PCB-PBB

11097-69-1(Aroclor 1254)
53469-21-9(Aroclor 1242 (Chlorodiphenyl))
67774-32-7(Polybrominated biphenyl mixture)
59536-65-1(Biphenyl, hexabromo (technical grade) )
1336-36-3(PCB)

UN/NA NUMBER

2315-Articles containing Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
2315-PCB
2315-Polychlorinated biphenyls
2315-Polychlorinated biphenyls, liquid
2315-Polychlorinated biphenyls, solid
3432-Polychlorinated biphenyls, solid

MOLECULAR FORMULA

PCBs
- C12H10-nCln
PBBs
- C12H10-nBrn

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

171-SUBSTANCES (LOW TO MODERATE HAZARD)(for UN/NA Numbers2315and3432)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS , 1999; HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 1999; RTECS , 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

PCB - As a result of their excellent electrical insulating properties, PCBs found their largest application to be in electrical equipment, including electrical transformers and capacitors. They have also been used in hydraulic fluids and lubricants, gas-transmission turbines, petroleum additives, heat transfer fluids, carbonless copy paper, pesticide extenders, dedusting agents, fire retardants, and plasticizers (Budavari, 1996; Freeman, 1989).
PBB - PBBs have been used as flame retardants, mainly in plastics requiring high heat resistance. When PBBs are added to the mixing process to make various plastics, the finished products have none of the potentially hazardous characteristics of the original materials. Thus no hazard is posed to persons handling, fabricating, and assembling such PBB-containing products. "Only very high heat may release decomposition products, which may be entirely different compounds" (Zenz, 1994).
Others have reported that individuals especially at risk for PCB-PBB poisoning include: electricians, appliance service workers, utility workers, and firefighters (Letz, 1983).

FORMS

PCBs are a group of 209 synthetic organic compounds. They are light (colorless or straw-colored) to dark brown oils/liquids with typical chlorinated aromatic odors (42%-chlorodiphenyl is a mobile liquid, and 54%-chlorodiphenyl is a viscous liquid). They may also be sticky resinous semi-solids. Volatility increases significantly with small increases in temperature. Chemically they are described as biphenyls with 1 to 10 substituted chlorine atoms. Most widely used PCBs are 42%-chlorodiphenyl (containing 3 chlorine atoms in unassigned positions) and 54%-chlorodiphenyl (containing 5 chlorine atoms in unassigned positions) (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991). The higher the chlorine content of the biphenyl compound, the more toxic it can be. Oxides are more toxic than the un-oxidized materials (Lewis, 1996). The extent of chlorination affects the resistance to temperature, high chemical stability, and electrical resistance (Raffle, 1994).
Since the PCBs development in the 1930s, more than 886 million pounds have been produced and disposed of in relatively uncontrolled ways (Schardein, 1993). New use or further sale was banned in the US in 1979 (Lewis, 1998).
PCBs are resistant to biodegradation and are chemically stable; thus, the potential environmental risks may be present for a long time. Low water solubility helps prevent high concentrations of PCBs from forming in drinking water supplies (Eschenroeder et al, 1986).
Commercial PCB mixtures have been shown to contain other classes of toxic chlorinated derivative, such as chlorinated naphthalenes and chlorinated dibenzofurans (Sittig, 1991).

PBBs are a group of 209 synthetic organic compounds. They are white solids with no distinct odor. Chemically they are described as biphenyls with 1 to 10 substituted bromine atoms (Harbison, 1998).
The commercial production of PBB in the United States was discontinued voluntarily by 1977. In 1988, the EPA established manufacturing control over PBBs by applying the "Significant New Use Rule" for domestic use, which identified "any use" of PBBs as a significant new use. This amounts to a de facto ban on manufacture of PBBs for domestic use (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SOURCES

PCB - It has been estimated that each year some 10 million pounds of PCBs escape into the environment, mainly through dumping, vaporization, spills, and leaks (Schardein, 1993). Workers may still be exposed when performing remediation or other hazardous waste activities (Harbison, 1998). Occupational exposure to PCB has also been documented in transformer fires when firefighters have been at risk, and from leaks from capacitors and transformers while being stored, repaired, maintained, or transported (Raffle, 1994).
PCBs are prepared when biphenyl is chlorinated by anhydrous chlorine, with iron fillings or ferric chloride acting as a catalyst for this reaction. The time of contact (12-36 hours) between the biphenyl and anhydrous chlorine determines the degree of chlorination of the products (HSDB , 1999).
Pigments/inks such as dairylide yellow, benzidine yellow, and phthalocyanine blues and greens (non-Cl, CP, AP approved) may contain PCBs (McMann, 1984).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Aroclors are commercially produced polychlorinated biphenyls and are characterized by four digits. Whether the mixture is composed of biphenyls (12), triphenyls (54), or both (25, 44) is indicated by the first two digits, while the weight percent of chlorine is indicated by the last two digits (e.g., Aroclor 1254 contains biphenyls with approximately 54 percent chlorine) (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

PCBs have low acute toxicity, but because they accumulate in the environment and in animal and human tissues, the potential for chronic or delayed toxicity is significant.

DERMAL EFFECTS - In humans, dermal effects include chloracne, simple erythematous eruptions with pruritus, acute eczematous contact dermatitis, burning sensation and edema of the face and hands, thickening of the skin, pigmentation of skin and nails, excessive eye discharge, swelling of eyelids, and distinctive hair follicles.

LIVER EFFECTS - In persons with systemic intoxication, usual signs and symptoms are nausea, vomiting, weight loss, jaundice, edema, and abdominal pain.

NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS - Headache, dizziness, depression, and nervousness may occur. Muscle and joint pain have been observed.

GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS - Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported following acute and chronic exposures.

FETOTOXIC EFFECTS - Fetotoxic effects have been reported following maternal exposure in both humans and experimental animals.

TOXIC DERIVATIVES - At 1112 to 1202 degrees F, polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans can be formed. Signs and symptoms of exposure to these derivatives may include lymphoid depletion, thymic atrophy, liver damage, hemorrhage, and chloracne.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation of material may be harmful.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Inhalation of Asbestos dust may have a damaging effect on the lungs.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Some liquids produce vapors that may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY -

In almost all cases, ingestions of PCBs or PBBs will not be recognized until long after gastric decontamination would be of any value. Vomiting of the pure substance may cause aspiration, so emesis would be contraindicated.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Skin, eyes, liver, and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Most polychlorinated biphenyl exposures are environmental or occupational with delayed signs or symptoms being the first indications that an intoxication has occurred. There are no specific, only supportive, treatments.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

Post-contamination washing cannot be assumed to remove polychlorinated biphenyls. In animal studies only 59% of applied polychlorinated biphenyls were removed from the skin with immediate washings with water and acetone, and only 1% was removed by washing 24 hours after exposure. Multiple soap and water washings are necessary (Wester et al, 1983).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

EMESIS - In almost all cases, ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls will not be recognized until long after emesis would be of any value. Do not induce emesis.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL - The value of administering activated charcoal for an acute, known ingestion is unknown. Activated charcoal is a fairly benign treatment, and therefore, should be tried.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
There is little specific treatment. Patients should be monitored for increased hepatic enzymes, chloracne, and the nonspecific eye, gastrointestinal, and neurologic symptoms seen in the Yusho poisonings.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
CARCINOGENICITY - Polychlorinated biphenyls are classified as Group 2A carcinogens. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), there is Human Limited Evidence and Animal Sufficient Evidence to term polychlorinated biphenyls carcinogenic (Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 1999).
Even though there are no reported deaths of humans due to a single ingestion, experiments in animals suggest that ingestion of 6 to 10 fluid ounces can cause death to a 150 pound adult (Sittig, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The estimated minimal oral intake per day for normal US citizens is 200 micrograms/kilogram of body weight. It is estimated that 36 percent of the population has levels of 1 to 2 milligrams/kilogram (wet weight of PCB in adipose tissue) (Deichmann, 1981). Symptoms are expected after a minimum oral intake of 500 milligrams.
In the Yusho experience, the average Japanese intake was 72.4 micrograms/day (Deichmann, 1981). The attack rate for those who ingested a total of less than 720 milliliters of oil was 88 percent, and was 100 percent when over 720 milliliters was ingested. The average PCB contamination of the oil was 2,000 to 3,000 ppm (this is equivalent to 1,800 milligrams for 720 milliliters of oil) (Kuratsune et al, 1972).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS11097-69-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Aroclor 1254
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Chlorinated biphenyls (technical products)

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS53469-21-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine)
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine)

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Chlorinated biphenyls (technical products)

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS67774-32-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS59536-65-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6]

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1336-36-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-5) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 2.0 per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 1x10(-1) per mg/m3
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

Oral:

Slope Factor: 1.0per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

Oral:

Slope Factor: 4x10(-1) per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 1x10(-2) per mg/L

Oral:

Slope Factor: 3x10(-1) per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

Oral:

Slope Factor: 7x10(-2) per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

Oral:

Slope Factor: 4x10(-2) per mg/kg-day (This represents multiple discrete slope factors for this substance.)
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

FIREMASTER BP-6: References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
FIREMASTER FF-1: References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000 HSDB, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS11097-69-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; liver dam; chloracne
Molecular Weight: 328.4

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS53469-21-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam; eye irr; chloracne
Molecular Weight: 266.5

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS67774-32-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS59536-65-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1336-36-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS11097-69-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS53469-21-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS67774-32-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS59536-65-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1336-36-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS11097-69-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
REL:

TWA: 0.001 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A; [*Note: The REL also applies to other PCBs.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS53469-21-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine)
REL:

TWA: 0.001 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A; [*Note: The REL also applies to other PCBs.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS67774-32-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS59536-65-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1336-36-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) (PCB)
Table Z-1 for Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) (PCB):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) (PCB)
Table Z-1 for Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) (PCB):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Aroclor 1254
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Aroclor 1242
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: PCBs
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Aroclors
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS11097-69-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS53469-21-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS67774-32-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS59536-65-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1336-36-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30:
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28: 10

See 40 CFR 372.28: Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern

Listed as: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS11097-69-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS53469-21-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS67774-32-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS59536-65-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1336-36-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as PCBs
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Polychlorinated biphenyls
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS11097-69-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromo-

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS53469-21-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromo-

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS67774-32-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromo-

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS59536-65-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromo-

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1336-36-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,1'-Biphenyl, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromo-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2315 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Polychlorinated biphenyls, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2315
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 9, 81, 140, IB3, T4, TP1

9: Packaging for certain PCBs for disposal and storage is prescribed by EPA in 40 CFR 761.60 and 761.65.
81: Polychlorinated biphenyl items, as defined in 40 CFR 761.3, for which specification packagings are impractical, may be packaged in non-specification packagings meeting the general packaging requirements of subparts A and B of part 173 of this subchapter. Alternatively, the item itself may be used as a packaging if it meets the general packaging requirements of subparts A and B of part 173 of this subchapter.
140: This material is regulated only when it meets the defining criteria for a hazardous substance or a marine pollutant. In addition, the column 5 reference is modified to read "III" on those occasions when this material is offered for transportation or transported by highway or rail.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 155
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 95

95: Stow "separated from" foodstuffs.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3432 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Polychlorinated biphenyls, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3432
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 9, 81, 140, IB8, T3, TP33

9: Packaging for certain PCBs for disposal and storage is prescribed by EPA in 40 CFR 761.60 and 761.65.
81: Polychlorinated biphenyl items, as defined in 40 CFR 761.3, for which specification packagings are impractical, may be packaged in non-specification packagings meeting the general packaging requirements of subparts A and B of part 173 of this subchapter. Alternatively, the item itself may be used as a packaging if it meets the general packaging requirements of subparts A and B of part 173 of this subchapter.
140: This material is regulated only when it meets the defining criteria for a hazardous substance or a marine pollutant. In addition, the column 5 reference is modified to read "III" on those occasions when this material is offered for transportation or transported by highway or rail.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 155
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 95

95: Stow "separated from" foodstuffs.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2315 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Polychlorinated biphenyls, liquid
UN Number: 2315
Proper Shipping Name: Polychlorinated biphenyls, solid
UN Number: 2315

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3432 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS11097-69-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS53469-21-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS67774-32-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS59536-65-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1336-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

All precautions for handling carcinogens should be observed when working with polychlorinated biphenyls (HSDB , 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Polychlorinated biphenyls should be stored in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

A cool, dry, and well-ventilated location is necessary for the storage of polychlorinated biphenyls (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Polychlorinated biphenyls are incompatible with strong acids or oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Suitable clothing for preventing contact with polychlorinated biphenyls includes boots, overshoes, long-sleeved overalls, gloves, and bib-type aprons that cover the tops of boots (HSDB , 1999).

"Respirators should be used in areas with PCB vapors and during installation and repair of containers and emergency activities" (HSDB , 1999).

The equipment used for protection from polychlorinated biphenyls should prevent any possibility of skin or eye contact with the spilled product (Henry, 1989).

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS for hand protection (CCOHS, 1989):

Select a material and style of glove that adequately protects hands from hazard.
Review Chemical Manufacturer's MSDS or Label, glove manufacturer's information, and regulatory/advisory agency sources to determine the protective ability of the glove.
Inspect and test gloves for defects before using.
Follow manufacturer's instructions for glove care and maintenance.
Check gloves for proper fit.
Wash off all chemical protective gloves with water before removing them.
Evaluate material resistance under conditions of use. Variations between products may affect resistance.
Maintain gloves carefully.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

To prevent eye exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, safety glasses with side shields should be worn (HSDB , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 11097-69-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >3.6
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 36
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.2
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.04
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.2
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 192
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Plastic Laminate

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 53469-21-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 67774-32-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 59536-65-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1336-36-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 2

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Neoprene+NatR

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Some may be transported hot.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS11097-69-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS53469-21-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS67774-32-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS59536-65-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1336-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not scatter spilled material with high pressure water streams.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS11097-69-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS53469-21-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS67774-32-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS59536-65-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1336-36-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Dry chemical, water spray, carbon dioxide, or regular foam should be used to extinguish small fires involving polychlorinated biphenyls. For large fires, use fog, water spray, or regular foam. The use of high pressure water streams is not recommended as this is likely to scatter the spilled material (HSDB , 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Highly toxic fumes of chlorides are released when polychlorinated biphenyls are heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
Corrosive, irritating, and corrosive gases may be produced in fires involving polychlorinated biphenyls (HSDB , 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If heated or involved in a fire, some polychlorinated biphenyls may polymerize explosively (HSDB , 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Even at low concentrations, vapors from polychlorinated biphenyls can cause severe irritation of eyes and throat, resulting in injury to lungs and eyes (CHRIS , 1999).

Highly toxic fumes of chlorides are released when polychlorinated biphenyls are heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Corrosive and irritating chlorine or bromine gases may be produced if PCBs or PBBs are subjected to degradation (HSDB , 2000).

PCBs are thermally stable and resistant to mild oxidizers, acids, and bases (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Highly toxic PCB derivatives, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, can be formed when PCBs are exposed to temperatures of 1112 to 1202 degrees F (NFPA, 1997).

If heated or involved in a fire, some polychlorinated biphenyls may polymerize explosively (HSDB , 2000).

PCBs are incompatible with strong oxidizers and acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

PBBs are very resistant to fire, but compounds such as hexabromobiphenyl can be degraded by UV light exposure (HSDB , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171(ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS11097-69-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS53469-21-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS67774-32-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS59536-65-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1336-36-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS11097-69-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) (Chlorodiphenyl (54% Cl))
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 35
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 250
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS53469-21-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1242) (Chlorodiphenyl (42% Cl))
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS67774-32-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS59536-65-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1336-36-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor, PCBs)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.04
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.125
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.75
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS11097-69-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS53469-21-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS67774-32-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS59536-65-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1336-36-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS11097-69-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS53469-21-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS67774-32-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS59536-65-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1336-36-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent dust cloud.
- Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Absorb the spill in a noncombustible material prior to disposal (NFPA, 1997).
Vermiculite, dry sand, or earth can be used to absorb liquid spills before depositing the waste in sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).
To contain liquid or solid material containing polychlorinated biphenyls, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area (AAR, 1996).
Use soil, foamed polyurethane, foamed concrete, or sand bags to dike the surface flow. Cement powder, fly ash, or commercial solvents can then be used to absorb the bulk liquids (AAR, 1996).
If polychlorinated biphenyls are spilled in water, add sodium sulfate to the spill and use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to prevent the spill from traveling. Suction hoses can then be used to remove the trapped material (AAR, 1996).
If spilled into air, water spray or mist should be applied to knock down the vapors (AAR, 1996).
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment of burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1999)
Disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls is regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. Regulations implementing the requirements of TSCA are found at 40 CFR Part 761. In addition, for certain wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyls, the land disposal requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act may apply (40 CFR Part 268) (Freeman, 1989).
- Waste oil (including fuel, motor, gear, cutting, transmission, hydraulic and dielectric oil) is strictly regulated if it contains any detectable concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls. These waste oils cannot be used as a sealant, coating, dust-control agent, pesticide/herbicide carrier or rust preventative (Freeman, 1989).
- Approved polychlorinated biphenyl disposal methods include: incineration, high-efficiency boilers, thermal desorption, landfills, and EPA-approved alternative disposal methods. Each disposal method has various criteria which must be met to be acceptable under current regulations (Freeman, 1989).
Various techniques have been tested in laboratory or field studies for the destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls. These techniques include: solvent extraction, including supercritical carbon dioxide extraction; dehalogenation; oceanic incineration; wet oxidation; supercritical-water oxidation; plasma-arc system using a pyrolysis process for liquid waste destruction; and mobile thermal treatment systems (Freeman, 1989).
Polychlorinated biphenyls will sink to the bottom of streams or ponds and will dissolve only slightly (OHM/TADS , 1999).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Bacterial strains that could use aromatic compound as the sole carbon and energy source were tested for their potential to degrade Aroclor 1221, a technical mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in soils containing mixed cultures. In principle, complete mineralization of PCBs by the mixed cultures was possible. However, during the tests some strains produced a metabolite, 4-chlorobenzoate, which was toxic to the soil microcosm (Havel & Reineke, 1992).
An environment contaminated with organic cyanides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was the source for isolating a mixed microbial culture. The culture was capable of using acetonitrile as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, and biphenyls as the sole carbon source. The end products of degradation of these substrates were ammonia and benzoate. The results of this study suggest that mixed cultures are more effective in bioremediation of toxic chemicals than are pure cultures (Chapatwala et al, 1992).
Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a white rot fungus that has the ability to degrade various chlorinated biphenyls. Radiolabeled biphenyls were added to cultures of this fungus in concentrations of 260 nM to 8.8 mcM and evaluated after 30 days. The results showed 40 to 60% of the recovered radioactivity was in water-soluble compounds. The overall results suggest that P. chrysosporium is a potential organism for treatment of lightly and moderately chlorinated PCBs in wastewater (Thomas et al, 1992).
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dechlorinating microorganism was isolated from PCB-contaminated sediments from the Upper Hudson River, N.Y. The isolate was enriched using pyruvate as the electron donor and dechlorination of Aroclor 1242 as the electron acceptor. The results gave dechlorination mainly from the meta positions of the biphenyl molecule (Morris et al, 1992).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

In order to remove any chlorinated products, incineration at 3000 degrees F with scrubbing is the recommended disposal method (Sittig, 1991).
Polychlorinated biphenyls can be destroyed by incineration if the transit time is long enough. During incineration, hexachlorobenzene is formed; its rate of formation increases at high temperatures. In order for the hexachlorobenzene to be destroyed, a temperature of 950 degrees C is needed. This results in the formation of a residue less than 100 milligrams of hexachlorobenzene per kilogram. At 800 degrees C and a transit time of 2 seconds, a residue of about 1200 mg/kg remains (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
A solution of Aroclor 1254 was photodechlorinated to biphenyl (BP) in 30 minutes from an alkaline 2-propanol solution (1000 mg/L) at an ultraviolet wavelength of 254 nm. Only 25% conversion of this same solution occurred after 20 hours of solar radiation and no BP was formed. The photoreaction was completely quenched by oxygen and nitrobenzene. A free-radical chain reaction was suggested as the key intermediate in the dechlorination (Hawari et al, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

PCBs, along with lead and cadmium, were monitored at several distances from a road. The concentration of all these pollutants significantly decreased at about 20 meters distance from the road. The strong correlation in these data indicate that automotive traffic is the major source of roadside environmental pollution, for both metals and organic pollutants (Benfenati et al, 1992).

An environmental cycling process that involves volatilization from the ground surface into the atmosphere followed by removal from the atmosphere via wet/dry deposition and then revolatilization is the major source of polychlorinated biphenyl release to the environment (HSDB , 1999).

Other sources of release include illicit disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls, incineration of sewage sludge and municipal refuse, and release from landfills containing polychlorinated biphenyl wastes (HSDB , 1999).

Between 1930 and 1970, the cumulative input of polychlorinated biphenyls into the environment was estimated at 3 x 10(+4) tons for air, 6 x 10(+4) tons for water, and 3 x 10(+5) tons for landfills and dumps. Up to one-third of the polychlorinated biphenyls released to air and one-half of those released to water were likely degraded during that time (HSDB , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

During 1988 and 1989 air samples were collected at Sable Island off the coast of Scotland. The mean concentration of PCB and sum of 38 congeners was 52 pg/m(3). The results illustrate the importance of atmospheric transport in delivering contaminants to the Scotian Shelf (Bidleman et al, 1992).
As indicated by their vapor pressures and as shown by monitoring data, polychlorinated biphenyls exist in the atmosphere primarily in the vapor phase. The higher chlorinated mixtures are more likely to be associated with the particulate-adsorption phase since vapor pressure decreases as the degree of chlorination increases (HSDB , 1999).
Wet and dry deposition accomplishes physical removal of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere. Dry deposition occurs only for particulate-phase polychlorinated biphenyls. The importance of wet deposition is indicated by the worldwide polychlorinated biphenyl concentration in rain, which is estimated at 1 to 250 ng/L (HSDB , 1999).
The dominant transformation process in the atmosphere may be the vapor phase reaction of chlorinated biphenyls with hydroxyl radicals. As the degree of chlorination increases, the half-life for this reaction also increases, as is indicated by the estimated half-lives for monochlorobiphenyl (12.9 days) and heptachlorobiphenyl (1.31 years) (HSDB , 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- A laboratory study was done to evaluate the effect of base and acid additions to lake water on the availability of PCBs to aquatic organisms. A significant correlation was found between the bioavailability of PCBs and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the lake water. Lake water with low DOC responded with increased bioavailability with high base or acid, while both treatments lowered the availability of PCBs compared to untreated water. The results show that pH can effect the bioavailability of PCBs in aquatic systems and that the content of humus plays an important part in the level (Knulst, 1992).
- A major fate process for polychlorinated biphenyls in water is adsorption to sediments and organic matter. That polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations are higher in sediment and suspended matter than in the associated water column has been shown by monitoring and experimental data. The higher chlorinated mixtures will adsorb more strongly than the lower chlorinated mixtures (HSDB , 1999).
- Resolution of polychlorinated biphenyls into the water column occurs on an environmental level, despite immobilization for relatively long periods of time in the aquatic environment due to adsorption. This suggests that the polychlorinated biphenyls contained in aquatic sediments may act as an environmental sink for redistribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment (HSDB , 1999).
- Volatilization may be the major removal mechanism of polychlorinated biphenyls from lakes, as indicated by a study on Lake Michigan. Volatilization is significantly decreased by strong polychlorinated biphenyl adsorption to sediment, with higher chlorinated mixtures having longer half-lives than the lower chlorinated ones. Because of the persistence and stability of polychlorinated biphenyls, the total loss due to volatilization may be significant even though the rate of volatilization is low (HSDB , 1999).
- "Aquatic hydrolysis and oxidation are not important processes with respect to the polychlorinated biphenyls. Polychlorinated biphenyls have been shown to bio-concentrate significantly in aquatic organisms" (HSDB , 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Unless dissolved in oils, polychlorinated biphenyls are likely to be adsorbed extensively to finer particles in soil-water systems, making migration negligible (Dragun, 1988).
- Adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls to soil increases with the degree of chlorination; therefore, the higher chlorinated biphenyls show a lower tendency to leach than those that are chlorinated to a lesser degree. Although monochlorobiphenyls may have some low mobility in soil, polychlorinated biphenyls are not likely to significantly leach in aqueous soil systems (HSDB , 1999).
- Rapid leaching through soil may occur when polychlorinated biphenyls come into contact with organic solvents, which may be present at waste sites (HSDB , 1999).
- Despite the low volatilization rate, the total vapor loss of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil surfaces over time may be significant due to their persistence and stability in the environment (HSDB , 1999).

OTHER

OTHER
- Boiling or steaming blue crab tissue contaminated with PCBs caused loss of 80% of the PCBs into the cooking water (Zabik et al, 1992).
- The relative importance of environmental fate mechanisms is dependent upon the degree of chlorination since persistence is generally greater in the higher chlorinated congeners (HSDB , 1999).
- "Mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors 1221 and 1232) biodegrade relatively rapidly, tetrachlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors 1016 and 1242) biodegrade slowly, and higher polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1260) are resistant to biodegradation" (HSDB , 1999).
- Despite biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners occurring very slowly, this is likely to be the ultimate degradation process in water and soil systems, as no other degradation mechanisms have proven to be important (HSDB , 1999).
- As polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures are transported through the environment, the percentages of chlorine change with respect to time and location (HSDB , 1999).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

The concentrations of PCBs and chlorinated insecticides were determined in human adipose tissue at two sites in Poland during 1979 and 1990. Mean value of PCBs was about 1.35 mcg/g lipid weight. The results suggest that the Polish environment is still experiencing high contamination from agricultural and industrial activities (Tanabe et al, 1992).

FISH

Mean total concentrations of all PCBs in chinook salmon eggs from Lake Michigan was 7.02 mcg/g wet weight; levels of TCDD equivalents were proportional to total concentration of PCBs. Mortality of eggs and fry was not related to the concentration of total PCBs, TCDD equivalents, or individual PCB congeners (Williams & Giesy, 1992).
A study presented a life-cycle biomagnification model for the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish. The model included biotransformation, life stage, sex, and growth of the fish. Elimination of the PCBs was described with psuedo-first-order kinetics. Biotransformations occurred in both parents and guppies. The results suggest decachlorobiphenyl is probably eliminated via the offspring only (Sijm et al, 1992).
The concentration of PCBs and other pesticide residuals were determined in cod-liver oil samples. These samples were collected from the southern part of the Baltic during the years 1971 through 1989. Although there has been a general decline in these residues over these years the present levels are higher than in western Europe. The higher level is thought to be a result of the continuous input of these chemicals from eastern Europe and a slower clearance rate in the Baltic ecosystem (Kannan et al, 1992).
The reproductive process in English sole (Parophys vetulus) is disrupted, in early stages, by PCB contamination. Female sole exposed to high levels of contamination might be partially excluded from the spawning population (Collier et al, 1992).
A study was done to evaluate the contamination of sea star (Asterial rubens) by five cyclic organochlorine compounds, between December, 1988 and May, 1989. Different adsorption rates and accumulation among polychlorinated biphenyls congeners are explained by chlorine substitution patterns. The highest accumulation occurred with pentachloro- to heptachlorobiphenyls with adjacent substituted carbons(Knickmeyer et al, 1992).
Fish species in the rivers of an agriculturally and industrially developed area of Spain were measured to determine levels of organochlorine compounds (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and heptaclor epoxide). A clear geographical distribution of contamination was found with higher levels of the compounds located in the lower reaches of the rivers. PCBs were present in all analyzed samples while other analyzed compounds were present in more than 79% of the samples. While most observed levels fell within acceptable ranges for human consumption, biomagnification of the compounds may create a threat for sensitive species such as the otter (Lutra lutra) (Lopezmartin et al, 1995).

BIRDS

Over a 28-year period (1963 to 1990) in Britain, the residue levels of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) was monitored in the livers of five predatory bird species. The species included two raptors (sparrowhawks and kestrels) and three fish-eaters (herons, kingfishers, and great-crested grebes).
- Sparrowhawks contained higher levels of all the chemicals studied than did the kestrels.
- The herons and great-crested grebes contained the highest levels of PCBs and mercury.
- There was a significant downward trend in the residue levels over the study period that was attributed to restricted use of the these materials in agricultural and industrial applications (Newton et al, 1992).
PCB levels were measured in the eggs of wild bird species Larus ridibundus, Riparia riparia, Lanius collurio, and Carduelis chloris; the eggs were collected from four areas in Czechoslovakia. Results indicated that PCB levels were directly related to the species' position in the food chain. The herbivorous species, C. chloris, contained the lowest average PCB levels, while L. ridibundus, which feeds from food found in water and has the longest lifespan in which to accumulate PCBs, contained the highest average levels (Darolova & Breyl, 1994).
Eggs were collected from different colonies of double-crested cormorants and Caspian terns in the upper Great Lakes during 1988 and tested for content of organochlorine contaminants. Deformed embryos correlated with the pesticide contents. The pesticides measured were: dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Double-crested cormorants have a greater capacity to metabolize and degrade the contaminants than do the Caspian terns (Yamashita et al, 1992).
An in vitro bioassay system was used to evaluate the potency of PCB-containing extracts from double-crested cormorant eggs. The results of the assay showed a strong correlation with hatching success. This evidence suggests that, even though the overall concentration of PCBs is reduced, the potency of PCBs in the environment may play a role in its persistence in lowering the hatching success (Tillitt et al, 1992).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Pine needles (P sylvestris) were used to observe geographic and temporal patterns of atmospheric organic pollutants. Samples were collected in 1986; DDT was found in Germany, as a result of a 1984 spraying event; while polychlorinated biphenyls were ubiquitous, with particularly high levels in southern France (Jensen et al, 1992).

MAMMALS

Samples of adipose tissue were collected in northern Poland in 1987 to 1988, from swine, cows, sheep, rabbits, ducks, geese, turkeys, wild boar, roe deer and stags, and were analyzed for PCBs and other pesticides. All the samples contained detectable but low concentrations of PCBs. The mean values for PCB levels ranged from 9.2 to 47 mcg/kg (Falandysz & Kannan, 1992).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

An experimental study established the pharmacokinetic parameters and the rate-limiting process in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) uptake by Golden Shiners. C-14 labeled PCBs were used to monitor the process. The bioconcentration factor, K(b), was estimated to be 9059 ml water per gram fish, and the half-life of PCBs in solution with the fish to be 4.9 days (Karara & Mcfarland, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

LC50, Eisenia foetida, 30.4 mcg/cm(2) (sic)
LD50, Eisenia foetida, 2900 mcg/g dry mass
Method: 5-day filter paper contact exposure
Conclusion: The Eisenia foetida worm accumulated more PCB than the Lumbricus terrestris species and showed a higher LD50 and lower LC50 (Fitzpatrick et al, 1992).

Aquatic Toxicity (CHRIS , 1999):

TLm - BLUEGILL: 0.278 ppm for 96H -- freshwater
TLm - PINFISH: 0.005 for 336-1080H -- salt water

Waterfowl Toxicity (CHRIS , 1999):

LD50, Mallard duck, 2000 ppm

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

291.98-360.86 (HSDB , 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

PCBs are generally present as colorless to yellow mobile oily liquids, yellow to black noncrystalline resins, or white to yellow crystals (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997). The odor of polychlorinated biphenyls ranges from practically odorless to a mild aromatic odor (HSDB , 2000).

Aroclor 1242 is a mobile liquid (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Aroclor 1254 is a viscous liquid (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Hexabromobiphenyl is a white solid (HSDB , 2000).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

Aroclor 1254: 7.7x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

Hexabromobiphenyl: 7.6x10(-5) mmHg (at 90 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
Aroclor 1242: 1.381 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
Aroclor 1242: 1.381-1.392 (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

Aroclor 1242: 1.392 (at 15.5/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
Aroclor 1254: 1.495 (at 65/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
Aroclor 1254: 1.505 (at 15.5/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
Aroclor 1254: 1.495-1.505 (at 65/15.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

Hexabromobiphenyl: 72 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)

BOILING POINT

Aroclor 1254: 365-390 degrees C (HSDB , 1999)

FLASH POINT

Aroclor 1254: No open cup flash point to boiling (Budavari, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

- No information found at the time of this review.

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Aroclor 1242 (HSDB , 2000):

703 ppb
240 mcg/L (at 25 degrees C)

Aroclor 1254 (HSDB , 2000):

70 ppb
12 mcg/L (at 25 degrees C)
0.01 ppm

Hexabromobiphenyl (HSDB , 2000):

11 mcg/kg (Insoluble)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

PCBs are soluble in organic solvents and oils (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; HSDB , 2000).
Hexabromobiphenyl (HSDB , 2000):

6g/100g of acetone
75g/100g of benzene

OTHER

PCBs are soluble in lipids and only slightly soluble in glycerol and glycols (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Aroclor 1242: Log Kow = 4.11 (HSDB , 1999)

Aroclor 1254: Log Kow = 6.30 (estimated) (HSDB , 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

Experimental data for Henry's law constants (H) were determined for seven chlorobenzenes, three polychlorinated biphenyls and six polycyclic aromatic compounds. The results showed good agreement with theory and available literature data; a doubling of H occurred for every 10 degrees C temperature increase (Tenhulscher et al, 1992).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

Aroclor 1242: 1.627-1.629 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
Aroclor 1254: 1.639-1.641 (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

VISCOSITY

Aroclor 1242: 82-92 Saybolt S (at 37.8 degrees C); 49-56 Saybolt S (at 54.4 degrees C); 34-35 Saybolt S (at 98.9 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
Aroclor 1254: 1800-2500 Saybolt S (at 37.8 degrees C); 260-340 Saybolt S (at 54.4 degrees C); 44-48 Saybolt S (at 98.9 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents