PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
-IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
PHENYLMERCURY ACETATE ACETATE PHENYLMERCURIQUE (French) ACETATOPHENYLMERCURY (ACETATO)PHENYLMERCURY (ACETATO-O)PHENYL MERCURY ACETIC ACID, PHENYLMERCURY DERIV. (ACETOXYMERCURI)BENZENE ACETOXYPHENYLMERCURY AGROSAN AGROSAND AGROSAN GN 5 ALGIMYCIN ANTIMUCIN WDR BENZENE, (ACETOXYMERCURI)- BENZENE, (ACETOXYMERCURIO)- BUFEN CEKUSIL CELMER CERESAN CERESAN SLAKED LIME CERESAN UNIVERSAL CERESOL COCURE 26 CONTRA CREME COSAN PMA-100 DMA DYANACIDE FEMMA FENYLMERKURIACETAT (Czech) FMA FUNGITOX OR GALLOTOX HL-331 HONG NIEN HOSTAQUICK HOSTAQUIK KWIKSAN LEYTOSAN LIQUIPHENE MERCURIPHENYL ACETATE MERCURY (II) ACETATE, PHENYL- MERCURY, (ACETATO)PHENYL- MERCURY, (ACETATO-O)PHENYL- MERCURY, ACETOXYPHENYL- MERSOLITE MERSOLITE 8 METASOL 30 NORFORMS NYLMERATE OCTAN FENYLRTUTNATY (Czech) PAMISAN PHENMAD PHENOMERCURIC ACETATE PHENYLMERCURIACETATE PHENYL MERCURIC ACETATE PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE PHENYL MERCURY ACETATE PHENYLQUECKSILBERACETAT (German) PHENYLQUECKSILBERACETATE PHIX PMA PMAC PMACETATE PMAL PMAS PROGRAMIN PURASAN-SC-10 PURATURF 10 QUICKSAN QUICKSAN 20 RIOGEN SANITIZED SPG SC-110 SCUTL SEEDTOX SHIMMEREX SPOR-KIL TAG TAG 331 TAG FUNGICIDE TAG HL 331 TRIGOSAN ZIARNIK ACETIC ACID, PHENYL MERCURY DERIVATIVE CERESAN (PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE) FENYLMERCURIACETAT (CZECH) MERCURY, ACETOPHENYL- OCTAN FENYLRTUTNGTY (CZECH)
IDENTIFIERS
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (RTECS , 1990; Budavari, 1989)CHRIS, 1990;(EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1990)(OHM/TADS, 1990)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Phenylmercuric acetate is an organic mercurial used as a fungicide, herbicide, slimicide, and preservative. Although it is an organic mercurial compound, studies in animals and reports of human exposures indicate that its effects are similar to those of inorganic mercurials.
- This review is based on the properties of mercury compounds in general. Specific effects attributed to phenylmercuric acetate are identified.
- ACUTE INORGANIC MERCURY POISONING - The principal concerns are sudden, profound circulatory collapse with tachycardia, hypotension and peripheral vasoconstriction, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Renal failure usually develops within 24 hours and may be life-threatening.
The brain is the critical organ for chronic inorganic mercury poisoning. Tremor and psychological changes such as increased irritability and sensitivity, may lessen xenophobia, insomnia, hallucinations, and mania. ONSET - Toxicity may be delayed up to weeks following exposure.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Dermal exposures should be washed off with soap and water. No other pre-hospital decontamination is indicated. Organic mercury spills should be contained and cleaned by qualified hazardous material abatement crews.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Phenylmercury acetate is an extremely toxic substance. The estimated lethal human oral dose is in the range of 5 to 50 mg/kg (between 7 drops and 1 teaspoon for a 150-pound person) (EPA, 1985). The average lethal dose for organic mercurial compounds is about 100 mg (Baselt, 1988).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
A single acute ingestion of 45 milligrams of methylmercury resulted in whole blood levels of 1930 and 1007 nanograms/milliliter 2 and 24 hours after ingestion, but did not result in symptoms of toxicity (Lund et al, 1984).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS62-38-4 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Phenylmercuric acetate IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Phenylmercury acetate 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 8x10(-5) mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Drinking Water:
References: RTECS, 1990 LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN: LD50- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS62-38-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS62-38-4 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS62-38-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Phenylmercury acetate Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Mercury, (acetato-O)phenyl- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Mercury, (acetato-O)phenyl- P or U series number: P092 Footnote: Listed as: Phenylmercury acetate P or U series number: P092 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Phenylmercury Acetate Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS62-38-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS62-38-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS62-38-4 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1674 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1674 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS62-38-4 (NFPA, 2002):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 62-38-4.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS62-38-4 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS62-38-4 (NFPA, 2002):
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Phenylmercuric ion is incompatible with halides, forming precipitates (IRIS , 1994).
- When heated to decomposition, produces very toxic mercuric fumes (IRIS , 1994).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS62-38-4 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS62-38-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Phenylmercury acetate; (Acetoxyphenylmercury) TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.168 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 2.5 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 16.8 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 16.8 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS62-38-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS62-38-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- A white to creamy white crystalline powder or small white prisms or leaflets; lustrous. It is odorless or smells slightly vinegary. It floats on and mixes with water (IRIS , 1994; CHRIS , 1994).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 9 x 10(-6) mmHg (at 35 degrees C) (IRIS , 1994)
DENSITY
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
OTHER/PHYSICAL
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
- 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
- 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
- AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
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- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
- Anon: Cutis laxa and other congenital defects with penicillamine, ADR Highlights (Division of drug experience), Rockville, MD, 1981, pp 1-4-81-21.
- Arbeitsgruppe BGVV: Allgemeine und spezielle Massnahmen bei Vergiftungen und bei Drogennotfaellen. Empfehlungen der Kommission "Erkennung und Behandlung von Vergiftungen", Bundesinstituts fuer gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinaermedizin, Berlin, Germany, 1996.
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Official Methods of Analysis (10th-13th ed with supplements), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, 1982, pp 13/55933.
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- Bakir F, Al-Khaldi A, & Clarkson TW: Clinical observations on treatment of alkylmercury poisoning in hospital patients. Bull WHO 1976; 53 (suppl):87-92.
- Bakir F, Rustam H, & Tikriti S: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of methylmercury poisoning. Postgrad Med J 1980; 56:1-10.
- Ballatori N, Lieberman MW, & Wang W: N-Acetylcysteine as an antidote in methylmercury poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:267-271.
- Baranski: Effect of mercury on the sexual cysle and prenatal and postnatal development of progeny. Med Pr 1981; 32:271-276.
- Barlow SM & Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, London, England, 1982, pp 386-406.
- Baselt RC: Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 2nd ed, PSG Publishing Company, Littleton, MA, 1988, pp 198-204.
- Beck RB, Rosenbaum KN, & Byers PH: Ultrastructural findings in fetal penicillamine syndrome, 14th March of Dimes Ann Birth Defects Conf, San Diego, CA, 1981.
- Bell CL & Graziano FM: The safety of administration of penicillamine to penicillin-sensitive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26:801-803.
- Berlin M & Rylander R: Increased brain uptake of mercury induced by 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in mice exposed to phenylmercuric acetate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1964; 146:236-240.
- Berlin M & Rylander: Increased brain uptake of mercury induced by 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in mice exposed to phenylmercuric acetate. Acta Phamacol Toxicol 1964a; 22:236-240.
- Berlin M, Jerksell LG, & Nordberg G: Accellerated uptake of meercury by brain caused by 2,3-dimpercaptopropanol (BAL) after injection into the mouse of a methylmercuric compound. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1965; 23:312-320.
- Blanusa M, Varnai VM, Piasek M, et al: Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity: therapeutic and experimental aspects. Curr Med Chem 2005; 12(23):2771-2794.
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