PENTABORANE

Pentaborane has been used as a gasoline additive and rocket propellant (Sittig, 1985). It is no longer produced commercially in the USA (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

FORMS

Pentaborane is a colorless liquid with a strong, foul odor similar to that of sour milk (HSDB , 1993). It is corrosive to natural and some synthetic rubbers (HSDB , 1993). It can SPONTANEOUSLY IGNITE at ambient temperatures in the presence of impurities and moist air (AAR, 1987; (Budavari, 1989).
Pentaborane has a median odor threshold of approximately 1.3 ppm; therefore, ODOR IS NOT AN ADEQUATE WARNING TO PREVENT OVEREXPOSURE (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
Pentaborane is the most toxic of the boron hydrides (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). It reacts with water, less rapidly than DIBORANE, to form BORIC ACID (ACGIH, 1986; Lowe & Freeman, 1957). The following review is based on the properties of boron hydrides in general. Effects attributed specifically to pentaborane are indicated. The toxicology of borane compounds has been reviewed (Roush, 1959).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pentaborane causes primarily neurologic effects, including CNS depression and excitability, spasms, seizures, coma, and permanent neuropsychological deficits. Symptoms may appear immediately, or may be delayed by at least 24 hours. It is the most toxic of the boron hydrides.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Based on its acute inhalation LC50 of 6 ppm/4 hours in rats (RTECS , 1993), pentaborane is a HIGHLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE. Pentaborane may be absorbed by the oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes (Roush, 1959; Yarbrough et al, 1986; Sax & Lewis, 1987). It has been fatal following dermal exposure, and has produced severe symptoms within four minutes(Yarbrough et al, 1986). It may also be toxic by the ocular exposure route (Roush, 1959).

Pentaborane is an eye and respiratory tract irritant (Sax & Lewis, 1987; Lowe & Freeman, 1957; Finkel, 1983). Direct skin contact with the liquid can cause redness, swelling, blisters, and local inflammation (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

After acute exposure, symptoms may be immediate or may be delayed in onset for up to 24 hours (Yarbrough et al, 1986; Mindrum, 1964). Pentaborane acts primarily on the CNS as a depressant and excitant (Finkel, 1983; Proctor et al, 1988).

Cough, wheezing, and breathing difficulty lasting several days have occurred with acute pentaborane inhalation exposure (Lowe & Freeman, 1957). Behavioral changes, memory loss, hyperexcitability, tremors, convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmias and arrest have occurred in accidental human and experimental animal exposures (Yarbrough et al, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Proctor et al, 1988). Rapid brain death or severe injury may occur (Yarbrough et al, 1986). Prolonged neuropsychiatric injury may follow acute exposure (Hart et al, 1984; Silverman et al, 1985; Silverman et al, 1990).

Dyspnea, fever, headache, eye irritation, miosis, respiratory tract irritation, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias may occur (Lowe & Freeman, 1957; Weir & Meyers, 1966; Plunkett, 1976; Sittig, 1985; Yarbrough et al, 1986). Other effects following acute exposure may include nausea, anorexia, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, dermatitis, muscle pain or spasms, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Rozendaal, 1951; Krackow, 1953; Lowe & Freeman, 1957; Levinskas, 1958; Cordasco et al, 1962; Plunkett, 1976; Silverman et al, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988).

Dogs injected with 0.6 to 3.6 mg/kg of pentaborane showed alternating periods of CNS excitation and depression (Weir & Meyers, 1966).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Because acute exposure to pentaborane can produce long-lasting neuropsychological effects, a true distinction between neurologic effects from acute and chronic exposure may not be possible.

Performance deficits, including confusion and inability to concentrate, have been seen in workers chronically exposed to pentaborane (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Hart et al, 1984; Proctor et al, 1988). Such effects can last for months (Hart et al, 1984). Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematologic abnormalities may also be observed (Rozendaal, 1951; Lowe & Freeman, 1957).

Chronic exposure has produced apathy, anorexia, tremors, ataxia, and loss of mobility in hind limbs in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1986). Apathy, pain insensitivity, and stupor were seen in monkeys, dogs, rabbits, rats, and hamsters exposed to 0.2 ppm of pentaborane for 6 months (Levinskas, 1958).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Rescuers must be protected from inhalation by self-contained breathing and from contact by plastic gloves.

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Patients should be evaluated for liver and kidney damage.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
Anyone who has breathed vapor must be seen in an emergency department.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove all contaminated clothing. Dilute the area copiously with cool water. These substances may hydrolyze exothermically, so small amounts of water may result in thermal burns. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.
Anyone who has had significant dermal exposure must be seen in an emergency department acutely and followed for several months. Long term follow-up should seek neuropsychiatric abnormality.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Ingestion of pentaborane is unusual. Most exposures occur either by the inhalation or dermal routes. Pentaborane hydrolyzes in a few hours; therefore emesis may be of value.
Do not induce emesis due to the risk of seizures and CNS depression.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Pentaborane can be detected by smell in the range of 0.2 to 6 mg/m(3) without causing symptoms (Comstock & Oberst, 1953). Inhalation of concentrations as low as 25 ppm may cause symtoms (Lewis, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS19624-22-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Pentaborane
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Pentaborane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1999
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

ppm = 0.387 x mg/m(3)

mg/m(3) = 2.582 x ppm

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS19624-22-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Pentaborane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.005 ppm
TLV-STEL: 0.015 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS convul; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 63.17

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS19624-22-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS19624-22-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Pentaborane
REL:

TWA: 0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/m(3))
STEL: 0.015 ppm (0.03 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Table Z-1 for Pentaborane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.005

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.01

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:100

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 500

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS19624-22-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS19624-22-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS19624-22-7 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1380 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Pentaborane

Symbol(s): +

+: fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group for that entry without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class, packing group or any other hazard class definition. When the plus sign is assigned to a proper shipping name, it means that the material is known to pose a risk to humans. When a plus sign is assigned to mixtures or solutions containing a material where the hazard to humans is significantly different from that of the pure material or where no hazard to humans is posed, the material may be described using an alternative shipping name that represents the hazards posed by the material. An appropriate alternate proper shipping name and hazard class may be authorized by the DOT Associate Administrator.

Hazard class or Division: 4.2

4.2: Spontaneously combustible material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1380
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.2, 6.1

4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 205
Bulk packaging: 245

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1380 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Pentaborane
UN Number: 1380

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS19624-22-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

May be shipped only in cylinders (AAR, 1987)
- Shipping containers: Steel or nickel cylinders in wooden boxes (NFPA, 1991)

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1991).
Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, and sunlight (NFPA, 1991).
Separate from rubber, grease, oils, halogens, and oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 19624-22-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May ignite on contact with air or moisture.
- May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
PENTABORANE IS EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE, igniting on contact with moist air when impure. It reacts violently with oxygen and oxidizing materials including halogenated hydrocarbons. It may burn rapidly; vapors are heavier than air and may flash-back. Fire may produce toxic boron fumes.
- Under fire conditions cylinders may rupture violently and rocket (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS19624-22-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, CO2 OR FOAM ON MATERIAL ITSELF.
Some of these materials may react violently with water.
EXCEPTION: For Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite) UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, USE FLOODING AMOUNTS OF WATER for SMALL AND LARGE fires to stop the reaction. Smothering will not work for these materials, they do not need air to burn.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or DRY sand, EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS19624-22-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Flammable liquid. Pyrophoric, may ignite spontaneously on exposure to air. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Fires may reignite (NIOSH, 1991; (NFPA, 1991).

Reacts violently with halogenated extinguishing agents and water. DO NOT USE WATER (EPA, 1985).
If material is on fire or involved in a fire, do not extinguish unless flow can be stopped (EPA, 1985).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion by-products include boron fumes, irritants,and other toxic gases such as (NFPA, 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Decomposes at 150 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Pentaborane reacts violently with a broad range of materials (NFPA, 1991).

Pentaborane (impure) ignites immediately on contact with moist air (Bretherick, 1990; NIOSH , 1990; NFPA, 1991).
Forms impact-sensitive solutions containing carbonyl, ether, or ester functions; or halogens (ITI, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989)
Explosive reaction with oxygen (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials including halogenated hydrocarbons (EPA, 1985).
Incompatible with dimethyl sulfoxide (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
Thermally unstable (NFPA, 1991)
Runoff to sewer may create explosion hazard since vapors are heavier than air (NFPA, 1991).
Avoid direct sunlight and sources of ignition (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Pentaborane vapors may be fatal if inhaled. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gas.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Pentaborane reacts violently with a broad range of materials (NFPA, 1991)

Pentaborane (impure) ignites immediately on contact with air (Bretherick, 1990; NFPA, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
Forms impact-sensitive solutions in solvents containing carbonyl, ether, or ester functions; or halogens (ITI, 1988; Lewis, 1996)
Explosive reaction with oxygen (Lewis, 1996)
Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials including halogenated hydrocarbons (EPA, 1985; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Incompatible with dimethyl sulfoxide (Lewis, 1996)
Thermally unstable (NFPA, 1991)
Runoff to sewer may create explosion hazard since vapors are heavier than air (NFPA, 1991).
Avoid direct sunlight and sources of ignition (EPA, 1985).
Contact with water produces boric acid and explosive hydrogen gas (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1380 - Pentaborane

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.9 kilometers (0.6 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.3 kilometers (2.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 600 meters (1800 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 11 kilometers (6.9 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions for solids.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of 1/3 mile radius (AAR, 1987).

If material is leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS19624-22-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS19624-22-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Pentaborane
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.015
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.14
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.7
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS19624-22-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Pentaborane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3: Not recommended because of insufficient data

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Pentaborane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.56 ppm
mg/m3: 1.4 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.24 ppm
mg/m3: 0.62 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.14 ppm
mg/m3: 0.36 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.048 ppm
mg/m3: 0.12 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.028 ppm
mg/m3: 0.072 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Pentaborane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2.8 ppm
mg/m3: 7.2 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 1.2 ppm
mg/m3: 3.1 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.7 ppm
mg/m3: 1.8 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.24 ppm
mg/m3: 0.62 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.14 ppm
mg/m3: 0.36 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS19624-22-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leak with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Keep sparks, flames and other sources of ignition away (AAR, 1987).
Keep upwind (AAR, 1987).
Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard (AAR, 1987).
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary (AAR, 1987).
Keep material out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1987).
Treatment: Transfer into a dry plastic bag purged to inert gas in advance. Carry outdoors for incineration. After burning, sprinkle water in the residue for complete destruction (ITI, 1988).
Treatment: Mix with sand. Transfer to a bucket and take into open area. Spray dry butanol slowly. Spray water for complete destruction. Transfer into a large container. Neutralize with 6M hydrochloric acid, decant liquid and flush with great excess of water. Dispose of residual sand (ITI, 1988).
Treatment: Alternatively, the material can be burned in an open pit or iron pan. Utmost care should be taken (ITI, 1988).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- EXCEPTION: For spills of Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite), UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, dissolve in 5 parts water and collect for proper disposal.
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution and/or present an explosion hazard (AAR, 1987; (NFPA, 1991).

No criteria set for permissible concentrations in water (Sittig, 1985)

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

63.13 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Colorless liquid with strong, pungent, foul odor of sour milk (EPA, 1985; NFPA, 1991)

VAPOR PRESSURE

66 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

171 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1991)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.61 (EPA, 1985; NFPA, 1991)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.61 (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-46.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

60 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

Ignites spontaneously in air (Budavari, 1989)

30 degrees C; 86 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

35 degrees C; 95 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.42% (EPA, 1985)

UPPER

98% (EPA, 1985)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Not soluble in water (NFPA, 1991).

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PENTABORANE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents