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AMMONIUM SULFAMATE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Ammonium sulfamate is a contact and translocation herbicide, as well as a chemical intermediate and fire retardant. It is of low order toxicity as indicated in animal studies. It may cause gastrointestinal irritation if ingested.

Specific Substances

    1) Amcide
    2) Amicide
    3) Ammat
    4) Sulfamate
    5) AMS
    6) Sulfamic acid, monoammonium salt
    7) Ammonium Amidosulfonate
    8) Ammonium Amidosulphate
    9) Ikurin
    10) Monoammonium Sulfamate
    11) NIOSH/RTECS WO 6125000
    12) Molecular Formula: H6-N2-O3-S
    13) CAS 7773-06-0
    14) AMMONIUM SALZ DER AMIDOSULFONSAURE (GERMAN)
    15) AMS (ABBREVIATION FOR AMMONIUM SULFAMATE)
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) H2-N-03-S.H4-N

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Reagent grade is 99% pure; technical product is at least 97% pure; commercial grade is 80% pure (CHRIS , 1999).
    2) As a commercial product weed killer it is available as a brownish-gray, crystalline, hygroscopic material (Budavari, 1996).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Ammonium sulfamate is prepared by the chemical reaction of ammonia with sulfamic acid. It is very soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol (Budavari, 1996).
    C) USES
    1) Ammonium sulfamate is used in various weed killing formulations (Ammate(R), Ikurin(R)). Ammate contains a minimum of 80% ammonium sulfamate (HSDB , 2001).
    2) It is also used in formulations as a fire retardant in such products as paper and textiles (Budavari, 1996).
    3) Other industrial uses include gilding, generation of nitrous oxide, and electroplating (Budavari, 1996).
    4) Ammonium sulfamate is added to cigarette paper to reduce the hazard of tumor formation from tobacco smoke (HSDB , 2001), presumably by controlling the burn rate.

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Ammonium sulfamate is of low toxicity. There are no reports of toxic exposures in humans and animal data are limited.
    B) GI distress, and respiratory stimulation are possible.
    C) The dust may irritate the eyes, nose and throat. Inhaling the dust may cause coughing and breathing difficulty.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Instillation of 0.5 mL of a 4% solution produced no irritation. The powder may be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Ammonium sulfamate may cause respiratory tract irritation.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Animal studies indicate ammonium sulfamate may cause GI distress, but data are sketchy.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Repeated application of a 4% solution to the arm of human volunteers caused no skin irritation.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established.
    B) No specific laboratory studies are needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The only data available are in animals. Doses lower than 20,000 ppm/kg do not produce symptoms even when repeated. Repeated application of 20 to 50% solutions to the skin of rats produced no ill effects.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Ammonium sulfamate is of low toxicity. There are no reports of toxic exposures in humans and animal data are limited.
    B) GI distress, and respiratory stimulation are possible.
    C) The dust may irritate the eyes, nose and throat. Inhaling the dust may cause coughing and breathing difficulty.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Instillation of 0.5 mL of a 4% solution produced no irritation. The powder may be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVAL IRRITATION -
    1) ANIMALS - Ammonium sulfamate instilled in the conjunctival sac of rabbit eyes, 0.5 mL of a 4% solution in water, produced NO irritation (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    2) HUMAN - The dust may be irritating to the eyes due to mechanical action (CHRIS , 1999).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) NASAL IRRITATION - The dust may be irritating to the nose due to mechanical action (CHRIS , 1999).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) PHARYNGEAL IRRITATION - The dust may be irritating to the throat due to mechanical action (CHRIS , 1999).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Intravenous injections of 100 mg/kg in rats did not significantly affect circulation (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Ammonium sulfamate may cause respiratory tract irritation.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Breathing of the dust may cause coughing or dyspnea (CHRIS , 1999).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HYPERVENTILATION
    a) Animals poisoned by IP injection of 0.8 mg/kg developed respiratory stimulation and prostration; 6 of 10 died (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Intravenous injections of 100 mg/kg in rats did not significantly affect respiration (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Animal studies indicate ammonium sulfamate may cause GI distress, but data are sketchy.
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) GASTRITIS
    a) Animal studies indicate ammonium sulfamate may cause gastrointestinal distress, but data are sketchy (ITI, 1995).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Repeated application of a 4% solution to the arm of human volunteers caused no skin irritation.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Repeated application of a 4% solution to the arm of human volunteers for 5 days caused no skin irritation (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7773-06-0 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No toxic levels have been established.
    B) No specific laboratory studies are needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.

Methods

    A) SAMPLING
    1) Collect on a filter and extract with water (HSDB , 2001).
    B) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Ion chromatography has a range of 6.4 to 27.3 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2001).
    C) SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY
    1) Ammonium sulfamate residues can be determined in certain fruits by absorption spectrometry at 655 nm (HSDB , 2001).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established.
    B) No specific laboratory studies are needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Toxicity is low; gastric decontamination is rarely necessary.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Significant toxicity is not expected. Gastric decontamination is rarely necessary.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Since no specific human symptoms have been seen, treatment of exposures is symptomatic and supportive for cardiovascular and respiratory functions.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The only data available are in animals. Doses lower than 20,000 ppm/kg do not produce symptoms even when repeated. Repeated application of 20 to 50% solutions to the skin of rats produced no ill effects.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
    1) The lowest published lethal exposure in rats by the IP route is 800 milligrams/kilogram (RTECS , 2001).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ACUTE
    1) Ammonium sulfamate has a low order of toxicity (Budavari, 1996).
    2) RATS - Doses lower than 20,000 parts per million/kilogram do NOT produce symptoms, even when repeated. Repeated application of 20 to 50% solutions to the skin of rats produced no ill-effects (ACGIH, 1980).
    3) RATS - Oral doses as high as 1.6 grams/kilogram were not fatal in rats (HSDB , 2001).
    4) RATS - Intravenous injections of 100 mg/kg did not significantly affect respiration or circulation (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    B) CHRONIC
    1) Oral toxicity is negligible; for example when 10,000 parts per million was fed to rats for 125 days no toxicity was seen. When 20,000 parts per million was fed no histological effects were seen but growth seemed to be inhibited (ACGIH, 1998).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7773-06-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Ammonium sulfamate
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
    d) Molecular Weight: 114.13
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7773-06-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 10 mg/m(3) (total) 5 mg/m(3) (resp)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 1500 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7773-06-0 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS7773-06-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate (Total dust)
    2) Table Z-1 for Ammonium sulfamate (Total dust):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 15
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed
    3) Listed as: Ammonium sulfamate (Respirable fraction)
    4) Table Z-1 for Ammonium sulfamate (Respirable fraction):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 3100 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2 g/kg

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Ammonium sulfamate is a colorless, odorless, white crystal (OHM/TADS , 1999).
    B) It is a colorless, odorless, non-combustible, hygroscopic crystalline substance. Color may range from white to bright yellow-orange or brownish-gray (HSDB , 2001).

Ph

    A) 4.9 (for a 0.2 molar aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)

Molecular Weight

    A) 114.13 (Budavari, 1996)

References

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