PHOSPHORUS, RED

Red phosphorus is used in pyrotechnics; in the manufacture of safety matches; in organic synthesis; in the manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphine, phosphoric anhydride, phosphorus pentachloride, and phosphorus trichloride; and, in the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, and tracer bullets (Budavari, 1989).

FORMS

Phosphorus exists in three main allotropic forms: white, black, and red. The same liquid is obtained on melting. Phosphorus atoms exist as symmetrical, tetrahedral P(4) molecules in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase below 800 degrees C; molecules dissociate to P(2) above 800 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).
Red phosphorus is a red to violet powder and sublimes at 416 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).
Red phosphorus is insoluble, unabsorbable, and nontoxic, unless it contains the white form as an impurity.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Red phosphorus is insoluble, unabsorbable, and nontoxic, unless it contains the white form as an impurity. Red phosphorus may form the more hazardous white phosphorus at high temperatures.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If White Phosphorus is believed to be present, as judged by spontaneous oxidation (smoking) of tissue, refer to Phosphorus, White Hazardtext(R) Management.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

GASTRIC LAVAGE -

Although gastric lavage with a 1:5,000 solution of potassium permanganate has been recommended to convert phosphorus to less harmful oxidation products (Chretien, 1945), there are no data documenting efficacy.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Red phosphorus in insoluble and relatively non-toxic. No GI decontamination is necessary unless the more toxic whit phosphorus as an impurity.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7723-14-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: White phosphorus

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-5) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LDLo- (UNASSIGNED)HUMAN:
- 4412 mcg/kg (RTECS , 1991a)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7723-14-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow)
Table Z-1 for Phosphorus (yellow):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorus
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): a

a: This material is a reactive solid. The TPQ does not default to 10,000 pounds for non-powder, non-molten, non-solution form.
d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7723-14-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7723-14-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as White phosphorus, dry
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as White phosphorus, wet
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Yellow phosphorus, dry
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Yellow phosphorus, wet
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus white, or yellow, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, white or yellow dry or under water or in solution
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, white, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Phosphorus, yellow, molten
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7723-14-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phosphorus

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1338 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Phosphorus, amorphous

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1338
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: A1, A19, B1, B9, B26, IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B26: Tanks must be insulated. Insulation must be at least 100 mm (3.9 inches) except that the insulation thickness may be reduced to 51 mm (2 inches) over the exterior heater coils. Interior heating coils are not authorized. The packaging may not be loaded with a material outside of the packaging's design temperature range. In addition, the material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity. After unloading, the residual material also must be covered with an inert gas or the container must be filled with water to the tank's capacity.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 74

74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1338 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Phosphorus, amorphous
UN Number: 1338

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7723-14-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect.
- Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7723-14-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Flood with water to control flames, then smother with wet sand, clay, ground limestone. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Where access to the area is strictly controlled, it may be best to allow the release to burn itself out. Fire situations may require evacuation. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance (NFPA, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion by-products of red phosphorus include oxides of phosphorus, phosphine, and phosphoric acid if water is present (NFPA, 1991).
Red phosphorus may decompose at 554 degrees F (290 degrees C) into the more hazardous white or yellow phosphorus (NFPA, 1991). Refer to the PHOSPHORUS, WHITE HAZARDTEXT management for more information.

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Avoid contact with KClO3, KMnO4, peroxides and other oxidizing agents; explosions may result on contact or friction (Budavari, 1989).

Phosphorus may explode on contact with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Combustion by-products of red phosphorus include oxides of phosphorus, phosphine, and phosphoric acid if water is present (NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Very reactive. Fire and explosive hazard when in contact with oxidizing materials. When in contact with alkali, phosphine gas may be produced. Vigorously reacts with cesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, sodium, and sulfur. Explodes with ammonium nitrate and moist chlorates. Burns spontaneously or explodes with chlorine, fluorine, or bromine. May explode with nitrates, nitrogen bromide, or selenium monochloride, selenium oxyfluoride, or selenium tetrafluoride.

Red phosphorus catches fire when heated in air to about 260 degrees C and burns with formation of the pentoxide (Budavari, 1989).

Red phosphorus burns when heated in an atmosphere of chlorine (Budavari, 1989).

Red phosphorus will not ignite spontaneously but may be ignited by friction, static electricity, or heating or oxidizing agents. (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Red phosphorus yields the white modification when distilled at 290 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

Avoid contact with KClO3, KMnO4, peroxides and other oxidizing agents; explosions may result on contact or friction (Budavari, 1989).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7723-14-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Phosphorus (red)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.4
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7723-14-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1991).
Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary. Shovel into suitable dry container. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 1 pound (NFPA, 1991).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
STORAGE
- Red phosphorus will not ignite spontaneously but may be ignited by friction, static electricity, or heating or oxidizing agent. Handling it in an aqueous solution helps prevent fires (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Store red phosphorus in a cool, dry place with adequate ventilation and avoid overheating. Separate from oxidizing materials. Always keep container closed (HSDB , 1991; NFPA, 1991).
A laboratory scale reactor, consisting of zinc chloride activated nutshell charcoal, was setup to adsorb phosphate ions from waste water. The highest value phosphate adsorption, from a 4 g per liter solution, was 57% for an adsorbent particle size of 106.1 mu per meter (Bhargava & Sheldarkar, 1992).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This study suggests that there is a seasonal shift from Phosphorus (P) to Nitrogen (N) as the limiting nutrient to biomass accumulation in Chesapeake Bay. The results of the study showed that in winter and spring, P limits phytoplankton growth rates; while in summer N limits the algal accumulation (Fisher et al, 1992).

A study evaluated the transport and transformation of phosphorus (P) in the Atlantic coastal plain. The distribution and fractionation of P in forested and agricultural soils in the Rhodes River watershed was the subject of the study. About 70% of the P in forest soils was bound in organic forms. It was found that particulate P dominated the export of phosphorus from both watersheds (Vaithiyanathan & Correll, 1992).

A laboratory study evaluated the effect of sesquioxidic gravels on phosphorus sorption by lateritic soils. The phosphorus content was monitored by X-ray diffraction, autoradiography, and electron microscopy. Phosphorus adsorption increased as the gravel content of the soil and gravel particle size increased. The study concluded that both the phosphorus requirements of the plants and the gravel content of the soil need to be assessed when planning fertilizer strategy (Weaver et al, 1992).

The phosphate adsorption characteristics of several clay-containing soils were measured in a research study. Standard isotherms were measured using a solution concentration of 1 milligram of phosphorus per liter, resulting in an equilibrium adsorption range after 75 days of between 1.62 and 3.18 mcmol P/m(2) (Torrent et al, 1992).

Adsorption isotherms were measured for sulfate and phosphate ions on soil that had been incubated with lime. The lime treatment affected sulfate ions more strongly than phosphate ions. The results suggested that sulfate should be less mobile in alkaline soils (Marsh et al, 1992).

A laboratory study using a flow (miscible displacement) reactor was used to evaluate the effects of electrolyte concentration and exchangeable sodium (sodicity) on the solubility of phosphorus in soils. The results showed that increasing sodium concentration made the weakly adsorbed phosphorus more labile and thus may have an important bearing on the phosphorus nutrition of crops (Curtin et al, 1992).

TRANSPORT FROM SEDIMENTS: Sediments were analyzed for potentially available phosphorus and total phosphorus (TP). Water from the same location was analyzed for dissolved phosphorus and TP. A negative correlation was found between the observed flow and the water TP concentration. The results suggested that sediments may be a significant source of dissolved phosphorus (Rosensteel & Strom, 1992).

Phosphorus does not occur free in nature. It is found in the form of phosphates in the minerals chlorapatite, fluorapatite, vivianite, wavellite and "phosphate rock" or phosphorite; occurs in small quantities in granite rocks; occurs in all fertile soil; and, is an essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue and bones. Its abundance in the earth's crust is about 0.12 percent (Budavari, 1989).

Fifty-nine elements, PCBs, volatile N-nitrosamines and gamma emission were determined in 30 sewage sludges from 23 American cities. Phosphorus concentration in sludges, determined by emission spectrometry, ranged from 0.27 to 3.2% dry weight (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- In a study of metal levels at various trophic levels within an undisturbed Precambrian Shield lake ecosystem, concentrations of 21 naturally occurring elements including phosphorus were measured in sediments, clams, fish, birds, and mammals. Mercury was the only element to exhibit biomagnification (HSDB , 1991).
- Macronutrient and trace metal content was determined in reindeer lichens (Cladonia cladina) from 23 bogs; C. arbuscula was sampled from 20 localities, C. stellaris (C. alpestris) from 12 and C. mitis from 2. Calculated on the basis of the total atmospheric fallout in the region, the annual retention percentages in the Cladonis carpets were 124 percent for phosphorus. Apparently there is a significant active uptake of phosphorus; it is chiefly accumulated in the living top part (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Prairie dogs and rock doves were exposed to red phosphorus/butyl rubber smoke. The animals were subjected to multiple applications of smoke in concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, and 4.0 gm/L. Four daily 80-min smoke exposures had no significant effect on the prairie dogs. The rock doves responded to two daily doses with elevated respiratory frequency in two males followed by death. These results showed that rock doves are more susceptible to red phosphorus/butyl rubber smoke than prairie dogs, but it is unlikely that the smoke poses a significant risk to either species under field conditions (Johns et al, 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

30.97 (RTECS , 1991)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Red phosphorus is a red to violet, odorless powder. Red phosphorus sublimes at 416 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

Phosphorus exists in three main allotropic forms: red, white, and black. The same liquid is obtained on melting. Phosphorus atoms exist as symmetrical, tetrahedral P(4) molecules in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase below 800 degrees C; molecules dissociate to P(2) above 800 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus is a colorless or white, transparent, crystalline solid with a waxy appearance and a distinct garlic-like odor. It darkens on exposure to light (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus is sometimes called yellow phosphorus due to its color from impurities. When exposed to air in the dark, white phosphorus emits a greenish light and gives off white fumes (Budavari, 1989).

White phosphorus sublimes in a vacuum at ordinary temperature when exposed to light (Budavari, 1989).

Black phosphorus is polymorphic. The orthorhombic crystalline form is stable in air, resembles graphite in texture, and is produced from white phosphorus under high pressure. Amorphous black phosphorus is prepared at lower pressures. At higher pressure the orthorhombic form undergoes reversible transition to a rhombohedral structure and a cubic structure (Budavari, 1989).

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.34 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

590 degrees C (at 43 atm) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

BOILING POINT

280 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

500 degrees F in air (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Red phosphorus is soluble in phosphorus tribromide and insoluble in organic solvents (Budavari, 1989).
Red phosphorus is soluble in absolute alcohol, carbon disulfide, ether, and ammonia (HSDB , 1991).

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents