PHOSPHORUS, WHITE

1381-Phosphorus, white, dry or under water or in solution
2447-Phosphorus, white, molten
1381-White phosphorus, dry
1381-White phosphorus, in solution
2447-White phosphorus, molten
1381-White phosphorus, under water

STCC NUMBER

4916725 (phosphorus, crude, yellow and red mixed)
4916141 (phosphorus, white or yellow, in water)
4916140 (phosphorus, white or yellow, dry)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

P4 (WHITE)

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

136-SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (AIR-REACTIVE)(for UN/NA Numbers1381and2447)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS , 1991; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1991; RTECS , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989; NFPA, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

White phosphorus is used in the manufacture of rat poison, for smoke screens and for gas analysis.
RED PHOSPHORUS

Red phosphorus is used in pyrotechnics; in the manufacture of safety matches; in organic synthesis; in the manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphine, phosphoric anhydride, phosphorus pentachloride, and phosphorus trichloride; and, in the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, and tracer bullets (Budavari, 1989).

FORMS

Phosphorus exists in three main allotropic forms: white, black, and red. The same liquid is obtained on melting. Phosphorus atoms exist as symmetrical, tetrahedral P(4) molecules in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase below 800 degrees C; molecules dissociate to P(2) above 800 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).
WHITE PHOSPHORUS

White phosphorus is a colorless or white, transparent, crystalline solid with a waxy appearance. It darkens on exposure to light. White phosphorus is sometimes called yellow phosphorus due to its color from impurities (Budavari, 1989).
White phosphorus sublimes in a vacuum at ordinary temperature when exposed to light. When exposed to air in the dark, white phosphorus emits a greenish light and gives off white fumes (Budavari, 1989).
White phosphorus has a distinct garlic-like odor and is a highly toxic protoplasmic poison. It is the significant commercial form of elemental phosphorus (HSDB , 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

White phosphorus has a distinct garlic-like odor and is a highly toxic protoplasmic poison. White phosphorus is one of the most highly toxic inorganic substances, with death reportedly resulting from a single dose of 1 mg/kg.

ORAL EXPOSURE - Clinical effects following ingestion have classically been divided into three stages: 1) severe gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms often with cardiovascular collapse, 2) a symptom-free period, and 3) hepatic and renal failure, shock, bleeding diathesis, and severe neurological toxicity. Death usually occurs 4 to 8 days after ingestion, but may be delayed for several weeks.

INHALATION EXPOSURE - Inhalation of phosphorus oxides vapors evolved from burning phosphorus produces eye and respiratory tract irritation and mild systemic effects.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Results in severe burns and sometimes in systemic toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
TOXIC; ingestion of substance or inhalation of decomposition products will cause severe injury or death.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Some effects may be experienced due to skin absorption.
Runoff from fire control may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
In case of contact with substance, keep exposed skin areas immersed in water or covered with wet bandages until medical attention is received.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes at the site and place in metal container filled with water. Fire hazard if allowed to dry.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

REMOVE PHOSPHORUS -

Brush all nonadherent phosphorus from the skin. Avoid application of any lipid based ointments as these may increase the skin penetration of phosphorus.
Remove clothing and promptly begin continuous water irrigation of the affected site (Mozingo et al, 1988).
Continuous irrigation can prevent further oxidation and allow removal of white phosphorus particles from the skin surface without re-ignition (Mozingo et al, 1988).
Water- or saline-soaked dressings applied to the affected area will allow the patient to be transported without re-ignition of the remaining particles. Keep dressing moist until debridement is accomplished (Mozingo et al, 1988).

PHOSPHORUS VISUALIZATION/REMOVAL -

WOOD'S LAMP -

Visualization of phosphorus can be enhanced by employing the use of the Wood's lamp (Anon, 1975). Phosphorus will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. This technique is a safer alternative than either the use of copper sulfate or silver nitrate, and should be the method of choice (Mozingo et al, 1988).

COPPER SULFATE -

Traditionally copper sulfate solution has been topically applied to skin burns caused by yellow phosphorus (Zong-Yue et al, 1985).
The rationale for the use of copper sulfate is based on a chemical reaction that binds up the phosphorus, thereby preventing further burning due to phosphorus oxidation. The granules of Cu3P2 are black and decompose easily (Zong-Yue et al, 1985).
- 3Cu(+2) + 2P + 6e --> Cu3P2
- Cu3P2 + 402 --> 3Cu(+2) + 2PO4(-3)
CAUTION - Acute renal failure and massive hemolysis may occur if significant copper sulfate is absorbed from the burn site (Zong-Yue et al, 1985; Curreri et al, 1970; Mendelson, 1971; Summerlin et al, 1967; Konjoyan, 1983).

SILVER NITRATE -

Silver nitrate application to a burn area caused by phosphorus can aid in visualization of the imbedded phosphorus, although it too can be absorbed and produce systemic silver poisoning (Zong-Yue et al, 1985). The silver coats the phosphorus and prevents further combustion.
- 5AgNO3 + P + 4H2O --> 5Ag + H3PO4 + 5HNO3
- 6AgNO3 + P --> Ag3P + 3AgNO3 +3NO3(-)
Additional studies are needed to determine the efficacy of silver nitrate in the treatment of phosphorus-induced skin burns.

IMBEDDED PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL -

A Waterpik(R) appliance may facilitate mechanical elimination of phosphorus particles (Kaufman et al, 1988).
Remove visualized particles delicately with metal forceps (Kaufman et al, 1988).
Remaining particles may be detected by discontinuing the moist dressing long enough for oxidation to begin again, which can be visualized as smoke being released from the area where an imbedded particle remains (Kaufman et al, 1988).
For deep and extensive injury, consider prompt excision to the fascia and skin grafting.

A solution of 5 percent sodium bicarbonate, 1 percent hydroxyethyl cellulose, 3 percent copper sulfate, and 1 percent lauryl sulfate has been proposed as a decontaminating agent (Ben-Hur, 1978).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

INDICATIONS -

Gastric lavage is the preferred gastric emptying procedure due to the corrosive effects of phosphorus. Do not induce emesis.

GASTRIC LAVAGE -

Although gastric lavage with a 1:5,000 solution of potassium permanganate has been recommended to convert phosphorus to less harmful oxidation products (Chretien, 1945), there are no data documenting efficacy.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
PRECAUTIONS

Phosphorus absorption is enhanced when dissolved in alcohol, digestible fats, olive oil, or mineral oil. These agents are contraindicated in the management of oral or dermal phosphorus exposure.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

The estimated lethal adult dose by oral ingestion is 1 milligram/kilogram (ACGIH, 1986).
Lowest reported lethal doses by oral ingestion in humans:

infant: 0.4 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
0.7 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)

CASE REPORTS

PEDIATRIC

As little as 3 milligrams has been reported to cause death in a two-year-old child (Simon & Pickering, 1976).

ADULT

An 18-year-old male died following intentional ingestion of rat poison containing an estimated 5.6 grams of white phosphorus. Death was reportedly due to peripheral circulatory failure, preceded by explosive combustion of the phosphorus gas released from the stomach through nasogastric intubation (Pande & Pandey, 2004).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

Serious systemic toxicity in an adult has been reported after ingestion of only 15 milligrams (Rubitsky & Myerson, 1949). Adults have, however, survived ingestions of up to 1,570 milligrams (McCarron et al, 1981).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7723-14-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: White phosphorus

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-5) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 4820 mcg/kg -- general depressed behavior, behavorial changes, changes to the respiratory system (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 3030 mcg/kg -- general depressed behavior, changes in respiratory system (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- 4 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- 10 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- 2 mg/kg -- changes in food intake, cardiac changes, fatty liver degeneration (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 0.4 mg/kg (infant) (RTECS, 2006)
- 0.7 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
- 22 mg/kg (woman) -- cardiomyopathy including infarction (RTECS, 2006)
- 4600 mcg/kg (woman) -- cyanosis, nausea or vomiting, sweating (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (ORAL)PIG:
- 160 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- 10 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 11 mg/kg (woman) -- gastrointestinal hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, body temperature increase (RTECS, 2006)
- 2600 mcg/kg (woman) -- gastrointestinal hypermotility, diarrhea, affected fluid intake, nausea or vomiting (RTECS, 2006)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7723-14-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
Table Z-1 for Phosphorus (yellow):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): a

a: This material is a reactive solid. The TPQ does not default to 10,000 pounds for non-powder, non-molten, non-solution form.
d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7723-14-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7723-14-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as White phosphorus, dry
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as White phosphorus, wet
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Yellow phosphorus, dry
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Yellow phosphorus, wet
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus white, or yellow, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, white or yellow dry or under water or in solution
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, white, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, yellow, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7723-14-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phosphorus

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1381 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Phosphorus, white dry or Phosphorus, white, under water or Phosphorus white, in solution or Phosphorus, yellow dry or Phosphorus, yellow, under water or Phosphorus, yellow, in solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.2

4.2: Spontaneously combustible material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1381
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.2, 6.1

4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B9, B26, N34, T9, TP3, TP31

B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B26: Tanks must be insulated. Insulation must be at least 100 mm (3.9 inches) except that the insulation thickness may be reduced to 51 mm (2 inches) over the exterior heater coils. Interior heating coils are not authorized. The packaging may not be loaded with a material outside of the packaging's design temperature range. In addition, the material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity. After unloading, the residual material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T9: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.
TP31: This hazardous material may only be transported in tanks in the solid state.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 188
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2447 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Phosphorus white, molten

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.2

4.2: Spontaneously combustible material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2447
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.2, 6.1

4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: TP3, TP7, TP26, B9, B26, N34, T21

TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.
TP26: The heating device must be exterior to the shell. For UN 3176, this requirement only applies when the hazardous material reacts dangerously with water.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B26: Tanks must be insulated. Insulation must be at least 100 mm (3.9 inches) except that the insulation thickness may be reduced to 51 mm (2 inches) over the exterior heater coils. Interior heating coils are not authorized. The packaging may not be loaded with a material outside of the packaging's design temperature range. In addition, the material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity. After unloading, the residual material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T21: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 188
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1381 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, white, dry
UN Number: 1381
Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, white, in solution
UN Number: 1381
Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, white, under water
UN Number: 1381
Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, yellow, dry
UN Number: 1381
Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, yellow, in solution
UN Number: 1381
Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, yellow, under water
UN Number: 1381

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2447 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, white, molten
UN Number: 2447

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Prevent build up of static electricity on equipment used with or around white phosphorus by grounding and bonding of equipment and increasing relative humidity in areas where the material is present (Pande & Pandey, 2004).

Healthcare personnel are advised to wet equipment and use water to dissipate static charges as necessary (e.g., wetting hands, gloves, tubes, etc., before use) to prevent sparking. Oxidized phosphorus fumes released by exposed patients may result in explosive combustion (Pande & Pandey, 2004).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers: Hermetically sealed cans in wooden box; metal drums; tanks on trucks, rail cars and barges (NFPA, 1991)

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Always keep under water or inert gas (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
For Phosphorus (UN1381): Special aluminized protective clothing should be worn when direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7723-14-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)
- Extremely flammable; will ignite itself if exposed to air.
- Burns rapidly, releasing dense, white, irritating fumes.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Corrosive substances in contact with metals may produce flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, wet sand or wet earth.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Do not scatter spilled material with high pressure water streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Flood with water to control flames, then smother with wet sand, clay, ground limestone. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Where access to the area is strictly controlled, it may be best to allow the release to burn itself out. Fire situations may require evacuation. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance (NFPA, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion by-products of white phosphorus include oxides of phosphorus, phosphine, and phosphoric acid if water is present (NFPA, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Avoid contact with KClO3, KMnO4, peroxides and other oxidizing agents; explosions may result on contact or friction (Budavari, 1989).

Phosphorus may explode on contact with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Combustion by-products of white and red phosphorus include oxides of phosphorus, phosphine, and phosphoric acid if water is present (NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Very reactive. Fire and explosive hazard when in contact with oxidizing materials. When in contact with alkali, phosphine gas may be produced. Vigorously reacts with cesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, sodium, and sulfur. Explodes with ammonium nitrate and moist chlorates. Burns spontaneously or explodes with chlorine, fluorine, or bromine. May explode with nitrates, nitrogen bromide, or selenium monochloride, selenium oxyfluoride, or selenium tetrafluoride (AAR, 1987; (ITI, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

White phosphorus ignites at about 30 degrees C in moist air; the ignition temperature is higher when the air is dry (Budavari, 1989).

Black phosphorus does not catch fire spontaneously (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus combines directly with the halogens to form tri- or pentahalides; combines with sulfur to form sulfides (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus reacts with several metals to form phosphides (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus yields orthophosphoric acid when treated with nitric acid (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus reacts with alkali hydroxides with formation of phosphine and sodium hypophosphite (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus is incompatible with sulfur, iodine, oil of turpentine and potassium chlorate (Budavari, 1989).

Avoid contact with KClO3, KMnO4, peroxides and other oxidizing agents; explosions may result on contact or friction (Budavari, 1989).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7723-14-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Phosphorus (red)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.4
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- For Phosphorus (UN1381): Special aluminized protective clothing should be worn when direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1991).
Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary. Shovel into suitable dry container. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 1 pound (NFPA, 1991).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover with water, wet sand or mud.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - AIR SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.
- Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.
STORAGE
- White phosphorus ignites spontaneously in air at 30 degrees C. It should be stored under water. Under this condition, however, it may form phosphoric acid. Stainless steel containers should be used to hold the corrosive material (Budavari, 1989; Clayton & Clayton, 1981a).
BIODEGRADATION
- A fixed film bioreactor operated under continuous feed conditions and alternating between aerobic and anaerobic conditions removed 80% of the phosphorus with a 5-hour retention time (Goncalves & Rogalla, 1992).
- Studies were conducted to evaluate the oxygen requirements in excess biological phosphorus removal systems. Laboratory and pilot-plant experiments demonstrated a 50% reduction in oxygen requirement when the system was run in anaerobic conditions using synthetic and raw waste waters. The results suggest the principal mechanism is metabolism by bacteria which do not accumulate phosphorus (Randall et al, 1992).
- Dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to be the dominant factor controlling biological phosphorus removal in waste water treatment plants.
- The aerobic bacterium Acinetobactor strain 210A was isolated from activated sludge and found to use phosphate as a growth substrate. The organism synthesized polyphosphate and poly-beta-hydroxybuteric acid (PBHA).
- Nitrogen and phosphorus were removed from wastewater by a multi-soil-layering method.
- Two soil microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus, were entrapped in 4-mm calcium-alginate beads and used in continuous flow cultures to determine the efficiency of removal of ammoniacal-nitrogen (N) and orthophosphate-phosphorus (P). Higher cell density removed 71 to 79% more N and 52 to 82% more P within 6 hours than cultures with low cell density. C. vulgaris more efficiently removed both nutrients than S. bijugatus (Megharaj et al, 1992).
- In a research study methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) were used to remove nutrients from wastewater. Methane was used as the energy source to stimulate bacterial growth with the objective of assimilating nitrogen and phosphorus. The process was used to successfully remove nutrients from secondary sewage effluents from two treatment plants. The process reduced N from 10-15 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L, and P from 1-1.8 mg/L to less than 0.1 mg/L (Jewell et al, 1992).
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
- FERRIC CHLORIDE/METHANOL: A Swedish wastewater treatment plant uses pre-precipitation of phosphorus with ferric chloride and denitrification with methanol as the carbon source. The process requires only a small tank volume, but an increased need for process monitoring to insure successful operation. The process used on-line monitoring of ammonia, nitrogen and TOC for control and optimization. The monitored parameters are used in a mathematical model that provides a long term strategic planning function for the process (Aspegren et al, 1992).
- IRON: Laboratory studies were done to evaluate the effect of adding iron oxides or steel wool to peat and sane in order to increase phosphate absorption from wastewater. Langmuir-type batch isotherms and column leaching studies showed the iron oxide and steel wool additions markedly increased phosphorus sorption. The results suggest that steel wool provides a low cost, effective addition to peat and sand beds for phosphorus removal from wastewater (James et al, 1992).
- ZINC CHLORIDE: A laboratory scale reactor, consisting of zinc chloride activated nutshell charcoal, was setup to adsorb phosphate ions from waste water. The highest value phosphate adsorption, from a 4 mc per liter solution, was 57% for an adsorbent particle size of 106.1 mc per meter (Bhargava & Sheldarkar, 1992).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with water, sand or earth. Shovel into metal container and keep material under water.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 136 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike for later disposal and cover with wet sand or earth.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Carbonate fluorapatite represents an oceanic sink for reactive P, while detrital apatite does not. This provides a method for determining the origin of reservoir P (Ruttenberg, 1992).

About 50% of the sedimentation flux of particulate phosphorus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is mobile in the sediment and returned to the water column.

Much of the phosphorus is released deep in the sediment column from iron oxides under reducing conditions (Sundby et al, 1992).

A study suggests that there is a seasonal shift from Phosphorus (P) to Nitrogen (N) as the limiting nutrient to biomass accumulation in Chesapeake Bay. The results of the study showed that in winter and spring, P limits phytoplankton growth rates; while in summer N limits the algal accumulation (Fisher et al, 1992).

Phosphorus, rather than carbon, was found to be the critical growth nutrient for bacterioplankton in Lake Dillon, Colorado (Morris & Lewis, 1992).

A strong interaction between the bacterial population and the biomass of Microsystis produced a high phosphorus loading in lake sediments of hypereutrophic type. These types of lakes do not follow the common pattern of recovery when external phosphorus loading is reduced. The long survival of Microcystis and large biomass accumulation in the sediments are the probable causes for the delayed recovery (Brunberg & Bostrum, 1992).

The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were monitored in two lakes and two rivers in the Parana River floodplain of Argentina. The data show floodplain waterbodies were efficient traps for suspended matter, total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen. The phosphorus precipitated and became available for plant growth after deoxygenation while the nitrogen was lost through denitrification causing the observed nitrogen limitation in these systems (Pedrozo et al, 1992).

Particulate phosphorus increased with high flow rates in an Alaskan tundra stream, measured in 1980. The relative concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus suggest that phosphorus is in short supply in the tundra area (Peterson et al, 1992).

A study was conducted to model water transport and phosphorus (P) dynamics and to simulate several management scenarios. The model used a simple dynamic P-balance technique to calculate the total phosphorus (TP) balances and to simulate three TP reduction scenarios. The major P sources in the area were discharges from a nearby pond which was used mainly for agriculture. The simulations showed that a 75% reduction in external loads would lead to the desired result (Vanhuet, 1992).

Phosphorus does not occur free in nature. It is found in the form of phosphates in the minerals chlorapatite, fluorapatite, vivianite, wavellite and "phosphate rock" or phosphorite; occurs in small quantities in granite rocks; occurs in all fertile soil; and, is an essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue and bones. Its abundance in the earth's crust is about 0.12 percent (Budavari, 1989).

Approximately 42% of the total sediment P and 57% of the total P exported from a watershed in Pennsylvania was by algal transport. Erosion control as a principal strategy to hold P would not be effective for this watershed (Pionke & Kunishi, 1992).

Sediments were analyzed for potentially available phosphorus and total phosphorus (TP). Water from the same location was analyzed for dissolved phosphorus and TP. A negative correlation was found between the observed flow and the water TP concentration. The results suggested that sediments may be a significant source of dissolved phosphorus (Rosensteel & Strom, 1992).

A bioassay of microbially available soil N and P was the subject of a study. The assay is based on addition of glucose along with N and P to the soil and monitoring the respiration rate. The results showed that microbial growth was more limited by N than P in this forest soil (Nordgren, 1992).

The availability of phosphorus (P) in soils is controlled by two factors: the size of the P pools, and the transformation rate among the pools. Mineralization of organic P was very important in controlling P availability in forest ecosystems and soils (Zou et al, 1992).

There is a strong inverse relationship between the annual rate of nitrogen fixation and nitrogen content of the soil ecosystem.

Application of phosphorus fertilizer modifies this relationship by influencing the activity of nitrogen fixing organisms. Phosphorus availability seems to be an important regulator in nitrogen biogeochemistry (Smith, 1992).

Studies of arid soil showed that available Phosphorus (P) was maximum during the rainy season (Rao & Tarafdar, 1992).

A study evaluated the transport and transformation of phosphorus (P) in the Atlantic coastal plain. The distribution and fractionation of P in forested and agricultural soils in the Rhodes River watershed was the subject of the study. About 70% of the P in forest soils was bound in organic forms. It was found that particulate P dominated the export of phosphorus from both watersheds (Vaithiyanathan & Correll, 1992).

A laboratory study using a flow (miscible displacement) reactor was used to evaluate the effects of electrolyte concentration and exchangeable sodium (sodicity) on the solubility of phosphorus in soils. The results showed that increasing sodium concentration made the weakly adsorbed phosphorus more labile and thus may have an important bearing on the phosphorus nutrition of crops (Curtin et al, 1992).

A laboratory study evaluated the effect of sesquioxidic gravels on phosphorus sorption by lateritic soils. The phosphorus content was monitored by X-ray diffraction, autoradiography, and electron microscopy. Phosphorus adsorption increased as the gravel content of the soil and gravel particle size increased. The study concluded that both the phosphorus requirements of the plants and the gravel content of the soil need to be assessed when planning fertilizer strategy (Weaver et al, 1992).

A study reports the results of the distribution and chemical nature of phosphorus (P) in six gypsiferous soils. A selective extraction procedure was used that showed the concentration of P declined with depth into the soil profiles. The results showed that P in gypsiferous soils is dominated by its interaction with calcium (Ca) supplied by the gypsum (Muhammad & Jones, 1992).

Fifty-nine elements, PCBs, volatile N-nitrosamines and gamma emission were determined in 30 sewage sludges from 23 American cities. Phosphorus concentration in sludges, determined by emission spectrometry, ranged from 0.27 to 3.2% dry weight (HSDB , 1991).

Total adsorbed P was related to the amounts of amorphous iron and aluminum in soils from Eastern Germany.

Oxalate extractable phosphorus (P(ox)), was found to be the major part of the total soil P.

Clay content, in addition to iron and aluminum, played an important part in the reversible adsorption of P in these soils (Freese et al, 1992).

The phosphate adsorption characteristics of several clay-containing soils were measured in a research study. Standard isotherms were measured using a solution concentration of 1 milligram of phosphorus per liter, resulting in an equilibrium adsorption range after 75 days of between 1.62 and 3.18 mcmol P/m(2) (Torrent et al, 1992).

The purpose of this study was to define the influence of secondary mineral constituents (iron and aluminum oxides, kaotinite) and organic matter on the phosphate-fixing capacity of low-activity clay soils. The phosphate-fixing capacity was found to be highly related to the iron content of the soils. Hydrogen peroxide increased the phosphate-fixing capacity of the soils and was thought to be caused by the destruction of organic matter in the clays which exposed more mineral surfaces (Frossard et al, 1992).

Water quality functions and phosphorus fluxes of a hardwood bottomland and freshwater marsh wetland soil were compared. For both soil types, redox status affected phosphorus release and assimilation capacity. The results suggested that hardwood wetland soil will serve as a sink for phosphorus, while phosphorus will be released from the freshwater marsh soil (Masscheleyn et al, 1992).

The processes leading to removal of phosphorus (P) from a wetland site that received a high load of sewage-P were the subject of this study. Phosphorus deposition was shown to be the principal sink for P with rates of 30 g P per square meter per day. The magnitude of the P sinks suggest that the present level of P removal in this wetland is sustainable (Cooke, 1992).

The Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC) was the sight of the most comprehensive investigation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Great Lakes coastal wetlands.

This wetland is a nutrient sink, storing P in sediments and releasing N by denitrification.

The wetland biotic community transforms inorganic N and P into organic dissolved and particulate matter that may alter nutrient availability to the lake (Heath, 1992).

In contrast to results from other studies, nitrogen and phosphorus were both required for growth and biomass accumulation in an estuarine population of eelgrass (Murray et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Over a 12-year period the median total phosphorus inflow in the Everglades National Park increased from 7 to 12 mcg/L and ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus decreased from 250 to 120 (Raschke, 1993).
- Average release rates of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from live shoots of Spartina alterniflora were from undetectable to 7.5 mcg P/g dry weight/h in a Georgia salt marsh.
- Macronutrient and trace metal content was determined in reindeer lichens (Cladonia cladina) from 23 bogs; C. arbuscula was sampled from 20 localities, C stellaris (C alpestris) from 12 and C mitis from 2. Calculated on the basis of the total atmospheric fallout in the region, the annual retention percentages in the Cladonis carpets were 124 percent for phosphorus. Apparently there is a significant active uptake of phosphorus; it is chiefly accumulated in the living top part (HSDB , 1991).
- In a study of metal levels at various trophic levels within an undisturbed Precambrian Shield lake ecosystem, concentrations of 21 naturally occurring elements including phosphorus were measured in sediments, clams, fish, birds, and mammals. Mercury was the only element to exhibit biomagnification (HSDB , 1991).
- Rates of solubilization of mineral P in grassland soil were 7 to 10 times higher than the rates in forest soils (Zou et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Natural phytoplankton exposed to suspended sediments were subjected to bioassays to assess the effect of phosphorus associated with particles on algal growth. The results showed that the phytoplankton used the particulate nutrients when the soluble phosphorus was below a threshold value of 14 mcg/L. The study also showed the toxic chemical from sewage treatment effluents cause a reduction in algal growth (Santiago & Thomas, 1992).

Phosphorus (P) loading and two different sediments were tested in a small lake to determine the effects on the zooplankton community. This experimental study used P, kaolinitic clay (K), K + P, Montmorillonitic clay (M), and M + P plus a control without additions. P caused a bloom of blue-green bacteria and a 5-fold increase in rotifers. M caused a 10-fold decrease for all crustaceans. P additions tended to mitigate the effects of M, and the effects of mineral turbidity apparently cascaded up the food chain (Cuker & Hudson, 1992).

An estimated 1000 to 2000 migrating dabbling ducks and 10 to 50 swans have died annually for the last 10 years without a known cause. The site, a 1000 hector esturine salt marsh near Anchorage, Alaska, was used for artillery training by the US Army. Munitions incendiary white phosphorus is highly toxic and was found in the sediments with the animals feed and in the gizzards of collected carcasses. The results suggest that feeding waterfowl are ingesting small particles of the highly toxic white phosphorus from the anoxic sediment bottoms (Racine et al, 1992).

Algal and microbial biomass growth was stimulated by increasing the phosphorus supply in the Kuparuk River in Arctic Alaska. The larval growth and abundance of black flies were in turn reduced. The experiment allowed the researchers to separate the effects of nutrient supply from other factors determining the growth and abundance of the black fly (Hiltner & Hershey, 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

123.88 (white) (RTECS , 1991)

123.89 (black) (CHRIS , 1991)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Phosphorus exists in three main allotropic forms: white, black, and red. The same liquid is obtained on melting. Phosphorus atoms exist as symmetrical, tetrahedral P(4) molecules in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase below 800 degrees C; molecules dissociate to P(2) above 800 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus is a colorless or white, transparent, crystalline solid with a waxy appearance and a distinct garlic-like odor. It darkens on exposure to light. White phosphorus is sometimes called yellow phosphorus due to its color from impurities (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus sublimes in a vacuum at ordinary temperature when exposed to light. When exposed to air in the dark, white phosphorus emits a greenish light and gives off white fumes (Budavari, 1989).

Black phosphorus is polymorphic. The orthorhombic crystalline form is stable in air, resembles graphite in texture, and is produced from white phosphorus under high pressure. Amorphous black phosphorus is prepared at lower pressures. At higher pressure the orthorhombic form undergoes reversible transition to a rhombohedral structure and a cubic structure (Budavari, 1989).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.181 mmHg (white phosphorus, beta form) (Budavari, 1989)

0.026 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (yellow phosphorus) (HSDB , 1991)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.82 (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (white phosphorus) (NFPA, 1991)
2.691 (at 20 degrees C) (black phosphorus) (CHRIS , 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.83 g/cm(3) (white phosphorus, alpha form, cubic crystals) (Budavari, 1989)
1.88 g/cm(3) (white phosphorus, beta form, hexagonal crystals) (Budavari, 1989)
3.56 g/cm(3) (black phosphorus, rhombohedral structure) (Budavari, 1989)
3.83 g/cm(3) (black phosphorus, cubic structure) (Budavari, 1989)

VAPOR DENSITY

4.42 (white phosphorus) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

44.1 degrees C (white phosphorus, beta form) (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

280 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

White phosphorus is spontaneously flammable in air (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

86 degrees F (white phosphorus) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

>752 degrees F (black phosphorus) (CHRIS , 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

White Phosphorus: one part/300,000 parts water (Budavari, 1989).
Black Phosphorus: Black phosphorus is very slightly soluble in cold water and insoluble in hot water (EPA, 1985).
Black Phosporus: Phosphorus may dissolve in water to form PHOSPHORIC ACID (Budavari, 1989; Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

White Phosphorus: one g/400 mL in absolute alcohol (Budavari, 1989)
White Phosphorus: one g/102 mL in absolute ether (Budavari, 1989)
White Phosphorus: one g/40 mL in CHCl3 (Budavari, 1989)
White Phosphorus: one g/35 mL in benzene (Budavari, 1989)
White Phosphorus: one g/0.8 mL in CS2 (Budavari, 1989)
White Phosphorus: One gram white phosphorus dissolves in 80 mL olive oil, 60 mL oil of turpentine, and about 100 mL almond oil (Budavari, 1989).
Black phosphorus is insoluble in organic solvents (Budavari, 1989).
Black phosphorus is insoluble in carbon disulfide and concentrated sulfuric acid (HSDB , 1991).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents