorption, and landfill are the recommended disposal methods. Adsorbing on sand is advised before disposing in a landfill (HSDB , 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

Picloram is introduced to the environment primarily through direct herbicide applications (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .
Concentrations of picloram (400-800 ppb) may be found in run off from heavy rainfall since it is water-soluble, especially in the salt formation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

People may be exposed to picloram through inhalation or dermal contact while in locations where it was recenty applied, and/or through ingestion of picloram-contaminated water or food (HSDB, 2004).

Picloram has been detected in groundwater. Water contamination can occur as a result of the chemical moving through the soil, from contaminated wells, or runoff from treated areas (EPA, 1990).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers may be exposed to picloram during its manufacture, transport, or use. Inhalation and dermal contact the most common exposure routes (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

When released to the environment, picloram will exist solely in particulate form, where it will be removed through wet and dry deposition. It may also degrade through direct photolysis (HSDB, 2004).
- Picloram has a low vapor pressure and is highly water-soluble; therefore, it is expected to undergo significant deposition and washout if released to the atmosphere (Howard, 1991) .
It may react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated vapor-phase half-life of 12.21 days (Howard, 1991) .

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Near-surface direct photolysis of picloram is significant. Under varying conditions, half-lives for photodegradation by sunlight have been reported to range from 0.7 to 41.3 days. It is not expected to volatilize, hydrolyze, adsorb to sediments, or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Generally, picloram is almost entirely decomposed in water within 180 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .
- An estimated Henry's constant of 5.33 x 10(-14) atm-m(3)/mole and vapor pressure of 7.21 x 10(-11) mmHg suggest volatilization of picloram from soil and water surfaces would be insignificant (HSDB, 2004).
- Lab data suggests biodegradation in water may occur slowly (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Picloram is highly mobile in soil, and has potential to leach to ground water (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .
- Degradation half-lives for picloram range from 55-100 days or longer depending on the soil conditions. Normal agricultural, forestry, and industrial use of picloram do not result in long-term accumulation in the soil. The half-life, following normal applications, is a few months under most field conditions, but may be >1 year depending on soil conditions, such as in a dry climate, and concentrations applied (Lewis, 1998; Howard, 1991; EPA, 1990).
- Picloram is persistent in soil, but it rapidly degrades in when exposed to UV light (HSDB, 2004; EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1990) .
- Persistence of picloram (application of 0.28 kg/ha) after 90 days, 1 year, and 445 days had a 36%, 13%, and 10.5% residue, respectively. Photodegradation is an important degradation process the first seven days after application (Verschueren, 2001).
- Half-lives for direct photolysis of picloram by sunlight ranged from 2.3 to 9.58 days at depths of 2.54 cm to 3.65 meters at various times of the year, under various conditions (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .
- Photodegradation is an important process in the first seven days after application (Verschueren, 2001).
- It is not expected to volatilize from or significantly hydrolyze in soils (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Picloram in the atmosphere exists in particulate form and is removed via wet and dry deposition or degraded via direct photolysis or reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. In surface waters, picloram is rapidly degraded thorough direct photolysis. It is not expected to volatilize, hydrolyze, adsorb to sediment, or bioconcentrate. Picloram is highly mobile in soils and has potential to leach to ground water. At soil surfaces it will photolyze rapidly, and at deeper levels may biodegrade slowly. Volatilization and hydrolysis are not expected to be significant in soils (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Picloram may be susceptible to slow biodegradation in both soils and water (HSDB, 2004).

Biodegradation in soil occurs slowly, but microorganism activity can be enhanced if the soil has adequate moisture, warmth, favorable organic content (HSDB, 2004; Hartley & Kidd, 1990) .

Degradation products include carbon dioxide and chloride ions (HSDB, 2004).

Picloram may biodegrade in soil with a half-life ranging from 55 to >100 days, but may persist for >5 years (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .

The aerobic biodegradation half-lives of picloram in soil have been reported as (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) :
Initial Concentration Lag Phase Half-Life
0.25 ppm 7 days 55 days
0.5 ppm 30 days 90 days
1.0 ppm 90 days 180 days

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Studies indicate that picloram is unlikely accumulate in tissue of exposed persons during repeated or prolonged exposures due to its rapid excretion and low dermal absorption potential (HSDB, 2004).
- Oral doses were rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (half-life = 20 minutes) and excreted unchanged in urine. Greater than 90% of ingested picloram was recovered in urine within 72 hours following dosing, with the majority (>75%) of the dose excreted within the first 6 hours (HSDB, 2004).
- When applied dermally, picloram was slowly absorbed through the skin (half-life = 12 hours), though at only a very small percentage. The fraction that is absorbed is excreted unchanged in urine (HSDB, 2004).
Blood and urine samples show picloram is rapidly excreted. Humans ingesting picloram excreted 90% of the chemical unchanged through the urine within 72 hours (Harbison, 1998; Hayes & Laws, 1991).

MAMMALS

Bioaccumulation of picloram in animals should not occur; after it is ingested, it is rapidly excreted in an unchanged form (HSDB, 2004; Hartley & Kidd, 1990) .
Studies in cattle indicate picloram is only minimally concentrated in tissues; following dietary intake of 2.6 - 23 mg/kg picloram per day, tissue concentrations in young cattle ranged from 0.3 ppm to 18 ppm, with lowest measurements taken from muscle and fat and highest from the liver. Following cessation of intake, body clearance was rapid (HSDB, 2004).
Rats and dogs have both been shown to rapidly absorb picloram from the GI tract and excrete the compound unchanged in urine and feces within 48 hours (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Based on a measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 31 in fish and an estimated BCF of 1.0, picloram should not significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991) .

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ALGAE

EC50 - Chlorella pyrenoidosa: >160 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Chlorella vulgaris: >160 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 (growth inhibition) - Selenastrum capricornutum: 45 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 (inhibition of oxygen evolution) - Selenastrum capricornutum: 115 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

AMPHIBIAN

LC50 - BROWN STRIPED MARSH FROG (Limnodynastes peroni), 1-2 week old tadpoles: 105,000 mcg/L for 96H -- static (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - TUSKED FROG (Adelotus brevis), 1-2 week old tadpoles: 95,000 mcg/L for 96H -- static (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - TUSKED FROG (Adelotus brevis), 4 week old tadpoles: 154,000 mcg/L for 96H -- static (HSDB, 2004)

BACTERIA

EC50 - Arthrobacter globiformis: 60 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Mortieralla isabellina: >400 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Pseudomonas pictorum: 380 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Saprolegnia parasitica: >400 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Trichoderma viride: >400 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

BIRD

LC50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL, 10 day old: >5000 ppm for 5D -- in diet; no mortality <= 5000 ppm; 90.5% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, 7 day old: >5000 ppm for 5D -- in diet; no mortality <= 5000 ppm; 90.5% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK , 10 day old: >5000 ppm for 5D -- in diet; no mortality <= 5000 ppm; 90.5% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK: > 5000 ppm for 8D (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
LC50 - (ORAL) RING-NECKED PHEASANT, 10 day old: >5000 ppm for 5D -- in diet; no mortality <= 5000 ppm; 90.5% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD, 3 month old males: >2000 mg/kg -- acute; 90.5% purity (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, 7 days old: > 5000 ppm for 5D -- 90.5% pure (HSDB , 2002)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL: > 5000 mg/kg for 8D (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
Picloram is practically nontoxic to birds (EPA, 1990).

CRUSTACEAN

EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia sp.): 50.7 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - AMPHIPODA (Gammarus lacustris): 27 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SCUD (Gammarus fasciatus), mature: 0.027 mg/L for 96H -- at 21 degrees C (95% confidence limit 0.020 - 0.037 mg/L); static without aeration, pH 7.2 - 7.5, alkalininty 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)

FISH

LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.9 g: 23 mg/L for 96H -- at 22 degrees C (95% confidence limit 17.8 - 29.9 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.9 g: 26.8 mg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C (95% confidence limit 22.9 - 31.3 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; potassium salt 24.9% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus), 1.4 g: 6.3 mg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C (95% confidence limit 3.6 - 11.1 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus), 1.4 g: 1.4 mg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C (95% confidence limit 0.7 - 2.5 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; isooctylester 90% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT: 3.4 - 8.6 mg/L at 10 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT (Oncorhynchus clarki), 0.4 g: 4.8 mg/L for 96H -- at 12 degrees C (95% confidence interval 3.8 - 6.2 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT (Oncorhynchus clarki), 0.9 g: 1.5 mg/L for 96H -- at 10 degrees C (95% confidence limit 0.8 - 3.0 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; potassium salt 24.9% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 2560 mg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB , 1999)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 2138 ppm for 14D -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB , 1999)
LC50 - LAKE TROUT: 1.5 - 5.0 mg/L at 10 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - LAKE TROUT (Salvelinus namaycush), 0.3 g: 4.3 mg/L for 96H -- at 10 degrees C (95% confidence interval 4.0 - 4.5 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 1.1 g: 4.0 mg/L for 96H -- at 12 degrees C (95% confidence limit 2.8 - 5.9 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; isooctylester 90% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 1.1 g: 4.0 mg/L for 96H -- at 12 degrees C (95% confidence limit 2.8 - 5.9 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; isooctylester 90% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 19.3 mg/L for 96H (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 0.8 g: 12.5 mg/L for 96H -- at 12 degrees C (95% confidence interval 9.5 - 16.5 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - ZEBRA FISH (Danio rerio): 35,500 mcg/L for 96H -- flow-through system (HSDB, 2004)
Picloram is slightly to moderately toxic to cold water fish and aquatic organisms and slightly toxic to warm water fish. Accumulation in fish is not expected (EPA, 1990) .

The degree of toxicity to certain fish may be affected by the pH and temperature of the water (HSDB , 2002).

Lake trout exposed to low concentrations of picloram had adverse effects on the growth of the fry and the rate of the yolk sac absorption (EPA, 1990).

INSECT

LC50 - HONEYBEE (Apis mellifera): >1000 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - HONEYBEE: >100 mcg/bee (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - STONEFLY (Pteronarcys californica): 48 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - STONEFLY (Pteronarcella): >10.0 mg/L for 96H -- at 10 degrees C, static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - STONEFLY (Pteronarcys), 2nd year class: 0.048 mg/L for 96H -- at 15 degrees C (95% confidence limit 0.037 - 0.062 mg/L), static without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3; technical material 90-100% (HSDB, 2004)

Picloram is highly phytotoxic (EPA, 1990).

Picloram is relatively nontoxic to soil microorganisms. Fungi can tolerate concentrations as high as 1000 ppm (HSDB , 2002).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

241.46

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Picloram is a damp colorless to white, or off-white to brown crystalline solid or powder with a chlorine-like odor. The low vapor pressure makes it unlikely that vapors can be inhaled. At 190 degrees C under 12 mmHg, picloram will sublime. It is stable to alkalis and acids, but in hot alkalis it will decompose. Picloram readily forms water-soluble alkali-metal and amine salts (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1990; Harbison, 1998; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

Technical grades of picloram are off white to brown in color (HSDB , 2002).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

6.16x10(-7) mmHg (at 35 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)

6.0x10(-7) mmHg (at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2002)

7.21x10(-11) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)

1.07x10(-6) mmHg (at 45 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002)

0.082 mPa (at 35 degrees C) (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)

6.2X10(-6) mmHg (at 45 degrees C) (EPA, 1990)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

424 degrees F (decomposes) (NIOSH , 2002)

MELTING POINT

218-219 degrees C (decomposes before melting at 190 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1991; HSDB , 2002)
218 degrees C (decomposes) (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997)
215 degrees C (decomposes without melting) (EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Sittig, 1991)
decomposes above 190 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes before boiling (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2002)

FLASH POINT

Unknown (NIOSH , 2002)

TORDON 22K: 46 degrees C (tag open cup) (HSDB , 2002)

TORDON 101 Mixture: 35 degrees C (tag open cup) (HSDB , 2002)

TORDON 155 Mixture: 104 degrees C (cleveland open cup) (HSDB , 2002)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Unknown (NIOSH , 2002)

UPPER

Unknown (NIOSH , 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.43 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; Howard, 1991; HSDB , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
0.04% (NIOSH , 2002)
430 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
This compound is very sparingly soluble in water (Lewis, 2000).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Picloram solubility at 25 degrees C:

ACETONE:

19,800 ppm (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000)
19.8 g/L (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)

ACETONITRILE:

1.6 g/L (Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)

BENZENE:

0.2 g/L (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)

CARBON DISULFIDE:

<0.05 g/L (Budavari, 2000; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)

DIETHYL ETHER:

1.2 g/L (Hartley & Kidd, 1990)

DICHLOROMETHANE:

0.6 g/L (EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1990)
600 mg/L (HSDB , 2002)

ETHANOL:

10.5 g/L (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)
10,500 ppm (Budavari, 2000)

ETHYL ETHER:

1200 ppm (Budavari, 2000)

ETHER:

0.12 g/100 mL (HSDB , 2002)

ISOPROPANOL:

5.5 g/L (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2002)

KEROSENE:

0.001 g/100 mL (HSDB , 2002)

METHANOL:

1.85 g/100 mL (EPA, 1990)

Picloram is sparingly soluble in organic solvents (Lewis, 2000).
Picloram is soluble in polar organic solvents and relatively soluble in nonpolar organic and aqueous solutions (Harbison, 1998; Hayes & Laws, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.3 (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 2002)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.05x10(-11) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20-25 degrees C) (calculated) (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

3:1382F (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

4599 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 3.6 (Howard, 1991; HSDB , 2002)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents