OXAMYL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C7-H13-N3-O3-S

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1999; HSDB , 1999)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Oxamyl has been used as an insecticide, nematocide, and acaricide (Budavari, 1989).

FORMS

Oxamyl is a carbamate compound. It is a white crystalline solid with a slight sulfurous odor (HSDB, 1993). It is soluble in methanol, acetone, and ethanol, and is somewhat soluble in water (HSDB, 1993).
Oxamyl is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Unlike organophosphates, carbamates cause reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Their effects are similar to those of the organophosphates, but are generally not as severe and resolve more quickly (Morgan, 1989).
Little information was available on the effects of oxamyl itself (EPA, 1985; EPA, 1988). This review is based on the properties of carbamates in general. Effects attributed specifically to oxamyl are noted.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Oxamyl is a carbamate insecticide and nematicide. Little is known about its acute or chronic effects in humans.

TOXICOLOGY: Carbamate insecticides, competitively inhibits pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, preventing hydrolysis and inactivation of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine accumulates at nerve junctions, causing malfunction of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peripheral nervous systems and some of the CNS. Clinical signs of cholinergic excess develop.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure may occur, but serious toxicity is unusual in the US. It can be a source of severe poisoning in developing countries. Toxicity generally less severe than with organophosphates.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

OVERDOSE: The following are symptoms for carbamate insecticides in general. These effects may not have been observed for oxamyl, but could potentially occur in individual cases.
MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Can include bradycardia, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, and miosis. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, and muscle cramps may develop.
SEVERE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, and acute lung injury. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Muscle fasciculations, weakness, and respiratory failure. CENTRAL EFFECTS: CNS depression, agitation, confusion, delirium, coma, and seizures. Hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia can also develop. CHILDREN: May have different predominant signs and symptoms than adults (more likely CNS depression, stupor, coma, flaccidity, dyspnea, and seizures). Children may also have fewer muscarinic and nicotinic signs of intoxication (ie, secretions, bradycardia, fasciculations, and miosis) as compared with adults.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Vapors rapidly produce mucous membrane and upper airway irritation and bronchospasm, followed by systemic muscarinic, nicotinic, and central effects if exposed to significant concentrations.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Oxamyl is a carbamate insecticide and nematicide. Little is known about its acute or chronic effects in humans.
TOXICOLOGY: Carbamate insecticides, competitively inhibits pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, preventing hydrolysis and inactivation of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine accumulates at nerve junctions, causing malfunction of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peripheral nervous systems and some of the CNS. Clinical signs of cholinergic excess develop.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure may occur, but serious toxicity is unusual in the US. It can be a source of severe poisoning in developing countries. Toxicity generally less severe than with organophosphates.
OVERDOSE: The following are symptoms for carbamate insecticides in general. These effects may not have been observed for oxamyl, but could potentially occur in individual cases.
MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Can include bradycardia, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, and miosis. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, and muscle cramps may develop.
SEVERE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, and acute lung injury. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Muscle fasciculations, weakness, and respiratory failure. CENTRAL EFFECTS: CNS depression, agitation, confusion, delirium, coma, and seizures. Hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia can also develop.
CHILDREN: May have different predominant signs and symptoms than adults (more likely CNS depression, stupor, coma, flaccidity, dyspnea, and seizures). Children may also have fewer muscarinic and nicotinic signs of intoxication (ie, secretions, bradycardia, fasciculations, and miosis) as compared with adults.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Vapors rapidly produce mucous membrane and upper airway irritation and bronchospasm, followed by systemic muscarinic, nicotinic, and central effects if exposed to significant concentrations.

Based on its acute oral LD50 of 2.5 to 5 mg/kg in rats (RTECS , 1993; Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989), oxamyl is an EXTREMELY TOXIC carbamate (Morgan, 1989). It is hazardous by the inhalation and oral exposure routes, and is moderately poisonous upon skin contact (Sax & Lewis, 1989). It has been fatal in ingestion exposures (EPA, 1985). It produced systemic toxicity through eye contact in experimental animals (Kennedy, 1986).

Symptoms of carbamate exposure include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation, sweating, lassitude, weakness, rhinorrhea, chest tightness, blurring or dimness of vision, pinpoint pupils, tearing, eye pain, loss of coordination, slurring of speech, muscle twitching, breathing difficulty, cyanosis, hypertension, fasciculations, jerking movements, incontinence, seizures, coma, and death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles, respiratory arrest, or bronchoconstriction (HSDB, 1993).

The effects of acute carbamate exposure can sometimes be long-lasting. Protracted malaise and weakness may occur after apparent recovery (Garber, 1987). Delayed peripheral polyneuropathy, similar to that seen in organophosphate poisoning, has been described in one patient who ingested 500 mg/kg of the related carbamate compound, carbaryl (Dickoff et al, 1987).

Carbamates cause rapid, reversible inactivation of cholinesterases, with a half-life of hours. The rapid reactivation of cholinesterase activity in carbamate poisoning often results in signs and symptoms less severe than those seen in organophosphate poisoning; however, it should be assumed that severe and even fatal anticholinesterase effects can occur from exposure to any carbamate compound if the dose is sufficiently high. Respiratory depression and acute pulmonary edema are the usual immediate causes of death in acute poisoning with N-methyl carbamates, such as oxamyl (Morgan, 1989).

Oxamyl is a direct-acting cholinesterase inhibitor. Metabolism results in detoxification. Carbamates are rapidly excreted in rats.

Methylcarbamates, such as oxamyl, may inhibit a number of enzymes in addition to cholinesterases. Enzymes inhibited by methylcarbamates include alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, arginase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), transaminase, and phosphofructokinase (Finkel, 1983).

Oxamyl inhibited both brain and blood cholinesterases in rats during the first few hours after a single oral dose of up to 2.5 mg/kg (Fayez & Kilgore, 1992).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on the effects of chronic oxamyl exposure in humans. Because they are rapidly metabolized, carbamate compounds generally do not produce cumulative toxicity. Oxamyl did not produce cumulative toxicity when administered by the oral route in rats or the dermal route in rabbits (Kennedy, 1986).

One patient chronically exposed to the related compound, carbaryl, developed a progressive debilitating syndrome including headaches, memory loss, proximal muscle weakness, muscle fasciculations, muscle cramps, and anorexia with marked weight loss (Branch & Jacqz, 1986).

No effects were seen in rats fed oxamyl at 50 ppm in the diet for 90 days; 100 ppm produced slower weight gain, but no other effects. Cholinesterase was depressed at 150 ppm, but only during the first week (Kennedy, 1986b).

Oxamyl was not a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs (Kennedy, 1986).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Activated charcoal is contraindicated because of possible respiratory depression, seizures, and risk of aspiration.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and water. Universal precautions and nitrile gloves to protect personnel. Vomiting should be contained and treated as hazardous material. Rescue personnel should avoid dermal exposure to vomiting because of the risk of intoxication.

ANTIDOTE: There are two primary classes of antidotes: ATROPINE (muscarinic antagonist); OXIMES (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is generally indicated for patients with severe toxicity and are used in conjunction with atropine.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

PREHOSPITAL DECONTAMINATION/NOT RECOMMENDED

Activated charcoal is contraindicated because of possible respiratory depression, seizures, and risk of aspiration.

PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Universal precaution should be followed by all individuals (i.e., first responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel) caring for the patient to avoid contamination. Nitrile gloves are suggested. Avoid direct contact with contaminated clothing, objects or body fluids.
Vomiting containing carbamates should be placed in a closed impervious containers for proper disposal.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap and water.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

ANTIDOTE: There are two primary classes of antidotes: ATROPINE (muscarinic antagonist); OXIMES (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is generally indicated for patients with severe toxicity and are used in conjunction with atropine.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified oxamyl, technical grade, as pesticide class IB (highly hazardous) (World Health Organization, 2006).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

EPA Average Daily Intake based upon the No Effect Exposure Level (NOEL) in a 2 year rat study is set at 0.025 mg/kg/d. Additional data is necessary for supporting tolerance levels on fruits, vegetables and tobacco (EPA, 1988).
No observable effects were noted at 25 mg/kg/day in a 90 day dog study and in a 2 year rat study (HSDB , 1999).

PEDIATRIC

Note that CHILDREN MAY EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PREDOMINANT SIGNS of organophosphate poisoning from adults. In studies of children poisoned by organophosphate or carbamate compounds, the major symptoms in most of them were CNS depression, stupor, flaccidity, dyspnea, and coma. Other classical signs of organophosphate poisoning, such as miosis, fasciculations, bradycardia, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, were infrequent (Sofer et al, 1989; Lifshitz et al, 1999).
Children tend to be more sensitive to organophosphates than adults (Zwiener & Ginsburg, 1988).

CASE REPORT

ADULT

Three workers at a pesticide-formulating plant developed symptoms of organophosphate poisoning associated with each worker wearing a uniform that was contaminated with 76% parathion and then laundered. The uniform had been laundered three times before the third worker wore it and he still developed nausea, vomiting, and red cell cholinesterase activity of 75% of normal (Clifford & Nies, 1989).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS23135-22-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Oxamyl
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2.5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1999 Lewis, 1996
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS23135-22-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS23135-22-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS23135-22-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Oxamyl
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[[(methylamino) carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester
P or U series number: P194
Footnote:
Listed as: Oxamyl
P or U series number: P194
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Oxamyl
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS23135-22-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS23135-22-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Oxamyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS23135-22-0 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS23135-22-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Oxamyl is very stable (Budavari, 1989).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 23135-22-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid, 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Oxamyl does not burn easily.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS23135-22-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS23135-22-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

As a solid carbamate pesticide, it does not burn or burns with great difficulty. Extinguishing methods that are used should be those appropriate for surrounding combustible materials.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Oxamyl generates toxic nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides gases (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers may explode in a fire; otherwise oxamyl burns with difficulty.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Oxamyl is stable; but it will be degraded by aeration, sunlight, alkalinity and higher temperatures (EPA, 1988).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS23135-22-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS23135-22-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Oxamyl
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.35
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.7
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 15
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS23135-22-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS23135-22-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
For guidance on acceptable disposal techniques contact environmental regulatory agencies before land-filling oxamyl, including waste sludge (HSDB , 1992).
- Broken packages should not be handled without protective equipment. Do not touch spilled material or breath toxic gases generated from burning material (AAR, 1987).
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
- Oxamyl can be disposed by treating with an alkali in an organic-rich soil. Alkaline hydrolysis will occur and the residual products will adsorb to soil. Land dispose in accordance with environmental regulations (EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1992).
- Aeration, sunlight, alkalinity, and higher temperatures enhance decomposition in water (EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Oxamyl residues have been found in well-water surveys in New York and Massachusetts; it is being monitored in the National Survey for Pesticides in Ground Water (EPA, 1988).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Oxamyl degrades to oxime, an innocuous material, in natural waters and soil (HSDB , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Oxamyl is toxic to non-target birds, mammals, fish and invertebrates, including endangered and threatened species (EPA, 1988).

Oxamyl is toxic to wildlife, fish and bees (HSDB , 1992).

FRESHWATER - PUBLISHED VALUES (EPA, 1988):

a. EC50 (ACUTE TOXICITY) BLUEGILL: 5.6 ppm/ 48 hr & 96 hr
b. EC50 (ACUTE TOXICITY) RAINBOW TROUT: 4.2/48 hr & 96 hr
c. EC50 (ACUTE TOXICITY) Daphnia magna: 5.7 ppm/ 48 hr & 96 hr

AVIAN ORAL TOXICITY: LD50 Mallard 3.16 mg/kg (EPA, 1988)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

219.26 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Oxamyl is a white crystalline solid with a slightly sulfurous odor; however, it may occur as a component in a liquid or granular formulation (Budavari, 1996; EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1999).

VAPOR PRESSURE

25.2 mmHg (at 303 degrees C) (EPA, 1988)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
SOLID: 1.12 g/cm(3) (EPA, 1988)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

100-102 degrees C (changing to a different crystalline form with a melting point of 108-110 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

100 degrees C (EPA, 1988)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

28 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

acetone: 67 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
ethanol: 33 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
methanol: 144 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
2-propanol: 11 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
toluene: 1 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

-REFERENCES

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents