PHOSGENE OXIME

Phosgene oxime was developed for use as a terrorist/warfare agent, and is classified as a vesicant. It is not a true vesicant since it does not cause skin blisters; therefore, a nettle or urticant agent is a better description. It can be dispersed as a liquid or vapor causing almost immediate tissue damage upon contact (U.S. Army , 1995; U.S. Army, 1997).

FORMS

Halogenated oximes include phosgene oxime, diiodoformoxime, dibromoformoxime, and monochloroformoxime. Phosgene oxime is the most irritant of the series. The latter agents are also urticants and were discovered long before World War II, but are not considered as chemical/terrorist warfare threats because they are not nearly as toxic as phosgene oxime.
Phosgene oxime may appear as a liquid or as a colorless, low-melting point crystalline solid, readily soluble in water. It has an appreciable vapor pressure. As a dry solid, this chemical decomposes spontaneously and needs to be stored at low temperatures ((US Army, 1996)).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Phosgene oxime is classified as a vesicant, an agent which causes a corrosive type of skin and tissue lesion. It is not a true vesicant since it does not cause blisters; therefore, it is best described as a uriticant or nettle agent. It is characterized by immediate pain and tissue damage within seconds. Extreme pain may last for several days. Damage to the eyes, skin, and airways is similar to that caused by mustard gas. The crystalline solid form will produce enough vapor to cause symptoms.

INHALATION - Severe respiratory irritant in low concentrations. Irritation begins at 0.2 mg/min/m(3) and becomes unbearable at 3 mg/min/m(3). Respiratory effects include pulmonary edema and death due to respiratory arrest.

OCULAR - Vapors at low concentrations cause severe eye irritation. Ocular exposures to higher concentrations can cause incapacitating inflammation, and blindness.

SKIN - High concentrations cause severe skin irritation with rapidly developing necrotizing wounds. Immediate pain is followed by blanching with an erythematous ring in 30 seconds, a wheal in 30 minutes, and necrosis in 24 hours or later.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

Ipecac-induced emesis is NOT recommended because of the irritant and corrosive nature of phosgene oxime.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

Activated charcoal is of unknown benefit in phosgene oxime ingestion. Since the primary toxicity is expected to be local corrosive injury rather than systemic effects from absorption, activated charcoal is not routinely recommended in the unlikely event of ingestion (it may obscure endoscopy findings and induce emesis).

DILUTION -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

If the military M291 Skin Decontaminating Kit for skin decontamination is available, it should be used as soon as possible. If the M291 Skin Decontaminating Kit is not available, skin decontamination should be done with copious amounts of water or isotonic sodium bicarbonate. Adsorbent powders, such as fullers' earth, have been suggested for physical decontamination of the skin.

EYE EXPOSURE -

Flush eyes immediately with water, 0.9% saline or isotonic sodium bicarbonate (if available) for at least an hour or until the cul-de-sacs are free of particulate matter and returned to neutrality (confirm with pH paper).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Ct50 (EYE) HUMANS: 200 mg/min/m(3) (estimated; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998)
Ct50 (SKIN) HUMANS: 2500 mg/min/m(3) (erythema; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998)
LCt50 - (INHL) HUMANS: 3200 mg/min/m(3) (estimated; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998; U.S. Army, 2001)
LCt50 - (INHL) HUMANS: 1500-2000 mg/min/m(3) (estimated) (U.S. Army, 1995)
LD50 - (SKIN) HUMANS: 25 mg/kg (estimated) (U.S. Army, 1995)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Ct50 (EYE) HUMANS: 200 mg/min/m(3) (estimated; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998)
Ct50 (SKIN) HUMANS: 2500 mg/min/m(3) (erythema; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998)
LCt50 - (INHL) HUMANS: 3200 mg/min/m(3) (estimated; vapor) (Sidell et al, 1998; U.S. Army, 2001)
LCt50 - (INHL) HUMANS: 1500-2000 mg/min/m(3) (estimated) (U.S. Army, 1995)
LD50 - (SKIN) HUMANS: 25 mg/kg (estimated) (U.S. Army, 1995)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

DERMAL -

It has been reported concentrations below 8% appear to cause no or inconsistent effects. When phosgene oxime is mixed with another chemical agent (e.g., VX), rapid skin damage due to phosgene oxime may render the skin more susceptible to the second agent (U.S. Army, 1997).
Irritation begins at 0.2 mg/min/m(3) (12 seconds) (USACHPPM , 2001).
Irritation is unbearable at 3 mg/min/m(3) (1 minute) (USACHPPM , 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1794-86-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1794-86-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1794-86-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1794-86-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1794-86-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1794-86-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1794-86-1 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1794-86-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

The cardinal principle for handling chemical warfare agents is to limit the potential for exposure to a minimal number of persons, for a minimal amount of time, to a minimal amount of chemical agent consistent with operation safety. Unrelated work should be limited within the same work area (U.S. Army, 1997a).
A standing operating procedure (SOP) is required for all chemical agent operations. Consider the chemical protective clothing needed, and the operating procedures prior to handling (U.S. Army, 1997a).
Personnel must receive training before engaging in the operations (U.S. Army, 1997a).
Engineering controls are the best way to prevent contamination. Each activity should have a monitoring plan that outlines the best prevention measures (U.S. Army, 1997a).
Routine sampling of chemical agents is prohibited unless written permission is granted by the Chief of Staff at the Army Pentagon in Washington, DC. The request must be justified and provide a safety plan, control measures, and risk assessment (U.S. Army, 1997a).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1794-86-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1794-86-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1794-86-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Phosgene oxime is corrosive and unstable with most metals (USACHPPM , 2001).

Liquid phosgene oxime hydrolyses fairly rapidly in alkaline solutions ((EPMEDIC, 2001); USACHPPM , 2001).

Temperatures above -20 degrees C cause the chemical to decompose. Even a dry solid can decompose spontaneously ((EPMEDIC, 2001); USACHPPM , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1794-86-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1794-86-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1794-86-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Phosgene oxime
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.036 ppm
mg/m3: 0.17 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.012 ppm
mg/m3: 0.056 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0059 ppm
mg/m3: 0.028 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0014 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0069 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00074 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0035 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Phosgene oxime
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.011 ppm
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.036 ppm
mg/m3: 0.17 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.017 ppm
mg/m3: 0.083 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0044 ppm
mg/m3: 0.021 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0021 ppm
mg/m3: 0.01 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Phosgene oxime
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 7.6 ppm
mg/m3: 36 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 5.3 ppm
mg/m3: 25 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.7 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.65 ppm
mg/m3: 3.1 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.34 ppm
mg/m3: 1.6 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1794-86-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

113.94

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Phosgene oxime is a liquid or a colorless, crystalline solid with an unpleasant and irritating odor that sublimes at ambient temperatures. At temperatures below 95 degrees F CX is a solid, but the vapor pressure of the solid is high enough to cause symptoms (U.S. Army , 1995; (US Army, 1996); Sidell et al, 1998).

VAPOR PRESSURE

11.2 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (solid) (USACHPPM , 2001)

13 mmHg (at 40 degrees C) (liquid) (USACHPPM , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

35-40 degrees C (USACHPPM , 2001)

MELTING POINT

35-40 degrees C; 95-104 degrees F ((CDC, 2001))

BOILING POINT

53-54 degrees C (USACHPPM , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Approximately 70% (USACHPPM , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

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Homan CS, Maitra SR, & Lane BP: Effective treatment of acute alkali injury of the esopahgus with early saline dilution therapy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:178-182.

Homan CS, Maitra SR, & Lane BP: Histopathologic evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of water and mild dilution for esophageal acid injury. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2:587-591.

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PHOSGENE OXIME

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents