PHENYL ETHER

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H10-O (C6H5)2O C6H5OC6H5 C(6)H(5)OC(6)H(5)

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

127-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR / WATER-MISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1998; Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 1998)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Phenyl ether is used as a perfume ingredient in soaps and detergents, a chemical intermediate, a heat-transfer medium, and a dye carrier. It is also used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of high-temperature lubricants and surfactants (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996; (Lewis, 1993).

FORMS

It is available in the following grades (CHRIS , 1998; Lewis, 1993):

Pure
Technical
Perfume
Industrial

SOURCES

Methods of manufacturing include heating sodium phenolate with chlorobenzene (Budavari, 1996), heating bromobenzene and sodium phenate under pressure (Lewis, 1993), and heating phenol with activated fuller's earth (HSDB , 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Phenyl ether has a disagreeable odor which may prompt complaints among exposed workers. Exposure to airborne liquid mist or vapor causes nausea and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Under normal conditions of handling, use, and manufacturing, phenyl ether may not be a human health hazard because its low vapor pressure precludes high airborne concentrations from occurring at ambient temperature.

Direct skin contact can cause irritation if repeated or prolonged. Brief skin contact may not have any effect. Ingestion might result in liver and kidney injury.

Experimental animals who survived phenyl ether exposure had spleen, thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney injury.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Phenyl ether is not notably toxic in acute exposure, but can be a skin irritant (HSDB). Overexposure to the vapor or mist may cause nausea and nasal and eye irritation (NIOSH/OSHA; (Hefner, 1975).

Accidental ingestion may result in severe, possibly irreversible kidney and liver damage (ILO, 1983). At a concentration of 7 to 10 ppm, vapor exposure causes burning of the eyes, irritation of the respiratory tract, and severe nausea (HSDB).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found of chronic exposure to phenyl ether in humans or experimental animals. Chronic effects would be expected to be similar to those of acute exposure.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should mot be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE -

Do NOT induce emesis.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Phenyl ether ingestion may cause liver and kidney injury. Monitor liver and renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant ingestion.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

An oral dose of 4.0 g/kg resulted in mortality in all exposed rats and guinea pigs (Hathaway, 1996; (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Phenyl ether mist or vapor has not been shown to be a human health hazard under normal use and manufacturing conditions (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ACGIH, 1991).
It is suggested that vapor concentrations should be kept below 1 ppm to avoid complaints of a disagreeable odor and nausea (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ACGIH, 1991).
Diluted phenyl ether (such as occurs in perfumes) does not appear to be a skin irritant (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats, rabbits, and dogs exposed by inhalation to an airborne concentration of 4.9 ppm had no signs of irritation or toxicity (Hathaway, 1996; (ACGIH, 1991).
Total survival was maintained in rats and guinea pigs exposed orally to 2.0 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg, respectively (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS101-84-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phenyl ether, vapor
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Phenyl ether (vapor)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Clayton & Clayton, 1993 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1998
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 6.96 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 1998)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS101-84-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Phenyl ether, vapor

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
TLV-STEL: 2 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; nausea
Molecular Weight: 170.2

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS101-84-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS101-84-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Phenyl ether (vapor)
REL:

TWA: 1 ppm (7 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Phenyl ether, vapor
Table Z-1 for Phenyl ether, vapor:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 7

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS101-84-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS101-84-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS101-84-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,1'-oxybis-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS101-84-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diphenyl Oxide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Phenyl ether is stable during transport (CHRIS , 1998).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Phenyl ether should be stored in a cool, dark area (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep phenyl ether separate from strong oxidizers (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection when working with phenyl ether to prevent skin and eye contact. Immediately wash contaminated skin and remove and replace wet or contaminated clothing. Avoid direct contact with the contaminated clothing and leave it at the workplace for cleaning (HSDB , 1998; NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn when working with this compound to prevent eye contact. Contact lenses should not be worn (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

An approved chemical cartridge respirator or mask should be worn when working in an area of hot fluid spills or leaks (HSDB , 1998).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 101-84-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Phenyl ether is a combustible liquid or solid which can react with oxidizing materials. Water, foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical should be used for fire control, however water or foam may be ineffective and may cause frothing (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1998).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS101-84-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diphenyl Oxide
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS101-84-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diphenyl Oxide
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

Use water, foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical for fire control (Lewis, 1996).

Water or foam may be ineffective for fire control and may cause frothing (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1994).

Fire should be extinguished using an agent suitable for the type of surrounding fire since this material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Apply water from as far a distance as possible in flooding quantities as fog. Affected containers should be cooled with flooding quantities of water (HSDB , 1998).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Exposure to heat or flame can result in combustion (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes are emitted when phenyl ether is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

A reaction may occur if phenyl ether is mixed with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS101-84-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS101-84-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Phenyl ether; (Diphenyl ether)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS101-84-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS101-84-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Spilled phenyl ether solids should be dampened with alcohol to control dust. After dampening, seal material in vapor-tight plastic bags for disposal (Sittig, 1991).
If this material is not involved in a fire, keep sources of ignition such as sparks and flames away and prevent the compound from entering water supplies. If necessary, build dikes to contain the flow of the liquid (HSDB , 1998).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is the suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Phenyl ether occurs naturally in lemon balm oil. It is released to the air from artificial sources such as detergents, soaps, lotions, creams, perfumes, and emissions from combustion, phthalic anhydride manufacture, and turbine engines. It can also be released to wastewater effluents from waste water treatment facilities, textile finishing plants, soap and detergent facilities, organic chemical and plastic manufacturing plants, electronic facilities, and from its use as a dye carrier. Phenyl ether can also be released to water supplies through leaching (HSDB , 1998).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Phenyl ether has a vapor pressure of 0.0225 mmHg at 25 degrees C and thus exists in air almost entirely as a vapor. Rapid degradation in air occurs through a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an atmospheric half-life of approximately 20 hours (HSDB , 1998).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Aquatic volatilization is expected to be significant, but not rapid, based on the Henry's Law constant of 0.00028 atm-m(3)/mol. Estimated volatilization half-lives of 8 hours in a model river and 89 hours in a model pond have been determined. However, adsorption to sediment may have some significance based on an experimental Koc value of 1950. Strong adsorption to sediment can produce an estimated increase in the volatilization half-life in a model pond from 89 hours to 27 days. Since phenyl ether does not readily biodegrade, it may also bioconcentrate in fish. Hydrolysis should not be an important removal process (HSDB , 1998).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Studies indicate that phenyl ether does not readily biodegrade, however the rate at which it will biodegrade in soil is unknown. It is expected to have low mobility in soil based on an experimental Koc value of 1950. Phenyl ether will evaporate from soil into the air (HSDB , 1998).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Phenyl ether has an atmospheric half-life of approximately 20 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3). The rate constant for its vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is approximately 1.9 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. Due to the resistant nature of this compound, aqueous hydrolysis is not an important removal process (HSDB , 1998).

BIODEGRADATION

Resistance to biodegradation (theoretical BOD of 6.3%) was demonstrated in a two week incubation period using activated sludge inoculum (Japanese MITI protocol). Another test using river water with settled sewage inoculum also found phenyl ether to be resistant to biodegradation (HSDB , 1998).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Studies using the Japanese MITI protocol have indicated that phenyl ether bioaccumulates in fish (HSDB , 1998).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Steady-state BCF values in rainbow trout (HSDB , 1998):
- 195 (4-day exposure period)
- 470 (exposure period not reported)
BCF values ranging from 49 to 594 were found in carp in bioaccumulation studies utilizing the Japanese MITI protocol (HSDB , 1998).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1998):

LC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (FATHEAD MINNOW): 4.0 mg/L -- 96H flow-through bioassay

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

170.22

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Phenyl ether exists as a colorless crystalline solid or liquid with a geranium-like odor (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.0213 mmHg (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

0.0225 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

0.02 mmHg (at 77 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.070 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.08 (NIOSH , 1998)
1.1 (NFPA, 1994)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.07 kg/L (at 27 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
1.0728 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.070 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.075 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
LIQUID: 1.075 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 1.07 g/mL (at 27 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1998)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.0863 g/mL (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.072-1.075 g/mL (Lewis, 1993)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

1.0014 (air = 1) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

27 degrees C; 81 degrees F; 300 degrees K (CHRIS , 1998)

MELTING POINT

27 degrees C; 81 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; NFPA, 1994; Lewis, 1993)
28 degrees C (remains a liquid at lower temperatures) (Budavari, 1996)
37-39 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991)
26-30 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
82 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

BOILING POINT

257 degrees C; 495 degrees F; 530 degrees K (at 760 mmHg) (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 1998; Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

259 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

258 degrees C; 496 degrees F (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NFPA, 1994)

498 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

FLASH POINT

115 degrees C; 239 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998; Budavari, 1996)

115 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

96.11 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

112 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

205 degrees F (open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

618 degrees C; 1144 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

1148 degrees F (CHRIS , 1998; Lewis, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.8% (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991)
0.7% (NIOSH , 1998; NFPA, 1994)

UPPER

1.5% (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991)
6.0% (NIOSH , 1998; NFPA, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Phenyl ether is insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Lewis, 1993).
Water solubility: 18 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Phenyl ether is soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, and glacial acetic acid (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1993).
It is miscible with oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 4.21 (HSDB , 1998)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.00028 atm-m(3)/mol (estimated) (HSDB , 1998)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

4320 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

1245 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

MASS

1126 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons) (HSDB , 1998)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.0012 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)
0.1 ppm (CHRIS , 1998; Sittig, 1991)

SURFACE TENSION

38.82 dyne/cm (at 30 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)
40.05 dynes/cm; 0.0401 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1998)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

478 psia; 32.5 atm; 3.30 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 1998)
3.13 x 10(6) Pa (HSDB , 1998)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

494 degrees C; 921 degrees F; 767 degrees K (CHRIS , 1998)
763.00 degrees K (HSDB , 1998)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pK (BH+) = 5.79 (at 25 degrees C) (negative logarithm of ionization constant of protonated base) (HSDB , 1998)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-15,520 Btu/lb; -8620 cal/g; -361 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1998)
-1466.63 kcal/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

HEAT OF FUSION

4.115 kcal/mol (HSDB , 1998)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.579 (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
1.5787 (at 25 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 1998)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.09 eV (NIOSH , 1998)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

36 dynes/cm; 0.036 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1998)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

200 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

VISCOSITY

3.4909 x 10(-3) Pa-sec (at melting point) (HSDB , 1998)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents