PENTACHLOROPHENOL

Prior to 1984 pentachlorophenol was one of the most widely used biocides in the United States. Currently, the purchase and use of this chemical is restricted to certified applicators and is no longer available to the general public. Prior to its restricted use, pentachlorophenol was widely used as a wood preservative, but is now used industrially as a wood preservative for power line poles, cross arms, fence posts, and similar objects (ATSDR, 1994). Its current principal use is as a wood preservative.

Pentachlorophenol is no longer contained in wood preserving solution or insecticides and herbicides available for home and garden use because it is a restricted use pesticide (ATSDR, 1994). Pentachlorophenol is used for the formulation of fungicidal and insecticidal solutions and for incorporation into other manufactured pesticide products.

Logs used for construction purposes may be treated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and arsenical salts, and then coated with creosote (Bernstein, 1986). Wood treated with PCP is often referred to as "penta-treated". PCP is dissolved in oil and driven into the wood under pressure ("pressure-treated").

Pentachlorophenols and arsenicals are preservatives against microorganisms and termites. Creosote prevents leaching of pentachlorophenol and arsenicals.

Pentachlorophenol has been used to prevent fungal, mold, algae, lichens, moss, and microorganism growth on wood, paint, cellulose products, textiles, and industrial wastes. Technical grade pentachlorophenol may contain 4 to 12 percent tetrachlorophenol, which is also a pesticide-fungicide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), as well as hexachlorinated and octachlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (Finkel, 1983).

FORMS

In its pure chemical form, pentachlorophenol exists as colorless crystals with a very sharp characteristic phenolic odor when heated, but very little odor at room temperature (ATSDR, 1994).
BRAND NAMES: A few of the brand names used in the past for pentachlorophenol have included Santophen(R), Penta(R), Dowicide 7(R), Penchloral(R), P.C.P.(R), Cuprinol(R), Evisan(R), and Santobrite(R). Currently, the only domestic manufacturer of pentachlorophenol is Vulcan Chemicals, a division of Vulcan Materials Company in Wichita, Kansas (ATSDR, 1994).

SOURCES

Pentachlorophenol is prepared by a stepwise chlorination of phenols in the presence of catalysts (anhydrous aluminum chloride or ferric chloride) (Budavari, 1996; ATSDR, 1994). Outside of the United States it is also produced by the alkaline hydrolysis of hexachlorobenzene (ATSDR, 1994).
Commercial preparations (not purified) of pentachlorophenol may contain trace impurities of chlorodibenzodioxins and chlorodibenzofurans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994), although content of contaminants is strictly limited by the US EPA.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pentachlorophenol is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption; abuse may be fatal. This compound readily penetrates the skin. The pulmonary route of exposure may be most toxic to adults.

Prolonged or frequent contact with either solution or dust may cause dermatitis or systemic symptoms including damage to the circulatory system and the heart. Hyperpyrexia and cardiac failure are common reactions during overdose.

ACUTE poisoning is marked by dermatitis, weakness, tachypnea, polyuria followed by oliguria, seizures, and rapidly progressing coma in severe cases. Hyperthermia is the major factor leading to death following a fatal exposure in humans. Death may occur within a few hours following absorption.

CHRONIC poisoning may produce anorexia, weight loss, weakness, dizziness, headache and anxiety.

Serious exposures may leave sequelae including impaired autonomic nervous function, circulation, visual change, and an acute type of scotoma.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pentachlorophenol can be absorbed in toxic amounts by all routes of exposure, but DERMAL exposure is the most dangerous (ACGIH, 1986). The dust is a severe eye and upper respiratory tract irritant, and direct contact with the pure material or concentrated solutions can cause painful burns and skin inflammation (HSDB, 1996). Systemic toxicity can occur from local exposure (ACGIH, 1992).

Symptoms following ingestion include increased (followed by decreased) respirations, hypotension, decreased urine output, fever, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, weakness, cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, lung, liver and kidney damage, and death (HSDB, 1996; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Inhalation can cause damage to the circulatory system and heart failure (HSDB, 1996). Direct eye contact can cause corneal opacity and visual damage (HSDB, 1996).

Weakness, thirst, loss of appetite, vomiting, shortness of breath, chest pain, sweating, headache, dizziness, high fever, and gastrointestinal upset may be seen (NIOSH/OSHA; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Death may follow within hours of appearance of symptoms, and rigor mortis may be immediate and extreme (Hathaway et al, 1991).

The abuse of pentachlorophenol can be fatal (Lewis, 1993).

Pentachlorophenol induced cytochromes CYP1A, CYP2B and CYP3A in rat and human liver cells (Dubois et al, 1997). Tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, the major mammalian metabolite of pentachlorophenol, can be auto-oxidized to the semiquinone radical which can be a potential source of reactive oxygen species (Dalhaus et al, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pentachlorophenol may have CUMULATIVE SYSTEMIC TOXICITY (NIOSH/OSHA; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Net daily uptake from occupational exposure has been calculated to range from 35 mcg to approximately 24 mg (Reigner et al, 1992). Non-occupational exposure from treated wood can also be significant, up to 37 mcg/day (Reigner et al, 1992).

Lymphocytes from persons exposed to pentachlorophenol on treated wood in log cabins had a variety of immunological changes, including immunosuppression, autoimmunity against smooth muscle, enhanced natural killer cell activity, activated T-cells, and abnormal regulation of B-cells (McConnachie & Zahalsky, 1991). A reported increased incidence of low-grade infections and inflammations in workers exposed to pentachlorophenol might also be indicative of immunological compromise (Klemmer et al, 1980).

A cohort of 770 pentachlorophenol manufacturing workers has been followed from 1940 through 1989 for causes of death. No increased deaths were found overall or from all cancers, although some deaths from specific causes such as accidents were elevated. Follow-up is continuing (Ramlow et al, 1996).

Long-term occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol did not have major immunological effects in a group of 32 workers. There was a slightly reduced response to phytohemagluttinin in the high-level exposure group and there was weak response against hepatocyte membrane in persons exposed for greater than 10 years (Colosio et al, 1993).

Pentachlorophenol was a POTENT SKIN SENSITIZER in guinea pigs (Andersen & Hamman, 1984) and can cause allergic contact dermatitis (Klaschka, 1979), chloracne (HSDB), and brown pigmentation of the skin (NIOSH/OSHA). A group study concluded that low-grade infections, skin and eye irritation, and respiratory tract irritation were the main effects of low-level occupational exposure (Klemmer et al, 1980).

High-level exposure can produce more severe effects, including aplastic anemia (Roberts, 1981).

Other effects of chronic exposure include bronchitis, liver damage (NIOSH/OSHA), peripheral neuropathy (Triebig, 1981), sweating, weight loss, fever, and gastrointestinal effects (Bergner et al, 1965).

Chronic PCP exposure in female rats at 3 and 30 mg/kg/d for 28 days resulted in decreases of TSH, thyroxine (T4), and T3, evidently due to pituitary or hypothalamic effects (Jekat et al, 1994). The significance of these observations for exposed humans is unknown.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Do NOT induce emesis due to the risk of CNS depression and/or seizures.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

Rapid decontamination is important, since this material is absorbed through the skin. This agent causes rapid hyperpyrexia, so measures should be taken to promote heat loss. Other measures include the reduction of anxiety and replacement of fluid and electrolytes lost through sweating (Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Reduction of hyperthermia with tepid water baths is superior to alcohol sponging or ice-packs which tend to constrict peripherally.
Replace fluid and electrolytes.
There is no specific antidote for this agent; hence, treatment should be supportive and symptomatic.
Administration of salicylates to reduce hyperpyrexia is contraindicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Concentrations of as little as 0.3 milligram/cubic meter irritated the mucous membranes of lungs, eyes, nose, and the throat (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Concentrations of 1 milligram/cubic meter caused pain in the nose and throat as well as sneezing and coughing (Proctor et al, 1988).
Individuals with occupational exposures have had estimated net daily intakes which varied from 35 micrograms up to 24,000 micrograms (Reigner et al, 1992).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS87-86-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Pentachlorophenol

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Likely to be carcinogenic to humans ; Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Pentachlorophenol

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 4x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 5x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 1.1x10(-5) per microgram/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = ~0.01088 mg/L (at 25 degrees, 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)
1 mg/L = ~91.9 ppm (at 25 degrees C, 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS87-86-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Under Study

Pentachlorophenol

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Pentachlorophenol

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: BEI, Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; CNS impair; card impair
Molecular Weight: 266.35

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS87-86-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS87-86-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2.5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
Table Z-1 for Pentachlorophenol:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Phenol, pentachloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Pentachlorophenol (D037)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Pentachlorophenol
P or U series number: See F027
Footnote:
Listed as: Phenol, pentachloro-
P or U series number: See F027
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS87-86-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS87-86-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Pentachlorophenol
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS87-86-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phenol, pentachloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3155 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Pentachlorophenol

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3155
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3155 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Pentachlorophenol
UN Number: 3155

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS87-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers: Fiber drums, multi-wall paper bags, tank trucks (HSDB , 1992).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Protect against physical damage (HSDB , 1992).
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from any area where fire hazards may be acute (HSDB , 1992).
Outside or detached storage is preferred (HSDB , 1992).
Temperature: Ambient (HSDB , 1992)
Venting: Open (HSDB , 1992)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 87-86-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.013
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.013
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.013
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.013
Notes: saturated solution in methanol
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.013
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: 1% in kerosene
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Guardian Manufacturing Group

IN-35

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Applicable
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1.0
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >780
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 1% in kerosene
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 1% in kerosene
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >780
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 1% in kerosene
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Guardian Manufacturing Group 302 Conwell Avenue Willard, OH 44890-9525 USA Phone: (419) 933-2711 Fax: (419) 935-8961 Toll-Free: (800) 243-7379 Website: http://www.guardian-mfg.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS87-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS87-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, pentachlorophenol emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, pentachlorophenol emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Pentachlorophenol dust is particularly irritating to the eyes and nose in concentrations greater than 1 mg/m(3): Some irritation of the nose may occur at 0.3 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, pentachlorophenol emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Pentachlorophenol is not compatible with strong oxidizers (NIOSH, 1990).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS87-86-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS87-86-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Pentachlorophenol
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 2.5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS87-86-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS87-86-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2.5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
- If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
- At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
- Spills of pentachlorophenol have been mitigated by the US Environmental Protection Agency's hazardous materials spills treatment trailer equipped with three mixed-media filters and three activated carbon columns to remove suspended, precipitated and organic soluble materials (HSDB , 1992).
- Steam stripping has been successfully applied to the removal of hazardous organics, such as pentachlorophenol, from aqueous waste.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
- A fluidized-bed bioreactor using oxygen for aeration and celite carrier of cell immobilization was used to study the biodegradation of polychlorinated phenols. The reactor was successfully run, continuously, for 315 days.
- The use of coimmobilized systems for treatment of toxic organic compounds has been studied. The approach combines the use of adsorbents and laboratory identified microorganisms immobilized in a protective permeable barrier to achieve a greater degree of control over the remediation process.
- Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by bacterial strains was studied under laboratory conditions. Bacteria from the genera Absidia and Cunninghamella consistently produced high degradation, 69-88% and 62-90%, respectively. The degradation was independent of the presence of phenoloxidase (Seiglemurandi et al, 1992).
- RHODOCOCCUS CHLOROPHENOLICUS: The microorganism, Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-1, was shown to dehalogenate polychlorophenols under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The anaerobic condition required the presence of sulfite ions or iodosobenzene (Uotila et al, 1992).
- An anaerobic bacterium was isolated which biodegrades several chlorinated phenols. Dechlorination was preferred on the ortho position relative to the phenolic OH group. The gram-positive bacterium was related to the Clostridium genus (Madsen & Licht, 1992).
- PSEUDOMONAS SP. STRAIN SR3: This Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from soil and confirmed to degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP) in batch tests with PCP as the sole carbon and energy source.
- A bacterium was isolated from polluted soil and identified as Pseudomonas sp strain RA2. Pseudomonas sp strain RA2 was used in batch culture to mineralize pentachlorophenol (PCP), using PCP as its sole carbon and energy source.
- A sewage treatment plant was used to study the effect of activated sludge on pentachlorophenol in contaminated groundwater. About 68% of the PCP introduced in the process was degraded, and effective removal occurred after a solids retention time of 10 days (Ettala et al, 1992).
- An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated and evaluated for 18 months using a medium containing PCP, phenol, and glucose.
- SLUDGE: Experiments using an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor were able to remove up to 14.6 mg/g of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in suspended solids per day.
- When 5,300 milligrams of acetate, 3.4 micromolar pentachlorophenol and nutrients were fed to an anaerobic digester sludge for 10 days, sequential biotransformation of the ortho-chlorines occurred. The dechlorinated products were 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol and 3,4,5-trichlorophenol.
- A laboratory study was done to evaluate the effect of oxidative pretreatment on the biodegradation rate of pentachlorophenol (PCP). A 1mM aqueous solution of PCP was treated in a batch reactor using a selected microbial consortium and a culture of activated sludge.
- The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used in a biofilm membrane reactor to degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP). The growth of lignin peroxidase was facilitated by the large reactor surface area. The overall rate of disappearance of PCP was 10.5 mg/L/day, a five fold increase of similar experiments done in shake flasks.
- TRAMETES VERSICOLOR/PHELLINUS BADIUS: These species of white rot fungi were able to degrade PCP at higher PCP dose rates (Alleman et al, 1992).
- Four lignin-degrading fungi were tested for their ability to reduce the concentration of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and cause weight loss in PCP treated wood.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Pentachlorophenol is utilized in large quantities as a wood preservative for utility poles, crossarms, and fenceposts. It is also used as an insecticide for termite control, as a pre-harvest defoliant, and as a general herbicide. It has been suggested, but not proven, that pentachlorophenol is a natural product, possibly a product of fungus metabolism (HSDB , 1992).

RUN-OFF: Chlorophenols (CP) were found in streams adjacent to farmlands, utility and railroad right-of-way ditches. The chlorophenols are thought to have leached from the utility pole and railroad tie adjacent to these ditches. The concentration of CP in ditch water adjacent to utility poles exceeded the 96h LC50 for salmonids (Wan, 1992).

Between the pH range of 6 to 8, the sorption coefficients K(d) for pentachlorophenol onto natural solids from aqueous solution showed poor correlation with the organic carbon content of the natural solids.

K(d) did correlate with the swelling content and anionic exchange capacity on the natural soils (Shimizu et al, 1992).

The effects of pentachlorophenol treatment on the dissolution process of limestone were evaluated in a study. Pentachlorophenol was applied to limestone microcatchment units on a pavilion roof for 68 days. Untreated limestone was then compared to the pentachlorophenol treated material. The treated material produced less bicarbonate and showed increased amounts of nitrogen containing compounds. This effect was thought to be caused by elimination of biological growth from the stone (Bell et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- TERRESTRIAL FATE
- AQUATIC FATE
- ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The form (dissociated or undissociated) and fate of pentachlorophenol in the atmosphere is unknown; however, it has been detected associated with particulates in air (HSDB , 1992).
- BIOCONCENTRATION: Pentachlorophenol is expected to bioconcentrate because of its low water solubility, but the bioconcentration factor will be dependent upon the pH of the water since pentachlorophenol will be more dissociated at a higher pH (HSDB , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 1992):

LC50, Tubifex tubifex, 286, 619, and 1294 mcg/L/24 hours at pH values of 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5, respectively
TLm, Goldfish, flow through bioassay at 25 degrees C, 96 hours: 0.22 mg/L; 120 hours: 0.253 mg/L; 336 hours: 0.189 mg/L
TLm, Bluegill, flow through bioassay at 25 degrees C, 30 hours: 0.303 mg/L; 243 hours: 0.251 mg/L; 406 hours: 0.188 mg/L
LC50, Trout, flow through bioassay at 15 degrees C, 48 hours: 0.25 mg/L; 96 hours: 0.23 mg/L; 10 days: 0.23 mg/L
LC50, Zebra fish, flow through bioassay at 25 degrees C, 48 hours: 1.24 mg/L; 96 hours: 1.13 mg/L; 10 days: 1.08 mg/L
LC50, Flagfish, flow through bioassay at 25 degrees C, 48 hours: 1.82 mg/L; 96 hours: 1.74 mg/L; 10 days: 1.74 mg/L
LC50, Freshwater fish, static test (test solutions changed every 24 hours), 24 hours: 0.79 mg/L; 48 hours: 0.56 mg/L; 72 hours: 0.43 mg/L; 96 hours: 0.39 mg/L
LC50, Fathead minnows, 4 weeks old, 0.222 +/- 0.021 mg/L/24 hours, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Fathead minnows, 7 weeks old, 24 hours: 0.245 +/- 0.039 mg/L; 96 hours: 0.230 +/- 0.03 mg/L; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Fathead minnows, 11 weeks old, 24 hours: 0.232 +/- 0.052 mg/L; 96 hours: 0.222 +/- 0.03 mg/L; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Fathead minnows, 14 weeks old, 24 hours: 0.200 +/- 0.016 mg/L; 96 hours: 0.190 +/- 0.0 mg/L; conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Guppy, 0.38 ppm/24 hours at pH 7.3, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Chinook salmon, weight 1 gram, 68 mcg/L/96 hours at 10 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50, Rainbow trout, weight 1 gram, 52 mcg/L/96 hours at 11 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50, Fathead minnow, weight 1.1 gram, 205 mcg/L/96 hours at 20 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50, Channel catfish, weight 0.8 gram, 68 mcg/L/96 hours at 20 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50, Bluegill, weight 0.4 gram, 32 mcg/L/96 hours at 15 degrees C, static bioassay
LC50, Bobwhite, 10 days old, oral, 5-day diet, approximately 3400 ppm
LC50, Japanese quail, 20 days old, oral, 5-day diet, 5204 ppm
LC50, Ring-necked pheasant, 16 days old, oral, 5-day diet, 4331 ppm
LC50, Mallard ducks, 10 days old, oral, 5-day diet, approximately 4500 ppm
EC50, Seagrass, flow through bioassay, 0.74 ppm/40 hours
LC50, Sheepshead minnows, 1 day old, 329 mcg/L/96 hours, static test
LC50, Sheepshead minnows, 2 weeks old, 392 mcg/L/96 hours, static test
LC50, Sheepshead minnows, 4 weeks old, 240 mcg/L/96 hours, static test
LC50, Sheepshead minnows, 6 weeks old, 232 mcg/L/96 hours, static test
LC50, Pulmonate snails, static bioassay, 0.16 mg/L
LD50, Japanese quail, oral, 5139 ppm
LC50, Freshwater pond snails, 0.840 mg/L/96 hours, static bioassay

High concentrations (630 to 9,810 mg/kg of bedding) of pentachlorophenol in wood shavings used as bedding for horses was found to be the cause of health problems on a horse-breeding farm. The horses exhibited toxicological signs characteristic of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Tissue residue analysis confirmed the presence of these toxins. Concentrations in the range of 2 ng/g of toxic isomers found in the liver and fat tissue correlated with the toxicologic effects in the horses (Kerkvliet et al, 1992).

FROGS: Young African clawed frogs were fed mealworms containing between 64.8 and 2604 mcg of pentachlorophenol/g worm weight for 27 days. No mortalities nor significant bioaccumulation of PCP occurred. A toxicity threshold model estimated 800 mcg/L of waterborne PCP may cause adverse effects (Schuytema et al, 1993).

ZEBRAFISH: Dissolved humic materials had little effect on the toxicity of pentachlorophenol to zebrafish (Lee et al, 1993).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

266.35 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

ODOR: Pentachlorophenol has a marked, characteristic, phenol-like smell (Clayton & Clayton, 1994); very pungent odor when hot (Budavari, 1996); phenolic odor (ACGIH, 1986)

TASTE: Pungent taste (ACGIH, 1986); Taste threshold of 30 mcg/L (HSDB , 2000)

COLOR: Dark-colored flakes or sublimed needle crystals (Lewis, 1996); white powder or crystals (Lewis, 1996); colorless to light brown, noncombustible solid (ACGIH, 1986); colorless crystals (pure); dark grayish powder or flakes (crude product) (HSDB , 2000)

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

40 mmHg (at 211.2 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

0.00011 (mmHg at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.987 at 22/4 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

190-191 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

309-310 degrees C (decomposes) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

- No information found at the time of this review.

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Almost insoluble in water (8 mg in 100 mL) (Budavari, 1996).
14 ppm (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

At 20 degrees C, (%W/V) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994):

Acetone: 21.5%
Benzene: 11.0%
Carbon tetrachloride: 2.0%
Corn oil: 14.8%
Diethylene glycol: 27.5%
Ethanol: 53.0%
Ethylene glycol: 6.0%
Linseed oil (raw): 13.9%
Methanol: 57.0%
Pine oil: 32.0%
Tung oil: 11.2%
Turpentine: 3.0%
Xylene: 14.0%

Soluble in alcohol, benzene and ether (Budavari, 1996).
Slightly soluble in cold petroleum ether (Budavari, 1996).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.12 atm at 20 degrees C (Corbitt, 1990)

4.8 X 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mole (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Currently not available (CHRIS , 2002)

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PENTACHLOROPHENOL

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents