AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE

Ammonium perchlorate is an explosive agent used as a component of fireworks, flash powders, explosives, smokeless jet and rocket propellants, as an oxidizing, engraving, or etching compound, as a reagent in analytical chemistry, and in pharmaceutical manufacturing (Bingham et al, 2001; Sax & Lewis, 1987; ITI, 1985).
Drinking water supplies in parts of the United States have been found to be contaminated with perchlorate anion. It is suspected that the contamination is due to releases of ammonium perchlorate by defense contractors, military operations, and aerospace programs because it is used as a solid oxidant in missile and rocket propulsion systems. The perchlorate anion is persistent in the environment (Urbansky, 2002).

FORMS

Ammonium perchlorate is an odorless water soluble white crystalline solid (Bingham et al, 2001; Sax & Lewis, 1987; ITI, 1985; Fire Protection Guide, 1978). The perchlorate anion is a strong oxidant.

SOURCES

Ammonium perchlorate is produced by interaction of sodium chlorate, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid, and recovered by crystallization (Sax & Lewis, 1987). A double-exchange reaction of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride is used in the manufacture of the commercial product. An extremely high purity ammonium perchlorate is made via the direct reaction of ammonia and pure perchloric acid solution (HSDB , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Very little information is available on the toxicity of ammonium perchlorate. This agent is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Hypothyroidism may occur following chronic exposures. Ammonium perchlorate has been found as a ground water contaminant, but has not been found to result in excess cancers or adverse effects on the thyroid or indirectly on other physiologic systems in epidemiologic studies.

INHALATION - Irritating and toxic fumes of ammonia, chlorides, and oxides of nitrogen can be released in fires, and could cause severe respiratory tract irritation or pulmonary edema.

INGESTION - Cases of ingestions have not been reported, but irritation of the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract may be predicted.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Toxic fumes or dust may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.).
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because there is so little information about the effects of overdose in humans.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

Immediate removal from contaminated atmospheres and administration of 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen should be done in inhalation exposures. Exposed skin and eyes should be thoroughly flushed with water. Because of the potential for esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation, emesis should not be induced. Immediate dilution with milk or water might be beneficial.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Do not induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
It may be advisable to monitor thyroid function tests in significant exposures.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Due to the increased reports of ground water contamination with ammonium perchlorate, and its potential at high acute doses to block iodide uptake by the thyroid, the EPA is drafting toxicological assessments of potential health hazards. Concentrations as high as 3,700,000 micrograms/liter have been reported in groundwater. The California EPA has set a provisional action level of 18 micrograms/liter in drinking water (Renner, 1999). In 2002, the California Department of Health Services adopted a maximum accepted level of 4 parts per billion of perchlorate in drinking water, or 4 nanograms/milliliter (Morgan & Cassady, 2002; Urbansky, 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7790-98-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. ; Listed as: Perchlorate and Perchlorate Salts
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 7x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7790-98-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7790-98-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7790-98-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:7500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7790-98-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7790-98-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7790-98-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Perchloric acid, ammonium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1442 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonium perchlorate

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 5.1

5.1: Oxidizer. See 49 CFR section 173.127 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1442
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 5.1

5.1: Oxidizer.

Special Provisions: 107, A9, IB6, IP2, T3, TP33

107: The classification of the substance is expected to vary especially with the particle size and packaging but the border lines have not been experimentally determined; appropriate classifications should be verified following the test procedures in sxns. 173.57 and 173.58 of this subchapter.
A9: For combination packagings, if plastic bags are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
IB6: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2). Additional Requirement: Composite IBCs 11HZ2 and 21HZ2 may not be used when the hazardous materials being transported may become liquid during transport.
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 152
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 25 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 58, 69

58: Stow "separated from" cyanides.
69: Stow "separated from" hydrogen peroxide.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1442 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ammonium perchlorate
UN Number: 1442

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7790-98-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

For normal handling procedures, wear rubber protective gloves, a face shield or safety glasses, frequently laundered coveralls, a body shield, and a dust mask (ITI, 1985) Prod Info, 1987).

Local exhaust and general mechanical ventilation are acceptable (Prod Info, 1987).

In hazardous materials incidents, wear protective clothing including boots, protective gloves, goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (SCBA) (Student, 1981; CHRIS , 1985) DOT, 1990; (Fire Protection Guide, 1978).

Chemical protective clothing as specified by either the manufacturer or shipper should be worn, but may not provide adequate thermal protection in fires (DOT, 1990).
Structural firefighter's clothing does NOT provide adequate protection against this material (DOT, 1990).
For spills and leaks not involving fires, fully-encapsulated vapor-protective clothing should be worn (DOT, 1990).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For normal handling procedures, wear rubber protective gloves, a face shield or safety glasses, frequently laundered coveralls, a body shield, and a dust mask (ITI, 1985) Prod Info, 1987).

Local exhaust and general mechanical ventilation are acceptable (Prod Info, 1987).

In hazardous materials incidents, wear protective clothing including boots, protective gloves, goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1985; NFPA, 1986).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

In hazardous materials incidents, wear protective clothing including boots, protective gloves, goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1985; NFPA, 1986).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7790-98-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- May explode from friction, heat or contamination.
- These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels).
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Ammonium perchlorate presents a severe fire hazard when exposed to flames or heat or upon chemical reaction with reducing materials, although it is itself not flammable (Prod Info, 1987; (CHRIS , 1985).
- Allowing this material to come into contact with combustible materials or reducing agents can result in explosion or fire (Prod Info, 1987).
At temperatures of 130 degrees C or greater, ammonium perchlorate decomposes liberating oxygen and promoting combustion (ITI, 1985).
Ammonium perchlorate is unstable and shock sensitive, but hazardous polymerization does not occur (Prod Info, 1987).
Ammonium perchlorate should be protected from shock and stored in a location protected from heat and sources of ignition (Prod Info, 1987; (ITI, 1985). All sources of ignition such as sparks, flares, or flames should be kept away from this material (AAR, 1987).
Containers exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water spray which should be applied from as far away as possible until well after the fire is extinguished (ITI, 1985; AAR, 1987; NFPA, 1986).
Ammonium perchlorate sinks and mixes in water (CHRIS , 1985).
National Fire Protection Association Classifications (Lederer, 1985):
- NON-FIRE: hazardous chemical; health 0; flammability 0; reactivity 4; oxy (oxidizing chemical)
- FIRE: health 2; flammability 0; reactivity 4; oxy (oxidizing chemical)
Ammonium perchlorate smaller than 15 micron size (or larger sizes if dried of water of crystallization) is categorized as a Class A Explosive (AAR, 1987).
Fires involving this material should be approached only with caution (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7790-98-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not get water inside containers: a violent reaction may occur.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7790-98-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

In early fire stages, spray water from behind an explosion-proof protective barrier (ITI, 1985; NFPA, 1986). In advanced stages, refuge should be taken (ITI, 1985).

Large fires or massive cargo area fires should be extinguished with water and fought from a protected location with unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles (CHRIS , 1985).

Water is an acceptable fire control medium (Prod Info, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic fumes of ammonia, chlorides, and oxides of nitrogen can be released in fires (Sax, 1989; ITI, 1985) Prod Info, 1987).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ammonium Sulfate and Percussion: Results in Explosion (ITI, 1985).

Ammonium Nitrate and Metallic Powders: Results in Explosion on melting (ITI, 1985).

Ammonium perchlorate becomes impact sensitive when contaminated with powdered carbon, ferrocene, sulfur, organic matter, or powdered metals (Sax, 1989) Prod Info, 1987).

Ammonium perchlorate can explode above 240 degrees C when mixed with carbon (Sax, 1989).

Ammonium perchlorate can also explode when mixed with sugar or charcoal, or on contact with hot copper pipes (Sax, 1989).

Ammonium perchlorate may explode when involved in a fire or when containers are heated in a fire (NFPA, 1986; AAR, 1987).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Toxic fumes of ammonia, chlorides, and oxides of nitrogen can be released in fires (Sax, 1989; ITI, 1985) Prod Info, 1987).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

At temperatures of 130 degrees C or greater, ammonium perchlorate decomposes liberating oxygen and promoting combustion (ITI, 1985).

Toxic fumes of ammonia, chlorides, and oxides of nitrogen can be released in fires (Sax, 1989; ITI, 1985) Prod Info, 1987).

Ammonium perchlorate is a strong oxidizing agent that corrodes metals (ITI, 1985). It is sensitive to shock (ITI, 1985).

Ammonium perchlorate has hazardous reactions with (ITI, 1985):

Combustible Materials and Heating: Results in Ignition.
Moisture and Powdered Zinc: Results in Ignition on contact.
Ammonium Sulfate and Percussion: Results in Explosion.
Ammonium Nitrate and Metallic Powders: Results in Explosion on melting.

Ammonium perchlorate becomes impact sensitive when contaminated with powdered carbon, ferrocene, sulfur, organic matter, or powdered metals (Sax, 1989).

Ammonium perchlorate is incompatible with (as cocrystallized impurities) (Sax, 1989):

Nitryl perchlorate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium iodide tetraoxide
Metals

Ammonium perchlorate can explode above 240 degrees C when mixed with carbon (Sax, 1989).

Ammonium perchlorate can also explode when mixed with sugar or charcoal, or on contact with hot copper pipes (Sax, 1989).

Ammonium perchlorate may explode when involved in a fire (NFPA, 1986).

Ammonium perchlorate is incompatible with mineral acids (Prod Info, 1987).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Evacuation for a radius of 5,000 feet should be done if containers are exposed directly to flames or if fire becomes uncontrollable (AAR, 1987).

The area should be evacuated in advanced or massive fires (NFPA, 1986).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7790-98-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7790-98-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ammonium perchlorate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 100
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7790-98-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7790-98-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Spills may be cleaned up by being covered with sodium thiosulfate, mixed well, sprayed with water, and collected into a suitable container (Prod Info, 1987).
Spilled material should be covered with weak reducing agents such as hyposulfite, bisulfites, or ferrous salts (ITI, 1985). If bisulfites or ferrous salts are used, the addition of a promoter such as 3 Molar sulfuric acid must be used to accelerate the reaction (ITI, 1985).
- The resultant sludge or slurry can be placed into a large container of water and neutralized with soda ash (ITI, 1985).
For waste treatment, a vast volume of reducing agents such as hyposulfite or bisulfites, or ferrous salts with added 3 Molar sulfuric acid should be used.
- The resultant mixture can be neutralized with soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid (ITI, 1985).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- Flush area with flooding quantities of water.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 143 (ERG, 2004)
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This material should be kept out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1987).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Russian suggested Maximum Permissible Concentration in water basins is 5 mg/L (Shigan, 1963).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The effect of low concentrations of this material on aquatic life is unknown. Entry of this agent into water intakes may be dangerous (CHRIS , 1985).

Local pollution control, health, and wildlife officials as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity should be notified of spills (CHRIS , 1985).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

117.50 (RTECS , 2001)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ammonium perchlorate is an odorless water soluble white crystalline solid (HSDB , 2001; Sax & Lewis, 1987; ITI, 1985; Fire Protection Guide, 1978).

Ammonium perchlorate crystals are orthorhombic (Budavari, 1996).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.95 (ITI, 1985)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.95 g/cm(3) (Sax, 1989)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

380 degrees C (Prod Info Ammonium Perchlorate, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ammonium perchlorate is readily soluble in water (ITI, 1985).
It is freely soluble in water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

This compound is soluble in methanol, but only sparingly soluble in ether (ITI, 1985).
Ammonium perchlorate is soluble in methanol. It is slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone, but almost insoluble in ether and ethyl acetate (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Not pertinent (CHRIS , 2002).

DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE

130 degrees C (Prod Info Ammonium Perchlorate, 1996; (ITI, 1985)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents