OXALIC ACID

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C2H2O4 C2O4H2 HOOC-COOH (COOH)2.2H20 HOOCCOOH.2H20

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

156-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE / WATER-SENSITIVE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(NIOSH , 1997; RTECS , 1997; Lewis, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Sittig, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Oxalic acid is used in paint, stain and varnish removers, rust and ink stain removers, and ceramics. It is used in general metal and equipment cleaning, wood cleaning, process engraving, rare-earth processing, printing and dyeing, bleaching, textile finishing, chemical synthesis, making glucose from starch, leather tanning, and photography. It is also used in the manufacture of oxalates, and in the rubber manufacturing, lithographic, pharmaceutical, and paper industries; as a laboratory reagent, purifying agent, stripping agent, reducing agent, condensing agent in organic chemistry, a chemical intermediate, and a catalyst; and for purifying methanol, decolorizing crude glycerol, and stabilizing hydrocyanic acid (Budavari, 1996) Hathaway, 1996; (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993).

FORMS

It is available commercially as the dihydrate (Ashford, 1994).
Oxalic acid is available in the following grades (Lewis, 1993):

Technical (crystals)
Technical (powder)
Chemically Pure

SOURCES

It occurs naturally in plants and vegetables such as wood sorrel, rhubarb, and spinach. Alkali extraction of sawdust and the metabolism of many molds will also produce oxalic acid. It is manufactured by the reaction of carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide or the reaction of sodium formate and sodium hydroxide or sodium formate and sodium carbonate (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
Plants which contain high endogenous levels of oxalic acid, such as halogeton, mangels, and soursob, may be dangerous to grazing animals. The risk of toxicity is greatest during the leafy stage of growth when the oxalate content is the highest (HSDB , 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Oxalic acid, the simplest dicarboxylic acid, is a potentially toxic chemical which is synthesized commercially and is also naturally present as a salt in many plants. Please refer to "PLANTS-OXALATES" for information on exposure to plants containing oxalates. Oxalic acid is used in paint, stain and varnish removers, rust and ink stain removers, and ceramics. It is also used in general metal and equipment cleaning, wood cleaning, process engraving, rare-earth processing, printing and dyeing, bleaching, textile finishing, chemical synthesis, making glucose from starch, leather tanning, and photography.

TOXICOLOGY: Oxalic acid forms two series of salts: a neutral, soluble species (with sodium, iron, lithium, or potassium) and an insoluble acid species (with calcium or magnesium). Oxalic acid is a relatively strong acid, and forms a white, dihydrate precipitate. Ingestion of oxalic acid can cause severe local corrosive effects, with chemical burns of the mucous membranes and eventual ulceration of the oral and pharyngeal cavities. The exposed mucous membranes often have a white discoloration. Systemic toxic effects are due to two mechanisms: Oxalate complexes with calcium, causing hypocalcemia. Calcium oxalate precipitates in the renal tubules and vasculature, resulting in renal failure.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Oxalic acid may be encountered in industry and at home as cleaning and bleaching agents.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Ocular, respiratory tract, and dermal irritation, oral swelling, drooling, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following exposure to oxalic acid. Systemic exposure can cause signs of hypocalcemia (ie, increased deep tendon reflexes, cramps, paresthesias, muscle twitching) or renal injury (ie, hematuria, oliguria, renal calculi, elevated serum creatinine).
SEVERE TOXICITY: Acute ingestion of large amounts (high concentrations) of oxalic acid can cause severe oral swelling, epigastric pain, persistent vomiting, and profuse diarrhea. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and perforation have also been reported. Hypotension and hypovolemic shock secondary to profound gastrointestinal fluid losses may occur. Severe hypocalcemia may cause cardiac dysrhythmias or seizures. Severe renal injury may cause anuric renal failure. Metabolic acidosis may also occur in severe cases. Corneal damage and skin ulceration have been reported with prolonged exposure. Rare cases or hepatic necrosis, liver failure, and pneumonitis have also been reported.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Oxalic acid forms two series of salts: a neutral, soluble species (with sodium, iron, lithium, or potassium) and an insoluble acid species (with calcium or magnesium). Oxalic acid is a relatively strong acid, and forms a white, dihydrate precipitate. Ingestion of oxalic acid can cause severe local corrosive effects, with chemical burns of the mucous membranes and eventual ulceration of the oral and pharyngeal cavities. The exposed mucous membranes often have a white discoloration. Systemic toxic effects are due to two mechanisms: Oxalate complexes with calcium, causing hypocalcemia. Calcium oxalate precipitates in the renal tubules and vasculature, resulting in renal failure.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Oxalic acid may be encountered in industry and at home as cleaning and bleaching agents.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Ocular, respiratory tract, and dermal irritation, oral swelling, drooling, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following exposure to oxalic acid. Systemic exposure can cause signs of hypocalcemia (ie, increased deep tendon reflexes, cramps, paresthesias, muscle twitching) or renal injury (ie, hematuria, oliguria, renal calculi, elevated serum creatinine).
SEVERE TOXICITY: Acute ingestion of large amounts (high concentrations) of oxalic acid can cause severe oral swelling, epigastric pain, persistent vomiting, and profuse diarrhea. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and perforation have also been reported. Hypotension and hypovolemic shock secondary to profound gastrointestinal fluid losses may occur. Severe hypocalcemia may cause cardiac dysrhythmias or seizures. Severe renal injury may cause anuric renal failure. Metabolic acidosis may also occur in severe cases. Corneal damage and skin ulceration have been reported with prolonged exposure. Rare cases or hepatic necrosis, liver failure, and pneumonitis have also been reported.

If ingested, oxalic acid can cause irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin (HSDB, Hathaway et al, 1991). Ulcerations of the mouth, hematemesis, and rapid appearance of shock, convulsions, twitching, tetany, and cardiovascular collapse may occur following ingestion (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Kidney damage can occur within a few days if death is not immediate (ILO, 1983). Ingestion of 5 grams can be fatal (Hathaway et al, 1991). Death usually occurs within a few hours from cardiac arrest (ACGIH, 1992).

Solutions of 5 to 10 percent are irritating to the skin. The concentrated material can cause SEVERE BURNS of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It can cause cracking, fissuring, and gangrene of the fingers (Lewis, 1992). Inhalation produces irritation of the respiratory tract, ulceration of the mucous membranes, headaches, nervousness, cough, vomiting, emaciation, back pain (due to kidney injury), and weakness (Lewis, 1992).

Oxalic acid can bind calcium to form a complex which is insoluble at physiological pH. Calcium oxalate thus formed might precipitate in the kidney tubules and the brain (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate formation might disturb the function of the heart and nerves (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Inhalation of oxalic acid dust or mist over a long period of time might result in weight loss and respiratory tract inflammation (ILO, 1983).

Rats administered oxalic acid orally at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent in the diet for 70 days developed depressed thyroid function and weight loss (Goldman & Doering, 1979).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

INGESTION: Do not induce emesis. In patients without vomiting or respiratory distress who are able to swallow, dilute with 4 to 8 ounces of milk/water if possible shortly after ingestion; then NPO until after endoscopy. Activated charcoal is not recommended.

OCULAR: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

DERMAL: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids plus systemic sympathomimetic/antihistaminic agents.

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INGESTION: Do not induce emesis. In patients without vomiting or respiratory distress who are able to swallow, dilute with 4 to 8 ounces of milk/water if possible shortly after ingestion; then NPO until after endoscopy. Activated charcoal is not recommended.
OCULAR: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
DERMAL: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids plus systemic sympathomimetic/antihistaminic agents.
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

ORAL exposure to oxalic acid can be lethal at doses in the range of 15 to 30 grams. Death usually occurs within several hours (ACGIH, 1991).
ORAL: As little as 5 grams has been lethal by ingestion (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
INTRAVENOUS: Death within 5 minutes of IV administration of 1.2 grams of sodium oxalate has been reported (Dvorackova, 1966).
ORAL: LDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN, Female: 600 mg/kg (RTECS , 2001)

ANIMAL DATA

ANIMALS - Ingestion of two doses of 454 grams of oxalic acid within 24 hours was lethal to horses (HSDB , 1997).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE SERIES

In Sri Lanka, intentional ingestion of a laundry detergent containing one sachet each of 12.5 g oxalic acid and 1.2 g potassium permanganate resulted in 115 cases of toxicity with 18 fatalities. Gastrointestinal symptoms developed within 24 hours of ingestion. Of the individuals that ingested oxalic acid only, a case fatality ratio of 25.4% was observed, while a case fatality ratio of 9.8% occurred in patients ingesting both oxalic acid and potassium permanganate. Of the 35 patients who ingested 2 or mor sachets of both potassium permanganate and oxalic acid, 16 died (46%). Of the 58 patients who ingested one sachet or less, 2 died (3%). Most deaths occurred within one hour of ingestion. Postmortem exam revealed macroscopic evidence of superficial erosions of the esophagus, oropharynx and larynx in all cases. Individuals ingesting a sublethal dose of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate (n=51) developed acute renal failure 2 to 3 days after exposure. Median serum creatinine was 1.7 (Interquartile range: 0.91-4.4). Most recovered with supportive care (Gawarammana et al, 2009).

CASE REPORTS

Intentional ingestion of 150 grams of sodium oxalate and 24 milligrams of flunitrazepam resulted in acute renal failure in a 47-year-old male. The patient recovered following 4 hemodialysis sessions, intravenous calcium gluconate and intensive intravenous crystalloid therapy (Hamilton et al, 1999).
A 32-year-old woman developed acute renal failure and severe metabolic acidosis after ingesting about 12.5 g of 70% oxalic acid mixed in a glass of water. She recovered following supportive care, including hemodialysis (Dassanayake & Gnanathasan, 2012).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS144-62-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Oxalic acid
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Oxalic acid
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001 Budavari, 1996 Hathaway, 1996; Lewis, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Unless otherwise noted, all data are included in RTECS.
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS144-62-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Oxalic acid

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT, eye, and skin irr
Molecular Weight: 90.04

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS144-62-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS144-62-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Oxalic acid
REL:

TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
STEL: 2 mg/m(3)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Oxalic acid
Table Z-1 for Oxalic acid:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS144-62-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS144-62-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS144-62-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethanedioic acid

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS144-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Oxalic acid should be stored in tightly closed containers in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area away from silver, strong alkalies and strong oxidizers, and heat or other sources of ignition. It is usually shipped in bottles, boxes, pails, drums, or paper bags and remains stable during transport (CHRIS , 1997; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Smoking and other sources of ignition such as open flame should be kept away from this compound (Sittig, 1991).

The usual shipping containers include bottles, boxes, pails, drums, and paper bags (NFPA, 1994).

Oxalic acid remains stable during transport (CHRIS , 1997).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store oxalic acid in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store oxalic acid in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store oxalic acid away from heat, silver, and strong oxidizers (such as bromine and chlorine) (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
This compound is incompatible with (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991):
- Chlorites
- Furfuryl alcohol
- Hypochlorites
- Silver
- Strong alkalies
- Strong oxidizers

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection to prevent skin and eye contact. A positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should also be worn. Immediately wash contaminated skin and remove and replace any clothing which becomes wet or contaminated. Change clothing before leaving the work area if there is any possibility that it is contaminated (NIOSH , 1997; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Chemical goggles or other appropriate eye protection should be worn to prevent eye contact when working with oxalic acid. Contact lenses should not be worn (NIOSH , 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Eyewash fountains should be placed where there is any possibility of workers being exposed to oxalic acid (NIOSH , 1997).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 144-62-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 10.5%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Saturated
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Stanzoil 531

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 0.2
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 12.5% solution
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pur, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0
Notes: water saturated solution, tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: pure, tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Oxalic acid is a non-flammable, combustible solid. It reacts with furfuryl alcohol, silver, certain chlorites and hypochlorites, strong oxidizers, and strong alkalies. Combustion of oxalic acid may produce toxic gases and irritants (CHRIS , 1997; NIOSH , 1997; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994). Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol resistant foam should be used for fire control (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS144-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or for; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS144-62-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol resistant foam should be used for fire control (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

Molten material may foam if water is used (NFPA, 1994).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic gases and irritants, including formic acid, may result from combustion (NFPA, 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

An explosion may occur if oxalic acid comes in contact with sodium chlorite or sodium hypochlorite (ITI, 1995).

When oxalic acid comes in contact with silver, an explosive salt is formed. Silver oxalate explodes at 140 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Urben, 1995).

A mixture of oxalic acid and urea produced a violent explosion when placed in an ignition tube, with and without a layer of copper oxide, topped by glass wool and anhydrous copper sulfate that was drawn into a sealed capillary and heated in a flame (Urben, 1995).

Specific incident reported in Urben (1995): "A bleach solution was being prepared by mixing solid sodium chlorite, oxalic acid, and water, in that order. As soon as water was added, chlorine dioxide was evolved and later exploded. The lower explosive limit of the latter is 10%, and the mixture is photo- and heat-sensitive. It was calculated that the heat of reaction (1.88 kJ/g of dry mixture) would heat the expected products to an adiabatic temperature approaching 1500 degrees C with an 18-fold increase in pressure in a closed vessel."

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes are emitted when oxalic acid is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

Poisonous gases are emitted when oxalic acid is involved in a fire (CHRIS , 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

A violent reaction occurs when oxalic acid is mixed with furfuryl alcohol, silver, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, or strong oxidizers (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

It also reacts with other chlorites and hypochlorites and strong alkalies (NFPA, 1994).

Specific incident reported in Urben (1995): "A bleach solution was being prepared by mixing solid sodium chlorite, oxalic acid, and water, in that order. As soon as water was added, chlorine dioxide was evolved and later exploded. The lower explosive limit of the latter is 10%, and the mixture is photo- and heat-sensitive. It was calculated that the heat of reaction (1.88 kJ/g of dry mixture) would heat the expected products to an adiabatic temperature approaching 1500 degrees C with an 18-fold increase in pressure in a closed vessel."

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS144-62-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS144-62-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Oxalic acid - anhydrous (Ethanedioic acid)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 40
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS144-62-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS144-62-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Only persons wearing protective equipment should be allowed in the contaminated area (Sittig, 1991; NFPA, 1994).
Reduce dust using water spray (NFPA, 1994).
Oxalic acid spills should be covered with soda ash or sodium bicarbonate. Scoop spilled material into an appropriate dry container (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
Contain liquid solutions for eventual disposal (NFPA, 1994).
Fire-exposed containers should be kept cool using a water spray (NFPA, 1994).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Before disposal, pre-treat oxalic acid using limestone or calcium oxide to form calcium oxalate. Incinerate the calcium oxalate using particulate collection equipment to collect calcium oxide. The calcium oxide can then be recycled (HSDB , 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Oxalic acid may be incinerated after dissolving it in a flammable solvent (OHM/TADS , 1997; ITI, 1995).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Oxalates occur naturally in several plants and vegetables, some of which include rhubarb, spinach, beets, halogeton, sorrel, dock, greasewood, Russian thistle, waterlilies, duckweed, oxalis species, rumex species, portulaca species, and trianthema species. Oxalic acid is also produced by the metabolism of molds and it occurs in human and animal urine (HSDB , 1997).

Oxalic acid is released to the environment through artificial sources such as pulp kraft mill effluents and emissions from rendering, tobacco smoke, and automobile exhaust. It may also be released to the atmosphere by photochemical oxidations that can occur during transportation of anthropogenic compounds (HSDB , 1997).

Because of danger to human health and aquatic life, this compound should be prevented from entering water supplies (CHRIS , 1997; OHM/TADS , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Oxalic acid exists almost entirely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor phase oxalic acid is slowly degraded in the ambient atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, with a half-life of approximately 223 days. However, it is removed rapidly by photolysis. It is also likely to be removed from the atmosphere through wet deposition and partially through dry deposition (HSDB , 1997).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Oxalic acid readily biodegrades in water. It is expected to be nonvolatile from water based on an experimental Henry's Law constant of 1.4x10(-10) atm-m(3)/mol at 25 degrees C. Direct photolysis is expected to be an important removal process. However, adsorption to sediment, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms, and aquatic oxidation are not expected to be important fate processes (HSDB , 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Oxalic acid is expected to readily biodegrade in soil. Concentrations in one study decreased from 30 mg/kg on the surface to 6 mg/kg at a level 540 cm below the surface. It is also expected to have high mobility in soil based on an estimated Koc value of 5. A low Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization of oxalic acid from moist soils should not be rapid. Photolysis is expected to be an important removal process, therefore daytime persistence on soil surfaces should not exceed a few hours (HSDB , 1997).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Oxalic acid has an atmospheric half-life of approximately 223 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is approximately 7.2x10(-14) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997).

Since the dissociation constant values for oxalic acid are 1.25 (pKa1) and 4.28 (pKa2), oxalic acid should exist in the environment as an ion. The aquatic oxidation rate for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with the oxalate ion is 7.7x10(6) L/mol-sec at pH 6 with an estimated half-life for the aquatic oxidation of oxalic acid of 285 years (hydroxyl radical concentration of 1x10(-17) mol/L in water under continuous sunlight) (HSDB , 1997).

Due to the resistant nature of this compound, aqueous hydrolysis is not expected to be an important removal process. However, direct photolysis should be an important removal process and oxalic acid should not persist during the day for more than a few hours (HSDB , 1997).

BIODEGRADATION

Percent theoretical Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) values after 5 days (HSDB , 1997):

78% and 55.5% (aerobic screening tests using sewage inoculum at 20 degrees C)
89% (aerobic screening tests using sewage inoculum at 19.5-20.5 degrees C; initial concentration of 10 ppm)
75-202% (aerobic screening tests using sewage inoculum; initial concentrations of 3.3-10 ppm)
68% (in sewage inoculum; initial concentration of 10 ppm)
64% (in sewage inoculum; initial concentration of 20 ppm)

Anaerobic degradation half-lives in marine water/sediment grab samples have been reported in the ranges of 0.9-1.7 days and 3.15-173 days. Anaerobic degradation half-lives in the ranges of 0.13-2.23 days and 5.3-69 days have been measured in freshwater/sediment grab samples (HSDB , 1997).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Oxalic acid is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms based on an estimated bioconcentration factor of 0.6 (HSDB , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Freshwater Toxicity (CHRIS , 1997; OHM/TADS , 1997):

TLm - BLUEGILL: 4000 mg/L for 24H
LD - FINGERLING TROUT: 100 ppm for 0.3H
LD - GOLDFISH: 1000 ppm for 0.5H
LD - GOLDFISH: 1000 ppm for 0.4H -- pH 2.6
LD - GOLDFISH: 200 ppm for >96H -- pH 5.3
LD - GOLDFISH: 1000 ppm for 0.25-0.50H
LD - GOLDFISH: >1000 ppm

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

90.04

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Oxalic acid exists as a colorless or white, odorless, crystalline solid (Hathaway, 1996; (Lewis, 1996; Ashford, 1994). In solution it is a colorless liquid (Sittig, 1991).

1.3 (0.1M solution) (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

<0.001 mmHg (NIOSH , 1997) ACGIH, 1991)

0.54 mmHg (at 105 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

0.92 mmHg (at 60 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1997)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.65 (at 18.5/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.653 (at 18.5/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995)
1.90 (at 17/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.65 (NFPA, 1994)
1.90 (NIOSH , 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.65 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994).
1.653 g/cm(3) (at 18.5 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.90 g/cm(3) (at 17 degrees C) (anyhdrous) (ACGIH, 1991)
SOLID: 1.90 g/cm(3) (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

101.5 degrees C; 214.7 degrees F; 374.7 degrees K (CHRIS , 1997)

MELTING POINT

101 degrees C (release of the water of crystallization) (Ashford, 1994)
101.5 degrees C (dihydrate) (Lewis, 1996) ACGIH, 1991)
101-102 degrees C (gives off water of crystallization and begins to sublime) (dihydrate) (Budavari, 1996)
187 degrees C (anhydrous) (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1993)
189 degrees C (anhydrous) (Lewis, 1996)
189 degrees C; 372 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)
189.5 degrees C (decomposes) (anhydrous) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
190 degrees C (sublimes at 157 degrees C) (Sittig, 1991)
215 degrees F (sublimes) (NIOSH , 1997)

BOILING POINT

Sublimes (NIOSH , 1997)

157 degrees C (sublimes) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

Decomposes (at 760 mmHg) (CHRIS , 1997)

FLASH POINT

Unknown (NIOSH , 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Unknown (NIOSH , 1997)

UPPER

Unknown (NIOSH , 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

14% (percent by weight) (NIOSH , 1997)
8.3% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
220,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
One gram dissolves in (Budavari, 1996) ACGIH, 1991):

2 mL boiling water
7 mL cold water

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Oxalic acid is soluble in alcohol, ether, glycerol, and other oxygenated solvents and is insoluble in benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, and chlorinated and hydrocarbon solvents (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
One gram dissolves in (Budavari, 1996) ACGIH, 1991):

1.8 mL boiling alcohol
2.5 mL ethyl alcohol
100 mL ethyl ether
5.5 mL glycerine

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.4x10(-10) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 1998)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

8279 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB, 1998)

MASS

52 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB, 1998)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pK1 = 1.27, pK2 = 4.28 (dihydrate) (Budavari, 1996)
pK1 = 1.46, pK2 = 4.40 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-245.61 KJ/mol (HSDB , 1997)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

17060 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 1998)

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OXALIC ACID

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents