PHOSPHINE

Phosphine is used in organic preparations; preparations of phosphonium halides; as a doping agent for n-type semiconductors; a polymerization initiator; a condensation catalyst; and, as an insecticide used for fumigation. NOTE: A synthetic dye, crystalline yellow, is sometimes called phosphine (Sax & Lewis, 1987; Proctor et al, 1988; Garry et al, 1989).
Outside the US, aluminum phosphide and zinc phosphide are used as household rodenticides. Phosphine gas is released on contact with water or if these substances are ingested (Lohani et al, 2000; Broderick & Birnbaum, 2002) Ragone et al, 2002.

FORMS

Phosphine is a colorless, flammable, potentially poisonous gas (Windholz et al, 1983).
ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE

Aluminum phosphide is available over-the-counter in India and human poisonings are common (Gupta & Ahlawat, 1995). Indian products are found as 3 gram pellets containing 57% aluminum phosphide. Trade names include Celphos, Quickphos, Synfume, and Phosfume (Chopra et al, 1986).
A single 3 gram pellet of aluminum phosphide gives off 1 gram of phosphine (Jayaraman, 1991).
Pellets are composed of aluminum phosphide, urea, and ammonium carbamate. Phosphine gas, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are the products of the reaction of the pellet, in air or in grain, and moisture (Zaebst et al, 1988).

SOURCES

Phosphine is produced by the action of water on calcium phosphide, by the quenching of metal alloys with water, and by the accidental wetting of zinc phosphide rodenticides and aluminum phosphide or magnesium phosphide grain fumigants (Finkel, 1983).
Waste treatment can generate phosphine (Garry et al, 1989).
Phosphine can be generated in illicit methamphetamine labs. One method of producing methamphetamine involves red phosphorus, hydriodic acid and ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Phosphine can be produced when red phosphorus is heated in the presence of acids. A forensic specialist investigating a methamphetamine lab was exposed to 2.7 ppm phosphine for 20 to 30 minutes without respiratory protection. She developed dizziness, cough, headache and diarrhea and has rhonchi on physical exam (Burgess, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Phosphine (PH3) is a colorless, flammable toxic gas used in the semiconductor industry. It is also used as a fumigant, polymerization initiator, and as an intermediate for the preparation flame retardants. When pure, it is odorless, but technical grade samples have an unpleasant odor similar to garlic or rotting fish. Phosphine can also be generated in illicit methamphetamine labs, especially production involving red phosphorus, hydriodic acid, and ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Phosphine is produced when red phosphorus is heated in the presence of acids. The vast majority of exposures are inhalational; when used as a fumigant, pellets of aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, or zinc phosphide release phosphine upon contact with atmospheric water or an organism's stomach acid. Phosphine is a gas at room temperature, so ingestion is unlikely. Toxicity from ingestion of aluminum phosphide or zinc phosphide are covered in separate managements.

TOXICOLOGY: Phosphine exerts its toxic effects via inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and generation of free radical damage. Injury occurs primarily after inhalation exposure, though toxicity can occur from ingestion or transdermal contamination. Phosphine gas may form explosive mixtures with air and self ignite. When phosphine burns, a dense white cloud of phosphorus pentoxide, a severe respiratory irritant, is formed. Phosphine breaks down in water.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Human poisoning is uncommon, but occurs worldwide and can be fatal.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Exposure to phosphine gas may cause nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, thirst, chest tightness, dyspnea, cough productive of sputum, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, muscle pains, dizziness, headache, fatigue, ataxia, paresthesias, irritation of mucous membranes, acute renal failure with proteinuria, and hematopoietic cancers.
SEVERE TOXICITY: More severe exposures may cause tachycardia and hypotension, metabolic acidosis, ventricular dysrhythmias, seizures, coma, acute lung injury (which may be delayed), and death. Direct contact with phosphine liquid may cause frostbite, but phosphine gas is not known to produce adverse effects on the skin. Phosphine gas produces no known adverse effects on the eyes. Contact with the skin or eyes to phosphine gas does not normally result in systemic toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Phosphine is irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of acute exposure include diplopia, respiratory tract irritation, dyspnea, chest tightness, productive cough, pulmonary edema, and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (ACGIH, 1991; Hayes & Laws, 1991). Toxic mechanisms may include free radical generation and lipid peroxidation; mortality following acute aluminum phosphide ingestion resulting in systemic phosphine poisoning has been greater than 50% (Chugh et al, 1996).

Cardiovascular shock, arrhythmias, and ECG abnormalities may be observed (Khosla et al, 1988) Mistra et al, 1988; . Congestive heart failure (CHF) with pulmonary edema and focal myocardial necrosis have been reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Neurologic effects of acute poisoning include headache, paresthesias, dizziness, tremors, general fatigue, and central nervous system (CNS) depression leading to coma. Seizures are not uncommon and may precede death. Anxiety and restlessness commonly follow aluminum phosphide ingestion (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ACGIH, 1991) Mistra et al, 1988.

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, renal injury, and hepatotoxicity with jaundice may occur (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Hypermagnesemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis have been reported (Khosla et al, 1988).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic phosphine poisoning has been sometimes said to be similar to chronic PHOSPHORUS poisoning (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ACGIH, 1991) .

Australian grain fumigators exposed to airborne phosphine concentrations of 0.1 to 2 ppm for a mean duration of 11.6 years had normal hematological and liver function tests (Barbosa & Bonin, 1994).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Phosphine gas is released from ingested aluminum phosphide and zinc phosphide in the stomach. While water used for gastric lavage or mixed with activated charcoal might theoretically release phosphine from these compounds, moisture already present in the GI tract will do so as well. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended because of the potential for formation of phosphine gas and the potential for abrupt deterioration.

Emesis containing aluminum phosphide or zinc phosphide might off-gas phosphine and could pose a risk of secondary contamination in enclosed areas such as ambulances. Be prepared to quickly suction or mop up emesis and isolate it in plastic bags or other impervious containers.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Inhalation of phosphine released after fumigation using aluminum phosphide on a grain freighter resulted in acute poisoning of 29 of 31 crew members and two children, one of whom died. Air concentrations measured 2 days after onset of illness ranged from 0.5 ppm in some of the living quarters to 12 ppm at an air intake (Proctor et al, 1988).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Phosphine is a highly toxic gas, especially to organs with high oxygen demand.

The minimal detectable (decaying fish odor) concentration is 0.01 to 5 ppm in air (AIHA, 1989). The gas dissipates rapidly in an open air environment; it is primarily a problem in confined spaces.

Three federal grain inspectors developed facial numbness and tingling, dizziness, nausea, and shortness of breath approximately one hour following inhalation exposure to phosphine while inspecting wheat on a railroad train. Only one worker was asymptomatic after 4 days of follow-up (Feldstein et al, 1991).

Concentrations of phosphine after at least 20 minutes of aeration of the railroad cars were 159 ppm, 298 ppm, and 2029 ppm.

Workers exposed intermittently to concentrations up to 35 ppm, but averaging below 10 ppm, complained of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest tightness and cough, headache, and dizziness; no evidence of cumulative effects was noted (Proctor et al, 1988).

Exposure to 50 ppm is considered immediately dangerous to life and health (NIOSH , 1996).

Phosphine can be generated in illicit methamphetamine labs. One method of producing methamphetamine involves red phosphorus, hydriodic acid and ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Phosphine can be produced when red phosphorus is heated in the presence of acids. A forensic specialist investigating a methamphetamine lab was exposed to 2.7 ppm phosphine for 20 to 30 minutes without respiratory protection. She developed dizziness, cough, headache and diarrhea and had rhonchi on physical exam (Burgess, 2001).

A physician required medical treatment following exposure to phosphine released from the excised stomach of a patient who died from aluminum phosphide poisoning (Jayaraman, 1991).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: Workers (n=22), who were involved in grain fumigation using aluminum phosphide tablets, developed cough (18.2%), dyspnea (31.8%), chest tightness (27.3%), headache (31.8%), giddiness, numbness, and lethargy (31.8% each), and anorexia and epigastric pain (18.2% each) following the fumigation. The phosphine airborne concentration ranged from 0.17 to 2.11 ppm (Misra et al, 1988b).

CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old woman exposed to aluminum phos-toxin and ammonium carbamate for approximately 30 minutes in a closed truck without protective equipment, developed an itching and burning sensation of her skin, severe headaches, weakness, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting 30 to 60 minutes post-exposure. She also experienced neuromuscular weakness of her left leg. The patient received supportive treatment and was discharged 4 days later. Investigation of phosphine levels within the truck determined a maximum phosphine exposure level of 242 ppm. Following hospital discharge, the patient continued to have headaches and decreased sensation of her left side. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy secondary to phosphine exposure (Brautbar & Howard, 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7803-51-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phosphine
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Phosphine

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phosphine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 3x10(-4) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1991 Budavari, 1989
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7803-51-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Phosphine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.3 ppm
TLV-STEL: 1 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and GI irr; headache; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 34

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7803-51-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7803-51-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Phosphine
REL:

TWA: 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m(3))
STEL: 1 ppm (1 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Phosphine
Table Z-1 for Phosphine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.3

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.4

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:100

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphine
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Hydrogen phosphide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Hydrogen phosphide
P or U series number: P096
Footnote:
Listed as: Phosphine
P or U series number: P096
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphine
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7803-51-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Phosphine
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7803-51-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7803-51-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phosphine

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2199 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Phosphine

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2199
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 2.1

2.3: Poison Gas.
2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 1

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 192
Bulk packaging: 245

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2199 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Phosphine
UN Number: 2199

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7803-51-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Phosphine
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Usual shipping containers: steel cylinders (NFPA, 1991)

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Phosphine must be stored in cool, dry, isolated areas, away from acute fire hazards and powerful oxidizing materials. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labelled (HSDB , 1991).
Separate from acids, alkalies, and halogenated compounds. Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1991).
Phosphine is stable up to 55 degrees C (HSDB , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7803-51-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May form explosive mixtures with air.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Some of these materials may react violently with water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Phosphine is spontaneously flammable in air if there is a trace of P2H4 present. It burns with a luminous flame (Budavari, 1989).
Phosphine is a very dangerous fire hazard by spontaneous chemical reaction (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Phosphine may ignite spontaneously in air or accumulate and explode in air without a source or ignition (NFPA, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7803-51-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Phosphine
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7803-51-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Phosphine
Extinguishing Method(s): Do not use halocarbons

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Explosive decomposition may occur under fire conditions. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool (NFPA, 1991).

Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide to extinguish fire (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, phosphine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Phosphine is moderately explosive when exposed to flame. It forms an explosive reaction with dichlorine oxide, silver nitrate, concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen trichloride, and oxygen. It reacts with mercury(II) nitrate to form an explosive product. It ignites or forms a violent reaction with air, boron trichloride, Br2, Cl2, aqueous halogen solutions, iodine, metal nitrates, NO, NCl3, NO3, N2O, HNO2, K + NH3, and oxidants (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, phosphine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Liquefied phosphine can be detonated by powerful initiation. Pure phosphine does not spontaneously ignite in air below 150 degrees C unless it is thoroughly dried, when it ignites in cold air. The presence of traces (0.2%) of diphosphane in phosphine as normally prepared causes it to ignite spontaneously in air, even at below minus 15 degrees C. Traces of oxidants promote pyrophoricity (Bretherick, 1990).

Phosphine combines violently with oxygen and the halogens. It liberates hydrogen and forms the phosphide when passed over heated metal. It forms phosphonium salts when brought in contact with the halogen acids (Budavari, 1989).

Phosphine reacts with copper, silver, gold, and their salts (HSDB , 1991).

Phosphine is moderately explosive when exposed to flame. It forms an explosive reaction with dichlorine oxide, silver nitrate, concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen trichloride, and oxygen. It reacts with mercury(II) nitrate to form an explosive product. It ignites or forms a violent reaction with air, boron trichloride, Br2, Cl2, aqueous halogen solutions, iodine, metal nitrates, NO, NCl3, NO3, N2O, HNO2, K + NH3, and oxidants (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Chlorine monoxide explodes on contact with phosphine. Phosphine gas ignites spontaneously if a trace of nitrogen trioxide or nitrous acid is added (NFPA, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, phosphine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 2199 - Phosphine

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.1 kilometers (1.9 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 450 meters (1400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 9.6 kilometers (6 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If material is leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7803-51-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Phosphine
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.5
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7803-51-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Phosphine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.3
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 3.6
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7803-51-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Phosphine
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because appropriate data are not available
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because appropriate data are not available
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because appropriate data are not available
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because appropriate data are not available
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because appropriate data are not available
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Phosphine
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4 ppm
mg/m3: 5.6 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 4 ppm
mg/m3: 5.6 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.71 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.25 ppm
mg/m3: 0.35 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Phosphine
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 7.2 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 7.2 ppm
mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 3.6 ppm
mg/m3: 5.1 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.9 ppm
mg/m3: 1.3 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.45 ppm
mg/m3: 0.63 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7803-51-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1991).
Phosphine has been removed from waste gases of a semiconductor manufacturer by ozone oxidation and carbon adsorption (HSDB , 1991).
Porous supports (pearlite or aluminum oxide) impregnated with aqueous silver nitrate, or with aqueous ferric chloride containing other metal salts are used for purging of phosphine in waste gas from semiconductor plants (HSDB , 1991).
If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if it can be done without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors (AAR, 1987).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information on the pollution hazard of phosphine was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Pure phosphine is inert, but will oxidize under influence of radiation and ultraviolet light (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The activity of phosphine against diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella was shown to be a function of duration of exposure, temperature and gas concentration. LD99 values were measured as a function of temperature (Bell, 1992):

2. LD99 EPHESTIA ELUTELLA: 0.7-2.3 mg/L 20 degrees C 3. LD99 EPHESTIA ELUTELLA: 0.1-1.5 mg/L 15 degrees C

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

PHOSPHINE: 34

ALUMINUM PHOSHIDE: 57.96

CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE: 182.2

ZINC PHOSPHIDE: 258.09

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

PHOSPHINE is a colorless, flammable, heavier than air, gas with a fish- or garlic-like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. The pure compound is odorless (NIOSH , 1990).

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE: dark gray or yellow crystals

CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE: brown-red crystalline powder

ZINC PHOSPHIDE: faint odor of phosphorus, dark gray tetragonal crystals or powder

Phosphine solutions are neutral (HSDB , 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

> 1 atm (ACGIH, 1986)

20 atm (-3 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
GAS: 1.529 g/L (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID 0.746 g/cm(3) (at -90 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-133 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

-87.7 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

Pyrophoric; may ignite spontaneously in air or accumulate and explode in air without source of ignition (NFPA, 1991).

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

212 degrees F (Lewis, 1992)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.6% (estimated) (NFPA, 1991)

UPPER

98% (estimated) (NFPA, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Phosphine is slightly soluble in water (0.26 vol at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989).
Slightly soluble in cold water; and insoluble in hot water (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Phosphine is soluble in alcohol, ether, and cuprous chloride solution (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.03 PPM (HSDB , 2002)
Air: 0.51 ul/l; Water: 0.0002 mg/l; Odor Safety Class: D; D= 10-50% of attentive persons can detect TLV concn in the air. (HSDB , 2002)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents