AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
2073-Ammonium hydroxide, with more than 35% but not more than 50% Ammonia 10% but not more than 35% Ammonia 2672-Ammonium hydroxide, with more than 10% but not more than 35% Ammonia
4940347 - Ammonia hydroxide containing 4940316 - Ammonia hydroxide containing less 4935280 - Ammonia hydroxide containing not 4935234 - Ammonia hydroxide containing not
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000; RTECS , 2000)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
It is used in textiles; manufacturing of rayon, ink, and rubber; condensation polymerization; plastics; elastomers; pharmaceuticals; ceramics; photography (development of latent images); ammonia soaps; lubricants; fireproofing of wood; aniline dyes; calico printing; extracting of plant colors; saponifying of fats and oils; detergent; cleansers; bleaching products; food additive; livestock feeds; refrigerant; pulp and paper industry; explosives; and fertilizers (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000). Ammonium hydroxide is used to assist in chlorinating the public water supply (HSDB , 2000). Copper, nickel, and molybdenum can be effectively extracted from its ores by using ammonium hydroxide (HSDB , 2000). It is used to enhance the appearance of food by preserving the color, glossy appearance, and palatability (HSDB , 2000).
Ammonium hydroxide is available in the following grades (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000): It is a colorless watery liquid with an intense, pungent, and suffocating ammonia odor and an acrid taste (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000) In alkaline solutions, ammonia molecules are in balance with ammonium ions and ammonium hydroxide (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
SYNONYM EXPLANATION
- Editor's Note: AMMONIUM SOLUTION WITH GREATER THAN 44% AMMONIA BY WEIGHT is regulated as AMMONIA, CAS 7664-41-7. See document on AMMONIA for more information.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Ammonium hydroxide (H(5)NO) is an alkaline corrosove compound It is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. It is a severe eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Burns of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes can occur from contact with the liquid. Inhalation of the vapors can cause life-threatening pulmonary edema.
- Signs and symptoms from ingestion of ammonium hydroxide may include burning pain in mouth, throat, stomach, and thorax; constriction of throat; and coughing followed by hematemesis or by passage of loose stools containing blood; difficulty breathing; seizures; and shock. Gastrointestinal burns and perforation may also occur.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Ammonium hydroxide is a primary irritant due to its corrosivity. It can cause severe burns to any tissue with which it comes into contact. At lower concentrations, it is a respiratory stimulant. Higher concentrations produce breathing difficulty, pulmonary edema, and severe corneal injury, including cataract (HSDB).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- At the time of this review, no information was found on the chronic toxicity of ammonium hydroxide in humans or experimental animals, distinct from that of AMMONIA.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of contact with Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052), flush skin and eyes with water for 5 minutes; then, for skin exposures rub on a calcium/jelly combination; for eyes flush with a water/calcium solution for 15 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Remove contaminated clothing. Irrigate exposed skin with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes or longer, depending on concentration, amount, and duration of exposure. A physician may need to examine the area if irritaiton or pain persist.
EYE EXPOSURE - Immediate irrigation is essential. Exposed eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 30 minutes. Ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained. Hospital interventions are summarized below. CAUSTIC EYE DECONTAMINATION: Immediately irrigate each affected eye with copious amounts of water or sterile 0.9% saline for about 30 minutes. Irrigating volumes up to 20 L or more have been used to neutralize the pH. After this initial period of irrigation, the corneal pH may be checked with litmus paper and a brief external eye exam performed. Continue direct copious irrigation with sterile 0.9% saline until the conjunctival fornices are free of particulate matter and returned to pH neutrality (pH 7.4). Once irrigation is complete, a full eye exam should be performed with careful attention to the possibility of perforation. EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn.
ORAL EXPOSURE - DO NOT induce emesis or attempt to neutralize. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. Support ventilation as required. Supplemental oxygen may be needed. Endotracheal intubation may be necessary. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- Toxicity of ammonium hydroxide is directly related to the level of unionized ammonia (OHM/TADS , 2000).
- Even a brief exposure to 5000 ppm or ingestion of 3 to 4 mL ammonium hydroxide may be fatal (CHRIS , 2000).
- A 69-year-old woman who ingested an unknown amount of household ammonium hydroxide (containing 3% ammonia) developed aspiration pneumonia, corrosive esophageal injury, ARDS, and renal failure; several days after admission death occurred (Klein et al, 1985).
- Fatalities may occur from exposure to ammonia concentrations of 2500 to 4500 parts per million for 30 minutes (Millea et al, 1989; Helmers et al, 1971).
- Rapid respiratory arrest may occur at ammonia concentrations above 5000 parts per million (Helmers et al, 1971; Millea et al, 1989)
- In an incident where a tank of ammonium hydroxide overflowed, one worker was exposed to approximately 10,000 ppm of ammonia concentration for an undetermined length of time. Six hours after the accident, the worker died (HSDB , 2000).
- One teaspoonful (3-5 mL) of ammonium hydroxide (28% ammonia) has been recorded as fatal dose (HSDB , 2000).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Toxicity of ammonium hydroxide is directly related to the level of unionized ammonia (OHM/TADS , 2000).
- A level of 300 ppm of ammonia can be immediately dangerous to life or health (HSDB , 2000).
- Household grade ammonium hydroxide (10% ammonia or less) rarely causes tissue burns, although esophageal burns with laryngeal and epiglottic edema have been reported (Klein et al, 1985).
- Commercial grade ammonium hydroxide (27-30% ammonia) is more caustic and likely to cause burns of the eye, esophagus and skin (Klein et al, 1985).
- Persons ingesting 1 fluid ounce of 28% ammonium hydroxide have survived (HSDB , 2000).
- Ammonia concentration of 100 parts per million is tolerable for several hours (Millea et al, 1989).
- Minor irritation of mucosal surfaces and the eyes may occur at ammonia concentrations of 400 to 450 parts per million (Millea et al, 1989).
- Eye injuries have been reported at ammonia concentration of 700 parts per million (Millea et al, 1989).
- Ammonia concentration of 1700 parts per million may result in coughing and laryngospasm, with edema of the glottic region developing within a few hours (Millea et al, 1989).
- Workplace exposure to ammonium hydroxide (28% ammonia), daily for 19 years, was associated with interstitial lung fibrosis in a 54-year-old man who used it to clean floors (Kollef, 1987).
- When a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonia was applied to human skin under a plastic closure, a virtually painless intra-epidermal blister resulted in 13 minutes. The blister healed rapidly without scarring (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1336-21-6 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1336-21-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1336-21-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1336-21-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1336-21-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1336-21-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1336-21-6 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2073 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2672 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia solutions, relative density between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 degrees C in water, with more than 10 percent but not more than 35 percent ammonia Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2672 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: IB3, IP8, T7, TP1 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). IP8: Ammonia solutions may be transported in rigid or composite plastic IBCs (31H1, 31H2 and 31HZ1) that have successfully passed, without leakage or permanent deformation, the hydrostatic test specified in Sec. 178.814 of this subchapter at a test pressure that is not less than 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the contents at 55 °C (131 °F). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2073 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2672 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1336-21-6 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Containers should be completely cooled before opening. As the container is opened, cover the opening with some type of cloth. (HSDB , 2000).
- Do not use copper, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and galvanized equipment when handling ammonium hydroxide (CHRIS , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000).
STORAGE
Keep small quantities (5 pints) in strong glass bottles with plastic or rubber-stoppers. Do not fill the bottles completely. Keep large quantities in drums (110 gallons) and carboys (13 gallons) with pressure-vacuum type venting (CHRIS , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Ammonium hydroxide is corrosive to copper, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and galvanized surfaces (CHRIS , 2000).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Proper protective outerwear when working with ammonium hydroxide includes rubber boots, gloves, apron, and coat, a broad-brimmed hat made of rubber or felt, safety goggles, and self-contained breathing apparatus. Cotton innerwear should also be worn. Avoid direct contact with the vapors and solution. Protective oil can also be applied on the skin to reduce irritation from the vapors (CHRIS , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Vapor evolved from ammonium hydroxide is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, and throat, and the ammonium hydroxide solution can burn skin and eyes (CHRIS , 2000). Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed immediately, and affected skin area should be flushed with plenty of water. It can cause smarting of the skin and first or second-degree burns depending on the duration of the exposure (CHRIS , 2000).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Proper protective eyewear should be worn. If eye contamination occurs from either vapors or solution, immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 30 minutes then instill with olive oil (HSDB , 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
- Large face shields should be worn. Wash contaminated areas with soap and water (ITI, 1995).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Canister gas masks should not be used (OHM/TADS , 2000).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1336-21-6.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
Ammonia solutions, ranging from 35% but not more than 50% ammonia, exposed to fire or prolonged heat, may result in containers rupturing and rocketing (AAR, 1998).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1336-21-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1336-21-6 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use dry chemicals, CO2, Halon, water spray, standard foam or fog to extinguish fires (HSDB , 2000).
- Water coming in contact with ammonium hydroxide or its vapors should be contained and treated as contaminated since it can cause severe burns (OHM/TADS , 2000).
When heated to decomposition, ammonium hydroxide emits ammonia and nitroxides (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 2000).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Explosive compounds are formed when ammonium hydroxide is mixed with heavy metals such as silver, lead, zinc and their salts, particularly halide salts (HSDB , 2000).
- Exposing containers of ammonia solutions, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia, to fire or heat for prolonged periods of time may result in violent rupturing and rocketing (AAR, 1998).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, ammonium hydroxide emits ammonia and nitroxides (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 2000).
- The vapor is extremely irritating, especially to the eyes (HSDB , 2000).
- Ammonium hydroxide floats and mixes with water with evolution of irritating ammonia vapor and mild liberation of heat (CHRIS , 2000).
- Vapors from ammonia solutions, with more than 35% but less than 50% ammonia, are lighter than air, but will hug the ground when first released (AAR, 1998).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Ammonium hydroxide (less than 28% aqueous ammonia) is corrosive to copper, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and galvanized surfaces (CHRIS , 2000).
- Solutions with greater than 12% ammonia, are corrosive to tissue. This is possibly because ammonia, being fat-soluble, can penetrate through fatty cellular barriers, and in alkaline solutions, ammonia molecules are in balance with ammonium ions and ammonium hydroxide (AAR, 1987; Grant, 1993).
- Explosive compounds are formed when ammonium hydroxide is mixed with heavy metals such as silver, lead, zinc and their salts, particularly halide salts (HSDB , 2000).
- Ammonium hydroxide, with up to 30% ammonia, will emit chloramine when mixed with products containing chlorine (Lewis, 1998).
- Ammonium hydroxide floats and mixes with water producing an irritating ammonia vapor and mild liberation of heat (CHRIS , 2000).
- Reaction of ammonium hydroxide with sulfuric acid or other strong mineral acids is exothermic (mixture becomes boiling hot) (HSDB , 2000).
- Ammonium hydroxide (less than 28% aqueous ammonia) is incompatible with organic acids, amides, organic anhydrides, isocyanates, vinyl acetate, epichlorohydrin, aldehydes. It can form shock-sensitive compounds with halogens, mercury oxide, and silver oxide (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- In addition, ammonium hydroxide is incompatible with the following (NFPA, 1997; Lewis, 2000):
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1336-21-6 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS1336-21-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS1336-21-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1336-21-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Water spray or mist can be used to knock down vapors. The vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment (AAR, 1998). Ammonium hydroxide floats and mixes with water to produce an irritating ammonia vapor and mild liberation of heat (CHRIS , 2000). Spilled ammonium hydroxide should be neutralized with diluted acid, such as vinegar (weak acetic acid) or weak hydrochloric acid. Natural zeolites should then be used to pick up ammonium ions (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991). Care should be taken so as not to let spill get into water intakes (CHRIS , 2000). Local health, wildlife, and pollution control agencies should be notified in case of a spill (CHRIS , 2000).
Thermal destruction is not recommended for ammonium hydroxide (HSDB , 2000). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- No information found at the time of this review.
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- No information found at the time of this review.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- It is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2000).
TLm - BLUEGILL: 3.4 mg/L for 96H -- hard water, 20 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) TLm - DAPHNIA: 60 ppm for 24H -- temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - DAPHNIA: 32 ppm for 48H -- temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - DAPHNIA: 20 ppm for 96H -- temperature controlled test environment (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - DIATOM: 420 mg/L for 120H -- hard water and soft water, 22 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 8.2 mg/L for 96H -- hard water (HSDB, 2000) TLm - GOLDFISH: 2-2.5 mg/L for 24-96H (HSDB, 2000) TLm - MINNOW: 17.5 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: 37 ppm for 96H -- turbid water (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - SNAIL: 90 mg/L for 96H -- soft water, 20 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 5.2 ppm for 96H -- static brackish saltwater, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 2.4 ppm for 96H -- static brackish saltwater, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 10.4 ppm for 96H -- static seawater, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 2.3 ppm for 96H -- static seawater, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 2.1 ppm for 96H -- static water, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STICKLEBACK: 1.8 ppm for 96H -- static water, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 2.8 ppm for 96H -- static brackish saltwater, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 2.1 ppm for 96H -- static brackish saltwater, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 2.0 ppm for 96H -- static seawater, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 1.5 ppm for 96H -- static seawater, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 2.8 ppm for 96H -- static water, 15 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - STRIPED BASS: 1.9 ppm for 96H -- static water, 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2000) TLm - SUNFISH: 15 ppm for 48H -- in Phila. tap water, 20 degrees C (CHRIS, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2000) LC50 - ATLANTIC SALMON, smolt: 5-8 mg/L for 24H (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - ATLANTIC SALMON, smolt: 0.02 mg NH3/L/24 hours, (dissolved O2 of 10 mg/L, fresh water), conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - ATLANTIC SALMON, smolt: 0.08 mg NH3/L/24 hour, (dissolved O2 of 3.2 mg/L, fresh water), conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.024-0.093 mg/L for 48 H (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 0.974 mg/L for 1W -- pH 7.7, temperature 21.1 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 1.27 mg/L for 1W -- pH 7.8, temperature 21.7 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 1.41 mg/L for 1W -- pH 7.8, temperature 22.8 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 1.97 mg/L for 1W -- pH 8.0, temperature 22.8 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CHINOOK SALMON: 0.36 mg NH3/L/24 hour, fresh water, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - CHINOOK SALMON: 2.2 mg NH3/L/24 hour, 9.6% salinity, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - COHO SALMON: 0.45 mg/L for 96H -- flow- through bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT, fry: 0.5-0.8 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT, fry: 0.56 mg/L for 36D -- flow-through bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.66 mg/L for 48H -- 22 degrees C (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - GREEN SUNFISH: 0.50 mg/L NH3 (272 mg/l NH3-N) at pH 6.6, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - GREEN SUNFISH: 1.06 mg/L NH3 (139 mg/L NH3-N) at pH 7.2, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - GREEN SUNFISH: 1.34 mg/L NH3 (57 mg/L NH3-N) at pH 7.7, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - GREEN SUNFISH: 1.73 mg/L NH3 (9 mg/L NH3-N) at pH 8.7, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - GUPPY, fry: 74 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - MYSIS: 46.01 mg NH3-N/L/24 hour, total NH3; 3.17 mg NH3-N/L, un-ionized, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - NAUPLIUS: 3.58 mg NH3/L/24 hour, total NH3; 0.29 mg NH3-N/L, un-ionized, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, fertilized egg: >3.58 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, alevin, 0-50 days old: >3.58 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, fry, 85 days old: 0.068 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, adult: 0.097 mg/l for 24H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - ROACH: 0.42 mg/L/24 hours, un-ionized NH3 (HSDB, 1992) LC50 - SALMO GAIRDNERII: 8 mcg/mL for 24H (HSDB, 2000) LC50 - WALKING CATFISH: 0.28 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2000)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 35.05 53.69 Ammonium Hydroxide (< 28% aqueous ammonia)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Ammonium hydroxide is available in the following grades (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000):
- It is a colorless watery liquid with an intense, pungent, and suffocating ammonia odor and an acrid taste (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000).
- In alkaline solutions, ammonia molecules are in balance with ammonium ions and ammonium hydroxide (Grant, 1993).
- Editor's Note: AMMONIUM SOLUTION WITH GREATER THAN 44% AMMONIA BY WEIGHT is regulated as AMMONIA, CAS 7664-41-7 (OSHA, 1999). See document on AMMONIA for more information.
PH
- 1.0 N solution: pH = 11.6 (HSDB , 2000)
- 0.1 N solution: pH = 11.1 (HSDB , 2000)
- 0.01 N solution: pH = 10.6 (HSDB , 2000)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 2160 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.957 for 10% solution (at 25/25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9939 for 1% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9811 for 4% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9651 for 8% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9362 for 16% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9229 for 20% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.9101 for 24% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000) 0.8980 for 28% solution (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-2.9 degrees C for 4% solution (HSDB , 2000) -8.1 degrees C for 8% solution (HSDB , 2000) -23.1 degrees C for 16% solution(HSDB , 2000) -34.9 degrees C for 20% solution (HSDB , 2000) -44.5 degrees C for 24% solution (HSDB , 2000) -69.2 degrees C for 28% solution(HSDB , 2000) (HSDB, 2000)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 650 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)
SOLUBILITY
OTHER/PHYSICAL
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