PENTANE

Pentane is used in: fuel; hydrolic fluids; paint and lacquer removers; tube oil additives; solvent extenders; chemical synthesis; artificial ice manufacture; low-temperature thermometers; solvent extraction processes; as a blowing agent in plastics (e.g., expandable polystyrene); and in pesticides (Hathaway et al, 1991; Lewis, 2001) NTP, 2001).
It is also used in the production of olefin, hydrogen, and ammonia, and in the synthesis of amyl chlorides, and polychlorocyclopentanes (NTP, 2001).

FORMS

Pentane is a flammable, highly volatile, colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).
It is available in pure (99.2%), technical, research (99.98%), and commercial grades (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).
Pentane exists in three isomeric forms: n-pentane (the most important), isopentane, and neopentane (ACGIH, 1994).

SOURCES

n-Pentane is derived from the fractional distillation of crude oil and natural gas liquids, purified by rectification (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001).
It can be prepared by dehydration and subsequent hydrogenation of 2- and 3-pentanol or from bromopentane by Grignard reaction (Budavari, 2000).
It can be produced through the catalytic crackdown of naphtha (Bingham et al, 2001).
It is found naturally as a highly volatile constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas (Howard, 1993).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Pentane exists as a mixture of three isomers, n-pentane, the most prominent isomer (CAS 109-66-0), isopentane (CAS 78-78-4), and neopentane (CAS 463-82-1). The information provided in this document is specific to n-pentane (CAS 109-66-0).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

INGESTION - Pulmonary toxicity due to pentane aspiration is the primary concern following ingestion. Chemical pneumonitis, acute lung injury, and hemorrhage may occur. In extreme cases, respiratory arrest secondary to hypoxia following pneumonitis may occur. Aspiration of pentane may also result in transient CNS depression or excitement.

INHALATION - Anorexia, CNS depression with euphoria, dizziness, headache, depression, confusion, inability to concentrate, and loss of consciousness and coma in extreme cases may be seen. Polyneuropathies and seizures have been reported. Cardiovascular effects may include ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death.

DERMAL - Pentane is a skin irritant and may cause drying, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hyperemia, dermatitis, burning pain, and blisters.

EYE - Pain, corneal irritation, and nystagmus may occur.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pentane is a mild respiratory tract irritant (NIOSH/OSHA; (Swann et al, 1974; NIOSH, 1977) and a strong eye irritant. Inhalation exposure to an airborne concentration of 5,000 ppm for 10 minutes appeared to have no ill effect in humans, while 90,000 to 120,000 ppm caused symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) depression and narcosis (Hathaway et al, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Symptoms of CNS depression include nausea, headache, weakness, dizziness, sleepiness, loss of coordination and judgement, coma, and death with exposure to large amounts.

An airborne level of approximately 130,000 ppm can be fatal; therefore, there is not a wide margin of safety between concentrations causing CNS effects and death.

In dogs, pentane lowers the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine, which may result in cardiac arrhythmias or fibrillation (HSDB; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Application to the skin produced itching and burning sensations, followed by formation of blisters after 5 hours (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Pulmonary aspiration of even a small amount of the liquid can produce potentially fatal chemical pneumonitis (HSDB; (Budavari, 1996). DO NOT DRINK THIS PRODUCT! DO NOT PIPET OR SIPHON BY MOUTH! IF SWALLOWED, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! The aspiration hazard of pentane is less than that of kerosene, octane, nonane, or decane (ACGIH, 1992).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Prolonged or repeated skin contact can cause defatting dermatitis with dryness and cracking. One study reported polyneuropathies from chronic exposure in humans (NIOSH, 1977), but n-HEXANE contamination was probably present. Rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 3000 ppm of pentane for 6 weeks had no evident damage to the peripheral nerves (HSDB).

Hydrocarbons similar to pentane can typically cause liver, kidney, or CNS damage with chronic exposure.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

SUPPORT

The following information is for hydrocarbons in general.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for pulmonary aspiration and seizures, do NOT induce emesis.
In general, gastric emptying is not indicated. Systemic toxicity is not expected except after very large ingestions, and gastric emptying increases the risk of aspiration pneumonitis.
Activated charcoal may cause vomiting, which may increase the risk of aspiration. Activated charcoal may be indicated in patients who have coingested an adsorbable toxic substance.
In symptomatic patients (coughing, choking, tachypnea, etc) monitor blood gases to assure adequate ventilation. Admit the patient for observation.
Observe patient for 6 hours. If vital signs become abnormal or symptoms develop admit patient to the hospital and obtain a chest x-ray. Asymptomatic patients can be discharged.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Acute lung injury may be managed with PEEP and supplemental oxygen.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

The lethal inhalation concentration for mice is 129,000 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN

Based on results from multiple studies investigating pentane's acute, subchronic, developmental, and mutagenic effects, the conclusion was reached that n-pentane presents a very limited toxic hazard to humans (McKee et al, 1998).
Pentane is moderately toxic by inhalation and intravenous routes, and narcotic in high concentrations. It may cause blisters on dermal contact. Its vapors can be irritating to the mucous membranes (Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000) NTP, 2001). Aspiration of the liquid may result in chemical pneumonia or pulmonary edema (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001).

However, persons with skin disorders or impaired pulmonary function may be more susceptible to the effects of exposure to pentane (HSDB , 2002).

Pentane is not acutely toxic via ingestion (McKee et al, 1998).
Human subjects exposed to pentane for 10 minutes at a concentration of 5000 ppm did not experience mucous membrane irritation or other symptoms (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Topical application of pentane (concentration not specified) to five volunteers caused painful burning sensations accompanied by itching. Blisters formed on the exposed areas after five hours. Pain continued for 15 minutes after the pentane was removed (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1991).
Chronic exposure to pentane has resulted in anoxia (Bingham et al, 2001).
Pentane has been judged to be clinically non-irritating to the skin (McKee et al, 1998).

ANIMAL DATA

In mice, no effects were observed after 5-minute exposures at 16,000 ppm or below (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Rats exposed to 3000 ppm for 12 hours/day, 7 days/week, for 16 weeks exhibited no abnormal motor activity or peripheral neuropathy (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rats exposed to 3000 ppm for for 9 hours/day, 5 days/week for 33 weeks showed no evidence of neurotoxicity, although an increase in body weight was observed (Bingham et al, 2001).
Mice survived a 2-hour exposure to an excess of 100,000 ppm pentane (McKee et al, 2001).
Based upon a 90-day inhalation test, the no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for rats was estimated at 20,000 mg/m(3). This was the highest concentration tested in this study (McKee et al, 1998).
Subcutaneous injection of pentane produced neutropenia and temporarily decreased liver function in rats (HSDB , 2002).
Rabbits experienced some limited and transient dermal irritation when pentane was applied to their skin. Erythema and/or edema was observed in most of the animals; these effects had subsided by the seventh day following pentane administration (McKee et al, 1998).
Pentane was found to be non-sensitizing to the skin of guinea pigs (McKee et al, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS109-66-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Pentane, all isomers
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: n-Pentane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

340 ppm = approximately 1 mg/L (HSDB , 2002)
1 ppm = 2.95 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS109-66-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Pentane, all isomers

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 600 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Peripheral neuropathy
Molecular Weight: 72.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS109-66-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS109-66-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: n-Pentane
REL:

TWA: 120 ppm (350 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling: 610 ppm (1800 mg/m(3)) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1500 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Pentane
Table Z-1 for Pentane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1000

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 2950

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS109-66-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS109-66-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS109-66-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Pentane

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1265 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Pentanes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1265
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: T11, TP2

T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Pentanes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1265
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1, IB8

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1265 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Pentanes, liquid
UN Number: 1265

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS109-66-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Wear adequate personal protective clothing and equipment to prevent eye and repeated or prolonged skin contact with pentane (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991). Although pentane is only a minor to moderate dermal irritant, extended contact my cause blisters and drying and cracking of contaminated area(s) (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Wear an approved full face, positive-pressure, supplied-air respirator when working around this chemical (NTP, 2001).
Avoid breathing vapors (AAR, 2000).

HANDLING

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, footwear, and goggles or face-shield when handling pentane. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing adequate personal protective clothing and equipment (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

Keep pentane away from sources of ignition (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).

Use non-sparking handtools and equipment when working with pentane, especially when opening and closing containers ((ICSC, 2001); Sittig, 1991).

Remove and replace clothing that becomes contaminated with pentane; this should be done immediately due to pentane's flammability hazard (NIOSH , 2002).

If pentane comes into contact with the skin or eye(s), wash the affected area(s) immediately with large amounts of water (AAR, 2000; (NIOSH , 2002) NTP, 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Pentane will attack some plastics, rubber, and coatings (ILO , 1998).
Containers may explode if heated (CHRIS , 2002).
Do not use compressed air for filling or discharging containers of pentane ((ICSC, 2001)).
Any metal containers used should be grounded and bonded; prevent the build up of static electricity (HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2001); Sittig, 1991).
Drums used to store pentane should be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure-vacuum bungs, and flame arrester (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Pentane should be stored in an explosion-proof, well-ventilated, and refrigerated area. It should be kept separate from oxidizing materials and sources of ignition (NTP, 2001; (Sittig, 1991).
Store pentane in tightly closed containers. Any metal containers used should be grounded and bonded; prevent the build up of static electricity (HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2001); Sittig, 1991).
Storage temperatures should be ambient. Venting should be open (flame-arrester) or pressure-vacuum (CHRIS , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Pentane will attack some plastics, rubber, and coatings (ILO , 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions (HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998) Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Mixtures with chlorine gas have resulted in explosions (NTP, 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Pentane is moderately toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Prolonged dermal contact may cause drying, cracking, and blistering of the skin. Avoid contact with the liquid and breathing its vapors. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing and equipment, including gloves, footwear, goggles, and respirator (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2002) NPT, 2001).

Remove and replace clothing that becomes contaminated with pentane; this should be done immediately due to pentane's flammability hazard (NIOSH , 2002).

If pentane comes into contact with the skin or eye(s), wash the affected area(s) immediately with large amounts of water (AAR, 2000; (NIOSH , 2002) NTP, 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

A pair of goggles, a face-shield should, or similar eye protection should be worn when working with pentane (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with pentane (NIOSH , 2002).

An eye-wash fountain should be installed in areas where there is potential for workers' eyes to be exposed to pentane (HSDB , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Wear an approved full face, positive-pressure, supplied-air respirator when working around this chemical (NTP, 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 109-66-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 235
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Fluorosolv

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-467

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 912
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 840
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 912
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 33
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 32
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 84
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 32
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 191
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.2
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 222
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 666
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Guardian Manufacturing Group

IN-35

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 36
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 122
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 33.9
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 1 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 222
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 88
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 20
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 59
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 59
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 20
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-466

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 16
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 1 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 75
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 90
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
Guardian Manufacturing Group 302 Conwell Avenue Willard, OH 44890-9525 USA Phone: (419) 933-2711 Fax: (419) 935-8961 Toll-Free: (800) 243-7379 Website: http://www.guardian-mfg.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
Pentane is extremely flammable. It poses a highly dangerous fire risk when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).
Flash back along vapor trail may occur (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998).
Pentane evolves a flammable vapor (CHRIS , 2002).
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS109-66-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Pentane has a flash point of approximately -59 to -40 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 2002a; Lewis, 2001; (NTP, 2001); Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995; ACGIH, 1991; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Containers of pentane may explode in the heat of a fire (CHRIS , 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS109-66-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentane
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide on fires involving pentane. Water may be ineffective (CHRIS , 2002; AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Do not extinguish fires involving pentane unless leak can be stopped (AAR, 2000).

Containers exposed to the heat of fire should be cooled with water (CHRIS , 2002; AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Prevent run-off from entering sewers or waterways (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, pentane emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes ((NTP, 2001); Lewis, 2000).
Toxic gases and vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) may be emitted in fires involving pentane (HSDB, 2004; (NTP, 2001); ILO , 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Pentane poses a severe explosion risk when exposed to heat or flame. Contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., perchlorates, nitrates, peroxides) may cause fire and explosions (HSDB, 2004; (ICSC, 2001); Lewis, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Pentane vapors form explosive mixtures with air ((ICSC, 2001); Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Mixtures with chlorine gas have resulted in explosions ((NTP, 2001)).

Pentane is relatively stable in and of itself (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Pentane vapors are a mucous membrane irritant, and at very high concentrations, can be narcotic (Hathaway et al, 1996). Exposure may cause mild irritation of the lungs, CNS depression, dizziness, lightheadedness, drowsiness, nausea, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness ((NTP, 2001); ILO , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, pentane emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes ((NTP, 2001); Lewis, 2000).

Toxic gases and vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) may be emitted in fires involving pentane (HSDB, 2004; (NTP, 2001); ILO , 1998).

Pentane vapors may accumulate in low ceiling areas causing a deficiency of oxygen ((ICSC, 2001)).

Flash back along vapor trail may occur (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., peroxides, nitrates, perchlorates) may cause explosions (HSDB, 2004; (ICSC, 2001); Lewis, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Mixtures with chlorine gas have resulted in explosions ((NTP, 2001)).

Pentane is relatively stable in and of itself (OHM/TADS, 2004; CHRIS , 2002).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Immediately evacuate areas contaminated with pentane ((NTP, 2001)).

Do not reenter the contaminated area until it has been properly decontaminated ((NTP, 2001)).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS109-66-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS109-66-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Pentane, n-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 120
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 120
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 610
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1,500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS109-66-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS109-66-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1500 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Absorb small amounts of spilled pentane using absorbent paper. Evaporate in a fume hood, and then burn the paper (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Pentane spilled in water will float on the surface of the water as a colorless slick, with the majority evaporating and the remainder slowly dissolving. Oil skimming equipment and sorbent foams can be used to control the spilled material. Carbon or peat can be applied to the dissolved portion (OHM/TADS, 2004).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Bioremediation has been investigated as a treatment for wastewater contaminated with pentane (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
A variety of microorganisms (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae, M. phlei, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus) can utilize pentane as their only carbon source (HSDB, 2004).
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of benzene-acclimated sludge for pentane (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993):
ThOD Time period
0.3 % 6 hours
3.2 % 24 hours
10.1 % 72 hours
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of three different preparations of activated sludge and pentane from differing aeration units of sewage treatment facilities (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1993):
ThOD Time period
0.7 % 6 hours
0.5 % 12 hours
0.7 % 24 hours
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method for pentane (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Atomization in appropriate combustion chambers is a useful means for pentane disposal (HSDB, 2004).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Pentane is a highly volatile component of the paraffin fraction of petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. Most pentane is released to the environment via the manufacture, use and disposal of numerous products associated with the petroleum and gasoline industries. Environmental release of pentane also occurs from its use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, and production and use of numerous commercial and industrial products containing pentane (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1993).

Pentane is also released into the environment from leaking natural gas pipelines, hazardous waste disposal sites, landfills, waste incinerators, and from gasoline and diesel-fueled combustion engines (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1993).

The general population may be exposed to pentane through vehicle exhaust and at gasoline-filling stations. Exposure levels are especially greater in urban areas around heavy vehicular traffic (HSDB, 2004).

Pentane is a widely occurring atmospheric pollutant (Howard, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Pentane is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase in ambient air. Significant degradation will occur through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. Direct photolysis and hydrolysis in the atmosphere are not thought to occur. Pentane has an estimated atmospheric half-life of about 3.0 to 4.5 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

Because pentane does not absorb light in the environmental ultraviolet spectrum (>290 nm), it is not expected to undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis (HSDB, 2004).

Rate constants for the reaction of pentane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals were measured, with corresponding atmospheric half-lives, as follows (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993):

Rate Constantcm(3)/molecule-sec	Temperature (degrees C)	Hydroxyl radical concentration per cm(3)	Atmospheric Half-Life (in days)
3.51 x 10(-12)	27	---	4.5
3.94 x 10(-12)	25	---	4
4.06 x 10(-12)	26	5 x 10(5)	3.9
4.29 x 10(-12)	39	5 x 10(5)	3.7
5.30 x 10(-12)	27	5 x 10(5)	3.0

Nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of pentane, especially in urban environments (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

Data show that 12.9% of the pentane in a dark experimental chamber reacted with nitrate radicals to form alkyl nitrate. This suggests nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals may degrade vapor phase pentane (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Rapid volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be the most significant fate processes for pentane in aquatic environments. Photolysis or hydrolysis of pentane in aquatic systems is not expected to be an important fate process (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
- Pentane can float as a colorless slick on water surfaces until it evaporates (OHM/TADS, 2004).
- Some absorption to carbon and partitioning to organic matter in sediment and suspended matter may occur, given an estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) range of 580 to 1,600 (Howard, 1993).
- The estimated volatilization half-life for pentane in a model river (1 m deep, 1 m/sec flow rate, 3 m/sec wind velocity) is 1 to 2.5 hours. Its estimated volatilization half-life in a model pond or lake (1 m deep, 0.05 m/sec flow rate, 0.5 m/sec wind velocity) is 3 to 3.5 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993) .

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Rapid volatilization from both dry and moist soil surfaces is expected to be the predominant fate process for pentane in soils (HSDB, 2004).
- Photolysis or hydrolysis of pentane is not expected to be an important fate process in soils (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).
- Pentane's mobility in soil is reported as both slight, based on a calculated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) range of 580 to 1600, as well as high, based on a Koc estimate of 80 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, pentane exists entirely in its vapor phase. If released to the atmosphere, pentane will undergo degradation reactions with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals at a half-life rate of 3 to 4.5 days. Direct photolysis and hydrolysis do not occur in the atmosphere. Laboratory experiments show pentane degrades under nighttime conditions by reacting with nitrate radicals to form alkyl nitrate (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

If released to water, pentane is expected to rapidly volatilize. Pentane's estimated half-lives for volatilization from a model river range from 1 to 2.5 hours. It's estimated half-lives for volatilization from a model lake or pond range from 3 to 3.5 days. Adsorption to organic matter in sediment or the water column is considered possible, but not a significant fate process (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

If released to soil, pentane is expected to rapidly volatilize from both moist and dry soil surfaces. Pentane's mobility in soil is estimated as slight to moderate. Reported organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) estimates range from 80, indicating moderate mobility, to 580-1600, indicating only slight mobility(HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1993).

BIODEGRADATION

Pentane will undergo some biodegradation in soils and aquatic environments, although it may occur relatively slowly. Because pentane volatilizes rapidly from water and soil surfaces, biodegradation is a relatively insignificant fate process (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Howard, 1993).

In lake water and soil samples, pentane was oxidized to 2-pentanone and 2-pentanol within 24 hours by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms (Howard, 1993).

Pentane (initial concentration of 0.55 mcL/L), along with other components of high octane gasoline, was incubated with natural flora in groundwater. Seventy percent biodegraded after 192 hours at 13 degrees C (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Because pentane is rapidly exhaled or metabolized, there is little potential for tissue accumulation. The half-life in the human body is estimated at 0.13 hours (McKee et al, 1998).
The metabolism half-life of pentane is estimated at 45 minutes (McKee et al, 1998).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentrations factors (BCFs) and pentane's predicted potential to bioconcentrate vary according to the calculations used. Pentane is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms based on estimated log BCFs of 1.90 and 2.35 (Howard, 1993). Pentane's bioconcentration potential is reportedly moderate, based on a BCF of 80, as estimated from a log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of 3.39 and a regression-derived equation (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Pentane is potentially harmful to aquatic organisms ((ICSC, 2001)).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

NOLC - COHO SALMON, young: 100 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC - FRESHWATER ROACH: >60 ppm (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

72.15

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pentane is a flammable, highly volitile, colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

400 mmHg (at 18.5 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1992) (NTP, 2001) (OHM/TADS , 2002)

420 mmHg (NIOSH , 2002)

426 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

53.3 kPa (at 18.5 degrees C) ((ICSC, 2001))

56.8 kPa (ILO , 1998)

513 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)

200 mmHg (at 1.9 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

760 mmHg (at 36.1 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

620 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

500 mmHg (at 24 to 34 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.64529 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.62638 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)
0.6163 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)
0.6262 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
0.626 (at 20/4 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000) NTP, 2001; (OHM/TADS , 2002)
0.63 (at 15.6/15.6 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.6262 (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; ILO , 1998)
0.63 ((ICSC, 2001); NIOSH , 2002)
0.62624 (Lewis, 2001)
0.6 (NFPA, 2002a)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.63 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.6 g/mL (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-202 degrees F (NIOSH, 2002)
-201.0 degrees F; -129.4 degrees C; 143.8 K (CHRIS, 2002)
-129.7 degrees C (Lewis, 2001a)
-129.8 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)
-130 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-89.4 degrees C ((NTP, 2001))

MELTING POINT

-129.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991a; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1993a; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS, 2002)
-129.8 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001a)
-129 degrees C ((ICSC, 2001))
-130 degrees C (HSDB, 2002; ILO, 1998) NTP, 2001)

BOILING POINT

36.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000) NTP, 2001)

18.5 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)

1.9 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)

-12.6 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)

-22.2 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-29.2 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-40.2 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000) NTP, 2001)

-50.1 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-62.5 degrees C (at 5 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-76.6 degrees C (at 1 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

97 degrees F; 36.1 degrees C; 309.3 K (CHRIS , 2002; NIOSH , 2002)

36 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; (ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998; NFPA, 2002a; Sittig, 1991)

36.07 degrees C (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002)

36.074 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

FLASH POINT

<-40 degrees C; -40 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a)

-49.0 degrees C; -57 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2002) NTP, 2001; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

-49 degrees C; -57 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; (ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998)

-40.0 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

309 degrees C; 588 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; (ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)

260 degrees C; 500 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 2002a)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.4% (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002)
1.5% ((ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002) NTP, 2001; (Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

7.8% (ACGIH, 1991; (ICSC, 2001); ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; NIOSH , 2002) NTP, 2001; (OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991)
8% (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001)
8.3% (CHRIS , 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.36 g/L (at 16 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
360 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
0.04% (NIOSH , 2002)
38.5 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002)
< 1 mg/mL (at 21 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
Pentane is slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; ILO , 1998).
insoluble (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a)
It is soluble in water (ITI, 1995)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible with alcohol and ether, as well as many organic solvents (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001) NTP, 2001).
Pentane is soluble in oxygenated, chlorinated, and hydrocarbon solvents (Ashford, 1994; ITI, 1995).
It is soluble in chloroform, benzene, and acids (NTP, 2001).
DMSO: >= 100 mg/mL (at 21.5 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
95% ETHANOL: >= 100 mg/mL (at 21.5 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
ACETONE: >= 100 mg/mL (at 21.5 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
It is very soluble in ethyl ether and ethanol (ACGIH, 1991).
It is very slightly soluble in alcohol (ITI, 1995).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Pow = 3.39 (Howard, 1993; (ICSC, 2001))

log Kow = 3.39 (HSDB , 2002)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.26 atm-m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees) (calculated) (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6304 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

72 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

16 dynes/cm; 0.016 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

490 psia; 33.3 atm; 3.37 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002)

DIPOLE MOMENT

0 (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

27.89 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

50.2 dynes/cm; 0.0502 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

10409 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents