PARADICHLOROBENZENE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4941128

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C6-H4-Cl2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1993; NIOSH , 1990; RTECS , 1993)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

It is used as an insecticidal fumigant (popular for domestic use against clothes moths), disinfectant, toilet and diaper pail deodorizer, and chemical intermediate (Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1991).

FORMS

p-Dichlorobenzene exists as volatile crystals with a characteristic penetrating odor: Monoclinic form (alpha modification); triclinic form (beta modification) (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Paradichlorobenzene is used as a deodorizer, moth repellant, disinfectant, and fumigant. There are rare reports of chronic paradichlorobenzene abuse, either by inhalation or ingestion.

TOXICOLOGY: Small amounts are converted to epoxide intermediates which are related to halobenzenes which can cause necrosis.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Common unintentional exposure in children usually does not cause toxicity. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, there were no deaths or serious toxicity reported during the 10 year observation period. Intentional misuse (by inhalation or ingestion) and addiction to paradichlorobenzene is rare but has been reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Most inadvertent ingestions are asymptomatic. Inhalation can cause nausea, headache and vomiting. It can also cause irritation to the eyes and nose.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, and methemoglobinemia have rarely been reported after large ingestions. CNS depression can occur after inhalation of very high concentrations. Chronic exposure can cause hepatotoxicity. In severe cases, cirrhosis, dizziness, headache, facial twitching, vomiting, and weight loss can occur. Chronic abuse has caused leukoencephalopathy characterized by ataxia, dysarthria, weakness, and impaired cognitive abilities.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Most patients with unintentional ingestions do not require gastrointestinal decontamination. GI decontamination is not indicated unless large amounts are ingested.
Adults have tolerated ingestions of up to 20 grams without serious sequelae. In one case report, a child ingested 5 grams and did well.
Ingestion of p-dichlorobenzene causes nausea and vomiting which may result in self-decontamination. In addition, unintentional exposures do not cause life-threatening toxicity.
Less toxic p-dichlorobenzene has replaced naphthalene as the active ingredient in mothballs. If one is unable to differentiate a naphthalene compound from p-dichlorobenzene, and if the patient is symptomatic, then consider giving activated charcoal.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Activated charcoal, although not studied for PCDB, may be reasonable for large, intentional ingestions.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Although the sporadic reports of toxicity involve mostly chronic exposure, gastrointestinal decontamination is indicated when greater than 5 g or 1 mothball has been ingested.
Carefully examine patients with chemical exposure before administering ipecac to induce emesis. If signs of oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal irritation, a depressed gag reflex, or central nervous system excitation or depression are present, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Avoid milk, oil and fatty foods for 2 hours.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Inhalation of 50 ppm or greater may cause irritation to eyes, throat, and skin.

Toxic oral dose is unknown. Unintentional ingestions of up to 5 grams (or one mothball) in children and up to 20 grams in adults are generally well tolerated (Galbo, 2007).

ANIMAL DATA

NON-TOXIC EFFECT: Dogs given 1.5 grams/kilogram of PDB did not develop toxic effects (Sollman, 1919).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS106-46-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: para-Dichlorobenzene

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: 1,4 Dichlorobenzene

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-Dichlorobenzene)

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 8x10(-1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1993
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS106-46-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

p-Dichlorobenzene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye irr; kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 147.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS106-46-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS106-46-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 150 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
Table Z-1 for p-Dichlorobenzene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 75

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 450

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (D027)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-
P or U series number: U072
Footnote:
Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
P or U series number: U072
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS106-46-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS106-46-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Dichlorobenzene (meta-; para-)
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS106-46-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS106-46-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Protect against physical damage (HSDB , 1993).
Outside or detached storage is preferable (HSDB , 1993).
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet (HSDB , 1993).
Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, and away from areas of high fire hazard (HSDB , 1993).
These storage areas should be periodically inspected (HSDB , 1993).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from oxidizing materials (HSDB , 1993).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 106-46-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
p-Dichlorobenzene is a dangerous fire hazard; it is flammable when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 1992).
It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS106-46-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS106-46-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dichlorobenzene
Extinguishing Method(s): 3

3: "Water may be used to blanket fire" applies when the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.1 or greater, or is not water-soluble. In this case, water can be gently applied in a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

To fight fire, use water, foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical (Lewis, 1992).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, p-dichlorobenzene emits toxic fumes of chlorides (Lewis, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, p-dichlorobenzene emits toxic fumes of chlorides (Lewis, 1992).

p-Dichlorobenzene vapor is an irritant of the eyes and upper respiratory tract (Hathaway et al, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

p-Dichlorobenzene is incompatible with oxidizers (NIOSH , 1990).

When heated to decomposition, p-dichlorobenzene emits toxic fumes of chlorides (Lewis, 1992).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS106-46-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS106-46-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichlorobenzene, p-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 150
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS106-46-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS106-46-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 150 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1993).
Wet oxidation has been proven to be effective in treating a variety of hazardous wastes. The most resistant compounds are the halogenated aromatics. For example, mono- and dichlorobenzene were reported about 70% destroyed, compared to better than 99% for a wide variety of other compounds. Wastes containing halogenated aromatic compounds, eg, dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs, require extremely high temperatures (greater than 608 degrees F) and gauge pressures of 20,700 kPa (3002.28 psi) for effective treatment by wet oxidation (Freeman, 1989).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
- If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
p-Dichlorobenzene is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration, rotary kiln incineration, and fluidized bed incineration (HSDB , 1993).
Activated carbon and air stripping are potential wastewater treatment technologies for p-dichlorobenzene (HSDB , 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The major environmental source of p-dichlorobenzene emissions is volatilization from use in toilet bowl deodorants, garbage deodorants and moth flakes. Other environmental sources come from its production and application as an insecticide (fruit borers, ants), germicide, and use as an intermediate in chemical manufacturing (e.g., 2,5-dichloroaniline, dyes, pharmaceuticals, insecticides) (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, p-dichlorobenzene predominantly exists in the vapor-phase. Its estimated half-life in air is 50 days, based on its vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- p-Dichlorobenzene typically volatilizes from water surfaces, given its Henry's Law constant of 2.7 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole at 20 degrees C. Its estimated half-life is 4 hours in a model river (1 m deep, 1 m/sec flow rate, 3 m/sec wind velocity) and 120 hours in a model lake (1 m deep, 0.05 m/sec flow rate, 0.5 m/sec wind velocity) (HSDB, 2004).
- p-Dichlorobenzene generally adsorbs to suspended sediments and solids in water. Its measured log organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) in sediment is 4.8 (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- According to experimental adsorption data, p-dichlorobenzene is low to moderately mobile in soil. Measured organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values in soil range from 273 to 390 (log Koc of 3.22). p-Dichlorobenzene commonly volatilizes from moist and dry soil surfaces given its vapor pressure of 1.7 mm Hg at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
- Reported Koc values range from 280 for Dormant soil (1.2% organic carbon), to 665 for Apison soil (0.11% organic carbon), to 850 for Fullerton soil (0.06% organic carbon) (Verschueren, 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

p-Dichlorobenzene primarily exists in vapor form in the atmosphere, where it reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 50 days). Volatilization is an important environmental fate process from water and soil (moist and dry) surfaces. Estimated aqueous half-lives for p-dichlorobenzene are 4 hours in a model river and 120 hours in a model lake. p-Dichlorobenzene largely adsorbs to suspended sediments and solids in water and is low to moderately mobile in soil (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

p-Dichlorobenzene biodegradation in soils, water, and sediment is slow with half-lives of 1 year or more in these media (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Oligochaete worms (Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) had a worm/sediment accumulation factor of 0.2 after 79 days at 8 degrees C (initial sediment concentration of 0.37 mg/kg) (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for p-dichlorobenzene range from 60 to 720 in fish. Its bioconcentration potential in aquatic organisms is judged moderate to high (HSDB, 2004).
Atlantic croakers: 8,130 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Bacteria (Sidero capsa treubii): 20 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Blue catfish: 3,200 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Blue crabs: 33,900 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): 60 (BCF) -- 14 D exposure to 10.1 mcg/L; tissue half-life <1D(Verschueren, 2001)
Bluegill sunfish: 60 (BCF) -- 28 D in continuous flow system (HSDB, 2004)
Fathead minnow: 112 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Guppy: 91 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata): 1,800 (BCF, lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Mosquito fish: 78 (mean BCF) -- 1-4D exposure to 57-233 mcg/L (HSDB, 2004)
Rainbow trout: 400 to 9,100 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001). Also: 370-720 (mean BCF) -- up to 119D exposure in laboratory aquarium (HSDB, 2004)
Spotted sea trout: 12,300 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Trout (Salmo gairdneri): 214 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

In an in-vitro yeast estrogen screen (YES) for detection of xenoestrogenic compounds (B-galactosidase), p-dichlorobenzene showed a significant dose-dependent response. Test results from a 14-day in-vivo vitellogenin assay using zebrafish (Danio rerio) suggest p-dichlorobenzene may exert estrogenic effects, but only at extremely high toxicant concentrations that do not occur in the natural environment (Versonnen et al, 2003).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

MICROORGANISMS

EC0 - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas fluorescens): 500 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - BACTERIA: 15 mg/L for 24H -- primary municipal sludge (ETAD fermentation tube method)(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA: >10,000 mg/L for 3H -- inhibition of A.S. oxygen consumption (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA: >80 mg/L -- OECD 209 closed system (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - BACTERIA (aerobic heterotrophs): 330 mg/L for 15H -- inhibition of respiration (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - BACTERIA (methanogenic): 86 mg/L for 48H -- inhibition of gas production (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - BACTERIA (Nitrosomonas spp.): 86 mg/L for 24H --inhibition of N-oxidation. (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 4.3 mg/L for 5 min (Verschueren, 2001)

ALGAE

EC10 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus subspicatus): 13 and 16 mg/L for 48H -- growth rate(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus subspicatus): 28 and 38 mg/L for 48H -- biomass (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus pannonicus): 31 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)

PLANTS

EC50 - LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa Ravel R2): 0.21 mg/kg in soil for 7D (static test); 5.1 mg/kg soil for 16-21D (semi-static test) (Verschueren, 2001)

INVERTEBRATES

EC0 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 1.5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 3.2 mg/L for 24H; 0.7 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 2.2 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - EARTHWORMS (Eisenia andrei): 12-347 mcg/L in soil pore water for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - EARTHWORMS (Lumbricus rubellus): 178-1,556 mcg/L in soil pore water for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 69 mg/L for 96H; 129 mg/L for 48H (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 0.5 mg/L for 21D (Verschueren, 2001)

INSECTS

LC0 - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius): 9.4 mg/L for 48H -- 3rd instar larvae (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius): 12 mg/L for 48H -- 3rd instar larvae (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius): 16 mg/L for 48H -- 3rd instar larvae (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius): 0.94 mg/L for 48H -- 3rd instar larvae (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - MIDGE (Chironomus riparius): 9.4 mg/L for 48H -- 3rd instar larvae (Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC0 - CARP (Leuciscus idus): 50 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 4.54 mg/L for 24H; 4.3 mg/L for 48H; 4.25 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 35 mg/L for 24H; 34 mg/L for 48H; 34 mg/L for 96H. Other study: 3.6-14.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FLAGFISH (Jordanella floridae): 2.1 and 4.5 mg/L for 96H; >0.84 mg/L for 96H (egg hatchability); 0.26 mg/L for 96H (10D larval survival); >0.35 mg/L for 96H (28D fry survival and fry growth) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 4 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 7.5-10 mg/L for 24H; 7.17 mg/L for 48H; 7.4 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio): 22.2 mg/L (mean) for 96H (95% confidence interval = 17.6-28.0) for 96H -- static bioassay, aerated tanks with carbon-filtered tap water(pH 7.8; 350 mg CaCO3/L; 24 degrees C). Adult (9-month old) fish: length 4.3 +/- 0.2 cm, weight: 0.8 +/- 0.2 g (Versonnen et al, 2003)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 2.1 mg/L for 96H; 4.8 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 5.6 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 0.44 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

147.00

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

ODOR:

Characteristic, penetrating (Budavari, 1996)
Penetrating, camphoraceous (ACGIH, 1991)

COLOR:

Colorless or white crystals or solid (HSDB, 2005; Hathaway et al, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
White (Lewis, 1992)

p-Dichlorobenzene exists as volatile crystals with a characteristic penetrating odor: Monoclinic form (alpha modification); triclinic form (beta modification) (Budavari, 1996).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at 54.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)

0.64 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

1.74 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (experimentally derived) (HSDB, 2005)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.4581 at 20.5/4 degrees C (Lewis, 1992)
1.458 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2005)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.248 g/cm(3) (at 55 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
1.2475 g/mL (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

VAPOR DENSITY

5.08 (HSDB, 2005)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

52.7 degrees C (HSDB, 2005)
53.5 degrees C (alpha modification) (Budavari, 1996)
54 degrees C (beta modification) (Budavari, 1996)
Sublimes at ordinary temperatures (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

174 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2005)

174.12 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

174.2 degrees C; 345.6 degrees F; 447.4 K (CHRIS, 2005)

FLASH POINT

65.56 degrees C (150 degrees F) (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2005; HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991)

165 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS, 2005)

54 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

- No information found at the time of this review.

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

It is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996).
65.3 mg/L at 25 degrees C (HSDB , 1993)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroform, and ether (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

15-30 ppm (CHRIS, 2005)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Friedman BJ, Carlos CA, Richardson V, et al: A fatal case of mothball intoxication presenting with refractory pruritus and ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148(3):404-405.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents