OXYGEN

MEDICAL USES: As a supply of respiratory oxygen.
AVIATION/SPACECRAFT/SUBMARINES: As a supply of breathing oxygen.
INDUSTRIAL USES: In gas welding; oxygen cutting of metals, rock, concrete, etc; flame scarfing; metallization; in iron and steel production; for gasification of solid fuel; as a blasting agent; in the production of synthesis gas from coal; and as a rocket engine fuel.

Oxygen is used in welding as oxyhydrogen or oxyacetylene flames; for lighting in calcium lights; by SCUBA and deep-sea divers; as a propellant for rockets; and in human and veterinary medicine as an adjunct to anesthetic agents, in cryotherapy, and for the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning and hypoxia (Budavari, 1996).
Oxygen is used in blast furnaces, copper smelting, and steel production by the basic oxygen converter process (Lewis, 1997).

It is used in manufacturing the synthesis gas for producing ammonia, methanol, and acetylene (Lewis, 1997).
Oxygen is used as an oxidizer for rocket propellants, in decompression chambers and spacecraft, as a chemical intermediate, as a replacement for air in oxidation of municipal and industrial organic wastes, in coal gasification, and to counteract the effect of eutrophication in reservoirs and lakes (Lewis, 1997).
INCREASED FIRE INTENSITY: Oxygen is noncombustible, but will support the burning of combustible materials and increases the intensity of any fire (AAR, 1987; (CHRIS , 1993; de Richemond & Bruley, 2000).

FORMS

Oxygen is available as high purity, low purity, and USP grades (Lewis, 1997).
Oxygen is available in a 99.5+% grade of purity. It is stored at -183 degrees C (CHRIS , 1993).

SOURCES

On a large scale, oxygen is produced by liquefaction and fractional distillation of air (ILO, 1983).
It may also be obtained from water by electrolysis, but mainly as a byproduct of hydrogen production (ILO, 1983).
STORAGE -

Oxygen is transported and stored under pressure in cylinders at 150 to 160 ATA; insulated tanks are used for liquid oxygen (ILO, 1983).
In the USA, oxygen is supplied in green cylinders at a pressure of 2000 psi (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

Liquid oxygen is shipped as a refrigerated liquid at pressures below 200 psig (AAR, 1987).

Smaller quantities of liquid oxygen (2 to 50 Liters) can be stored in Dewar flasks (ILO, 1983).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

EFFECTS NOT INCLUDED - The EFFECTS of BREATHING INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN (HYPOXIA) are NOT DISCUSSED in this review.

CIRCUMSTANCES OF OXYGEN TOXICITY -

NORMOBARIC HYPEROXIA -

Prolonged Breathing of Elevated Oxygen Concentrations at Normal Pressure
SUMMARY -

TOXIC EFFECTS involving the EYES, LUNGS, and CNS may develop in persons breathing oxygen at partial pressures greater than those in normal air.
Inhalation of 100% oxygen can result in nausea, dizziness, pulmonary irritation leading to pulmonary edema, and pneumonitis. Intense and potentially fatal pulmonary edema may develop.

Tracheal irritation, fever, nausea, vomiting, acute bronchitis developing several hours later, sinusitis, malaise, transient paresthesias and conjunctivitis may occur.

NEONATAL -

SUMMARY - Premature neonates requiring prolonged normobaric hyperoxygenation may develop RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA, BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA, myopia, pulmonary air leaks from ALVEOLAR RUPTURE with a variety of complications, and (CONTROVERSIAL if due all or in part to hyperoxia) intracerebral hemorrhage or necrotizing enterocolitis.

HYPERBARIC HYPEROXIA -

CNS TOXICITY - Toxicity of oxygen at elevated concentrations and pressures is usually only seen in divers, personnel and patients in hyperbaric chambers, and in rescue squad members in tunnels and mines. Seizures may be seen in diving or hyperbaric chamber accidents.
PULMONARY TOXICITY - Volunteers breathing oxygen at 3.0 ATA for 3.5 hours experienced chest discomfort, dyspnea, and cough; decreased mean FEV1, FEF(25-75), and vital capacity; and one subject had a seizure.
OCULAR TOXICITY - In normal adult volunteers exposed at 3.0 ATA for 4 hours, a progressive contraction of the visual fields, impaired central vision, and mydriasis developed. These effects were reversible if the exposure was stopped.

Nuclear cataracts have developed during prolonged hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

PRESSURE COMPLICATIONS - Treatment in hyperbaric chambers has been associated with complications of tension pneumothorax, epistaxis, otalgia, and tympanic membrane rupture.

HYPOBARIC HYPEROXIA -

This situation is specific to astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA) maneuvers when wearing a reduced pressure single-gas space suit.

LIQUID OXYGEN -

FROSTBITE INJURY - Direct contact with the escaping compressed gas or liquid oxygen may cause frostbite injury to the skin and eyes.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Oxygen is absorbed almost exclusively through the lungs, with a small amount possibly absorbed through the mucous membranes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Oxygen can be quite toxic at high concentrations by mechanisms which are complex and not fully understood. The major targets of oxygen toxicity are the RESPIRATORY and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

Breathing 100 percent oxygen even for a short time can cause respiratory depression (HSDB). Breathing a concentration of 80 percent for 12 hours or more can cause respiratory irritation, coughing, sore throat, and pulmonary congestion (HSDB). Breathing 100 percent oxygen at 1 atmosphere for 1 to 3 hours can cause incoordination and loss of attention (Clayton & Clayton, 1982), while breathing oxygen at a pressure greater than 2 atmospheres can cause OXYGEN TOXICITY, a sequence of events involving tightness in the chest, substernal discomfort, muscle twitching, nausea, dizziness, loss of concentration, and generalized seizures (HSDB). Breathing an oxygen concentration of 90 to 95 percent for 6 hours caused tracheal irritation and fever, and breathing a concentration of greater than 95 percent for 16 hours produced alveolar-capillary leak (HSDB).

Oxygen at a concentration of 100 percent can induce abnormal capillary permeability in experimental animals. A rat model has been used to study the use of contrast-enhanced MRI using polylysine-Gd-DTPA as a blood pool marker. Rats administered 100 percent oxygen for 60 hours without a recovery period had capillary leakage (Brasch et al, 1993).

The toxicity of oxygen is thought to be mediated by the SUPEROXIDE RADICAL (HSDB). Breathing oxygen concentrations of greater than 40 percent has caused delayed blindness (retrolental fibroplasia) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in many premature infants (HSDB).

Contact with compressed liquid oxygen can cause skin irritation and frostbite injury.

Experimental animals exposed to oxygen at 3 to 4 atm developed seizures (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Lung injury in premature infants (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) may be the result of an oxygen radical-mediated mechanism: the presence of chronic lung injury is associated with the degree of protein oxidation in the lung (Saugstad, 1996).

Rabbits developed irreversible degeneration of the rods in the retina after several days of oxygen exposure (HSDB).

Various kinds of substances which can act as oxidative stressors such as superoxide ion and peroxide can be formed from oxygen in vivo. Such oxidative stress may play a role in some chronic diseases and aging, especially in atherosclerosis (Halliwell, 1993). Hyperbaric oxygen treatment increased the amount of free radicals in the blood of patients (Narkowicz et al, 1993).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

In all but the most severe cases (pneumonia), recovery is rapid after reduction of oxygen pressure. Supportive treatment should include immediate sedation; anticonvulsive therapy, if needed; and rest (CHRIS , 1993).

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

Treat frostbite; soak in lukewarm water (CHRIS , 1993).
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

Treat frostbite burns (CHRIS , 1993).

HYPERBARIC HYPEROXIA -

Air breaks (discontinuing 100% oxygen breathing) may quickly resolve CNS symptoms encountered during hyperbaric oxygen therapy periods.
Treatment for an oxygen toxicity seizure is supportive; anticonvulsants are inefficacious.

Discontinuation of oxygen breathing is generally all that is required.
In hyperbaric oxygen therapy situations, do not change the pressure during a seizure.

NORMOBARIC HYPEROXIA -

PREVENTIVE MEASURES - When possible, keep FiO2 less than 50%.

In neonates, maintaining arterial pO2 between 55 and 70 mmHg is recommended to minimize the risk of development of retrolental fibroplasia.

When oxygen must be supplied for medicinal purposes for prolonged periods at 100%, it should be interrupted by the use of air or 50% oxygen for 1 hour, 4 times daily.
HUMIDIFICATION - To avoid irritation of the mucous membranes and interference with ciliary action from the dry gas, when possible oxygen should be humidified.

Exposure to liquid oxygen or escaping compressed gas may result in dermal or ocular frostbite injury or hypothermia.

Refer to Main Document under Treatment, Dermal Exposure for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

In the dry environment, breathing oxygen at pressures of 2.0 ATA or greater can result in CNS dysfunction with convulsions, retinal injury, paralysis, and DEATH (Finkel, 1983).
The threshold for this generalized metabolic event is reduced in the diving environment, particularly where high workloads and cold temperatures are encountered.
In these situations the threshold may be as low as 1.6 ATA (US Navy Diving Manual, 1980).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

HUMANS (Clayton & Clayton, 1982) -

0.5 ATA - Can probably be tolerated indefinitely without lung damage; SYMPTOMS may appear after 36 hours
1.0 ATA - Pulmonary irritation and edema can occur after 24 hours; SYMPTOMS may appear after 10 hours
2.0 ATA - SYMPTOMS may appear after 4 to 6 hours
3.0 ATA - Probably safe for healthy adults for 1 hour; a 2-hour exposure may be the safe limit at this pressure
4.0 ATA - Muscular twitching and generalized convulsions may occur within 1 hour (humans and animals)

SAFE DIVING WITH 100% OXYGEN (US NAVY GUIDELINES) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982) -
DEPTH (meters) TIME (minutes)
3 240
6 105
9 45
12 10
Diving to 200 feet depth or more may produce oxygen toxicity, even when air is breathed (Wood et al, 1970).
While 0.5 ATA oxygen is generally harmless in healthy adults, inhalation of 0.9 ATA or greater can cause abnormalities in less than 24 hours (Bostek, 1989).

Impairment of ciliary action and tracheal mucous velocity may be seen, which may cause increased susceptibility to infection (Bostek, 1989).

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

PRE-EXISTING PULMONARY DISEASE does NOT predispose patients to increased susceptibility to the toxic effects of hyperoxia (Bostek, 1989).
However, VENTILATOR-DEPENDENT PATIENTS may be MORE SUSCEPTIBLE to oxygen toxicity than normal volunteers (Bryan & Jenkinson, 1988).
SPECIES - There is wide variation amongst different animal species in susceptibility to oxygen toxicity (Deneke & Fanburg, 1980).
AGE - In general, oxygen toxicity occurs less in immature than mature experimental animals (Deneke & Fanburg, 1980; Frank, 1991).
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS - Conditions that may alter susceptibility to oxygen toxicity include thyroid or adrenal abnormalities, hypothermia, altitude acclimatization, protein deprivation, vitamin deficiencies, essential mineral deficiencies, and changes in dietary fatty acid consumption (Deneke & Fanburg, 1980).
OXYGEN PRETREATMENT (EXPERIMENTAL) - In some experimental animal species, pretreatment with inhalation of oxygen concentrations less than 100% provides some protection against later 100% oxygen inhalation by stimulating protective enzymes (Deneke & Fanburg, 1980).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7782-44-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

(Das & Stickle, 1993; Lewis, 1992 Marshall & Mcquaid, 1993 RTECS, 1993
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/m(3) = 0.75 ppm
1 ppm = 1.33 mg/m(3)
(Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7782-44-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7782-44-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7782-44-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7782-44-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7782-44-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7782-44-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Oxygen

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1072 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Oxygen, compressed

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1072
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2, 5.1

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.
5.1: Oxidizer.

Special Provisions: A14, A52

A14: This material is not authorized to be transported as a limited quantity or consumer commodity in accordance with Sec. 173.306 of this subchapter when transported aboard an aircraft.
A52: A cylinder containing Oxygen, compressed, may not be loaded into a passenger-carrying aircraft or in an inaccessible cargo location on a cargo-only aircraft unless it is placed in an overpack or outer packaging that conforms to the performance criteria of Air Transport Association (ATA) Specification No. 300 (IBR, see Sec. 171.7 of this subchapter) for Category I shipping containers.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 302
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 75 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1072 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Oxygen, compressed
UN Number: 1072

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7782-44-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Appropriate chemical protective goggles, boots, and gloves should be worn (AAR, 1987).
Broken or leaking containers should not be handled without appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 1987).
Fires involving oxygen should be approached with caution (AAR, 1987).
Smoking, flames, and electric sparks should be avoided when using oxygen (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992).
Compressed oxygen is shipped in high-pressure steel cylinders. When exposed to high temperatures or broken due to shock, fire or explosion may result (Lewis, 1992).
The US National Fire Code, NFPA 50, published by the National Fire Protection Association, covers all aspects of equipment, installation, and safe operational practices necessary for bulk oxygen storage at consumer sites (HSDB , 1993).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Gaseous oxygen is stored in cylinders at a pressure of 150 to 160 atm, and insulated tanks are used for liquid oxygen. Small quantities of liquid oxygen (2 to 50 L) can be stored in Dewar flasks (HSDB , 1993).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Oxygen should be stored in an area that is at least 20 ft away from any flammable or combustible materials (especially oil and grease) or separated from them by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 ft high and having a fire-resistant rating of at least one-half hour (HSDB , 1993).
Liquid: Protect against physical damage. Isolate from combustible gas installations and combustible materials by adequate distance or by gas-tight fire-resistive barriers. Protect against overheating. Outside storage of liquid oxygen tanks is recommended (HSDB , 1993).
Where oxygen may be released, provide adequate ventilation to prevent excessive oxygen-enrichment of the workplace atmosphere (HSDB , 1993).
Store oxygen containers in a clean, cool, dry, well-ventilated, low-fire-risk area. Never expose any part of a cylinder to temperatures above 125 degrees F. Ground equipment to eliminate build-up of static charge. Ensure that containers of liquid oxygen are properly vented to prevent pressure build-up and that suitable materials are used to contact liquid oxygen and high purity oxygen (HSDB , 1993).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7782-44-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Neoprene

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Stanzoil 531

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Substance does not burn but will support combustion.
- Some may react explosively with fuels.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Oxygen is an oxidant (Lewis, 1992).
Though itself nonflammable, it is essential to combustion. Even a slight increase in the oxygen content of the air above the normal 21% greatly increases the oxidation or burning rate (and the hazard) of many materials. Exclusion of oxygen from the neighborhood of a fire is one of the principal methods of extinguishing fires (Lewis, 1992).
Gaseous oxygen from liquid is absorbed readily in clothing and any source of ignition may cause flash burning (HSDB , 1993).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7782-44-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7782-44-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Oxygen is an oxidant (Lewis, 1992).

Though itself nonflammable, it is essential to combustion. Even a slight increase in the oxygen content of the air above the normal 21% greatly increases the oxidation or burning rate (and the hazard) of many materials. Exclusion of oxygen from the neighborhood of a fire is one of the principal methods of extinguishing fires (Lewis, 1992).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Oxygen is an oxidant (Lewis, 1992).
Though itself nonflammable, it is essential to combustion. Even a slight increase in the oxygen content of the air above the normal 21% greatly increases the oxidation of burning rate (and the hazard) of many materials (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Oxygen is an explosion hazard. Avoid smoking, flames, and electric sparks (Budavari, 1989).

Liquid oxygen can explode on contact with readily oxidizable materials, especially at high temperatures (Lewis, 1992).

Compressed oxygen is shipped in steel cylinders under high pressure. If these containers are broken due to shock or exposed to high temperature, an explosion and fire may result (Lewis, 1992).

Mixtures of hydrocarbons with liquid oxygen are highly dangerous explosives, not always requiring external initiation (Bretherick, 1990).

Accidental addition of liquid oxygen to vacuum jars containing acetone residues from trap-cooling use caused a violent explosion (Bretherick, 1990).

Mechanical impact on a road surface onto which liquid oxygen had leaked caused a violent explosion (Bretherick, 1990).

Mixtures of carbon and liquid oxygen have been used as blasting explosives for some time. Mixtures with carbon black appear unusually sensitive to impact, and a blasting cartridge exploded when dropped. Carbon containing 3.5% of the iron(II) oxide explodes on contact with liquid oxygen (Bretherick, 1990).

Mixtures of liquid oxygen with dichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and "chlorinated dye penetrants 1 and 2" exploded violently when initiated with a blasting cap (Bretherick, 1990).

Mixtures with liquid carbon monoxide, cyanogen (solidified), and methane are highly explosive (Bretherick, 1990).

Mixtures of lithium hydride powder and liquid oxygen are detonable explosives of greater power than TNT (Bretherick, 1990).

Liquid oxygen is explosive with a variety of powdered metals (eg, aluminum, iron, titanium, and chromium-nickel alloy powders) (Bretherick, 1990).

Mixtures of liquid oxygen with 1,3,5-trioxane are highly explosive (Bretherick, 1990).

Oxygen and aluminum borohydride form explosive reactions at temperatures as low as 20 degrees C. Explosive range: 5 to 90% (NFPA, 1991).

Beryllium borohydride reacts explosively with oxygen or water (NFPA, 1991).

Oxygen and diborane form spontaneously explosive mixtures (NFPA, 1991).

Disilane, trisilane, or tetrasilane, when mixed with oxygen or air at ordinary temperatures, ignites or explodes (NFPA, 1991).

In the presence of oxygen or air, ethers form peroxides which may explode spontaneously or when heated (NFPA, 1991).

Oxygen and hydrazine form explosive mixtures (NFPA, 1991).

Violent explosions resulted when a spark was discharged in a mixture containing 25 to 70% oxygen difluoride in oxygen over water (NFPA, 1991).

Oxygen and phosphine form an explosive reaction at ordinary temperatures (NFPA, 1991).

Phosphorus trifluoride does not burn in air, but if it is mixed with oxygen, the gases explode (NFPA, 1991).

In the form of foam, polyurethane, and also polyvinyl chloride, have exploded when saturated with liquid oxygen (NFPA, 1991).

Oxygen and tetrafluorohydrazine are explosive in the presence of organic matter (NFPA, 1991).

Liquid oxygen gives an explosive mixture when combined with benzene; liquid methane; or paraformaldehyde (NFPA, 1991).

Addition of bromine to a mixture of chlorotrifluoroethylene and oxygen causes an explosion (NFPA, 1991).

If a drop of solution of phosphorus in carbon disulfide is placed on powdered potassium chlorate, an explosion occurs as the solvent evaporates (NFPA, 1991).

Burning selenium in oxygen has resulted in explosion, probably due to the presence of organic matter (NFPA, 1991).

Also see the Reactivity Hazard Section.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation of 100% oxygen can cause nausea, dizziness, irritation of lungs, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and collapse (CHRIS , 1993).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Under the proper conditions of temperature, pressure, and reagent concentrations, oxygen can react violently, sometimes explosively, with the following materials (Lewis, 1992):

Al(BH4)3
AlH3
BAs2Br3
B2H6
B2H10
Be(BH4)2
CCl4
C10H14
CH2Cl2
CsH
K2O2
NaH
Ni(CO)4 + butane
(OF2 + H2O)
Acetaldehyde
Acetylene
Acetone
Alcohols, secondary (eg, 2-propanol, 2-butanol)
Aluminum
Aluminum-titanium alloys
Alkali metals (lithium; cesium; potassium; rubidium; sodium; potassium)
Ammonia
Ammonia + platinum
Asphalt
Barium
Benzene
1,4-Benzenediol + 1-propanol
Benzoic acid
Biological materials + ether
Boron tribromide
Boron trichloride
Bromine + chlorotrifluoroethylene
Butane + Ni(CO)4
Carbon disulfide
Carbon disulfide + mercury + anthracene
Carbon monoxide
Calcium
Calcium phosphide
Charcoal
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Copper + hydrogen sulfide
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane-1,2-dione bis(phenylhydrazone)
Cyclooctatetraene
Diborane
Diboron tetrafluoride
Dimethoxymethane
Dimethylketene
Dimethyl sulfide
Diphenyl ethylene
Disilane
Ethers (eg, diethyl ether; diisopropyl ether; tetrahydrofuran; dioxane; ethyl ether)
Fibrous fabrics
Fluorine + hydrogen fuels
Germanium
Glycerol
Halocarbons (eg, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; chlorotrifluoroethylene; bromotrifluoroethylene)
Hydrazine
Hydrocarbons (eg, 1,1-diphenylethylene; gasoline; cyclohexane; ethylene; cumene; p-xylene; buten-3-yne)
Hydrocarbons + promoters (eg, methyl nitrate; nitromethane; ethyl nitrate; tetrafluorohydrazine)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulfide
Lithiated dialkylnitrosoamines
Magnesium
Metals
Metal hydrides (eg, sodium hydride; uranium hydride; lithium hydride; potassium hydride; ribidium hydride; cesium hydride; magnesium hydride)
Methane
Methoxycyclooctatetraene
4-Methoxytoluene
Non-metal hydrides (eg, diborane; tetraborane(10); phosphine; pentaborane(11); pentaborane(9); decaborane(14); aluminum tetrahydroborate)
Oil
Oil films
Organic matter
Paraformaldehyde
Phosphorus
Phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus trifluoride
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Polymers (eg, foam rubber; neoprene; polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon))
Polytetrafluoroethylene + stainless steel
Polyurethane
Polyvinyl chloride
Propylene oxide
Rhenium
Rubber + ozone
Rubberized fabric
Selenium
Sodium hydroxide + tetramethyldisiloxane
Strontium
Tetracarbonylnickel
Tetracarbonylnickel + mercury
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluorohydrazine
Tetrasilane
Titanium and alloys
Trirhenium nonachloride
Trisilane
Wood

Also see the Explosion Hazard Section.

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7782-44-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7782-44-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Oxygen (liquid)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 35,000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 100,000
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 280,000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 500,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7782-44-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7782-44-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Allow substance to evaporate.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of atmosphere by volume. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. Even though large quantities of atmospheric O2 are constantly being consumed in respiration, combustion, and other oxidation processes, the concentration of O2 is kept at a virtually constant level, primarily as a result of O2 liberated in the process of photosynthesis in green plants (HSDB, 2003).

Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. It makes up 46.6% of the earth's crust and 20.95% by volume of dry air (Budavari, 1989).

Bacterium: The cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium thiebautii, exhibited higher rates of oxygen uptake, both in the dark and under light irradiation, than previously studied organisms. The organism had rapid oxygen cycling and high nitrogen fixing capabilities (Kana, 1993).

Insect: Oxygen consumption in Rhodnius prolixus was measured using a respirometer. The oxygen consumption rate in females rises sharply after feeding and was higher in mated females than in virgin females (Davey, 1993).

Fish: The consumption of oxygen in supralittoral crabs, Leptograpsus variegatus, was elevated from three to six times during heavy exercise. Haemocyanin was responsible for 92% of the oxygen transport in both resting and exercising crabs (Greenaway et al, 1992).

Mollusk: Simultaneous measurement of open-flow calorimetry and respirometry was used to monitor the effects of hypoxia and anoxia on the metabolism of mussels, Mytilus edulis (Wang & Widdows, 1993).

Reptile: The metabolism of two rattlesnake species was studied in Big Bend National Park. The effect of mass, temperature, sex, time of day, and species on oxygen (O2) consumption was studied. All these factors affected the O2 consumption (Beaupre, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of oxygen was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER: Liquid oxygen is not harmful to aquatic life (HSDB , 1993).

THEORA FRAGILIS: The semelid small bivalve Theora fragilis survived for one day under anoxic conditions at 25 degrees C and 2 days at 15 degrees C. At a dissolved oxygen concentration of 2.2 to 2.4 mg/L (moderate hypoxia conditions) T fragilis showed high survivability (Tamai, 1993).

The influences of light, oxygen and turbulence were monitored for their effect on the hatching of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) embryos. Induction of hatching was delayed under hypoxic conditions compared to higher oxygen levels. Oxygen seems to have only a minor role in hatching regulation (Helvik & Walther, 1993).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

ATOMIC WEIGHT (O): 15.9994 (Budavari, 1996)

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (O2): 32.00 (RTECS , 2001)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas (AAR, 1987; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001).

At -183 degrees C, oxygen is liquefiable to a slightly bluish liquid (Lewis, 1997).

Liquid oxygen is an odorless, colorless to slightly bluish liquid which readily vaporizes to the gaseous state (AAR, 1987).

It is shipped as a refrigerated liquid at pressures < 200 psig (AAR, 1987).

Solidifiable at -218 degrees C (Lewis, 1997).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 atm (at -183.1 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

2 atm (at -176.0 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

5 atm (at -164.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

10 atm (at -153.2 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

20 atm (at -140.0 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

40 atm (at -124.1 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
GAS: 1.429 g/L (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.14 g/mL (at -183 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-218.4 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

-182.96 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.0694 g/kg (at 0 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
4.89 m(3)/100 mL (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
One volume gas dissolves in 32 volumes water at 20 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).
0.0325 g/kg (at 37 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
2.46 m(3)/100 mL (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
2.30 m(3)/100 mL (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

One volume gas dissolves in 7 volumes of alcohol at 20 degrees C. Oxygen is also soluble in other organic liquids and usually to a greater extent than in water (Budavari, 1996).
2.78 g/100 mL alcohol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log P = 0.65 (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS , 2002)

SURFACE TENSION

13.47 dynes/cm (at -183 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

50.14 atm (Budavari, 1996)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-118.95 degrees C; -180 degrees F (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 1993)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.221 (at -181 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

GAS: 101.325 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
LIQUID: 99.70 kPa (HSDB , 2001)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents