OSMIUM TETROXIDE

Osmium tetroxide is an oxidation product of osmium metal used as a fat fixing and staining agent for adipose tissues in pathological laboratories; in photography; as a catalyst in organic synthesis for chlorate, peroxide, periodate, and other oxidations; and as an oxidizing agent to convert olefins to glycols (ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001).
Osmium tetroxide was formerly used in taking fingerprints, but this use was discontinued because it caused dermatitis (Harbison, 1998).
Osmium tetroxide has been used by intra-articular injection to perform chemical synovectomies in patients with degenerative joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Bessant et al, 2003). This use has been discontinued in the US because the injection also causes necrosis of the articular cartilage (Mitchell et al, 1973).

FORMS

Osmium tetroxide exists as a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid (HSDB, 2004; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

SOURCES

Osmium tetroxide can be prepared by heating finely divided osmium metal in a stream of air or oxygen (Budavari, 2001).
The compound may also be formed through oxidation of osmium containing solutions with aqua regia or nitric acid (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).
At room temperature, powdered osmium metal can slowly oxidize to osmium tetroxide (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Osmium tetroxide causes irritation or damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Pulmonary edema may occur. Excessive lacrimation and a sensation of seeing halos around lights has been described. A burning sensation in the chest may occur. Excessive lacrimation, conjunctivitis, visual disturbances, headache, nose and throat irritation, and cough have been reported in exposed workers. CNS depression may be seen.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Do not induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Rabbits exposed by inhalation to 130 mg/m(3) or more for 30 minutes died of pulmonary edema within 4 days of exposure (ACGIH, 2001a).
A 4-hour inhalation exposure to 40 ppm has caused death in rats and mice (Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

The highest concentration of osmium tetroxide that is tolerable for 6 hours without producing harmful effects is 0.001 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 2001a).
Workers exposed to between 0.1 and 0.6 mg/m(3) osmium tetroxide for 2 hours complained of excessive lacrimation, visual disturbances, conjunctivitis, headache, and cough (ACGIH, 2001a).
Osmium tetroxide concentrations of 0.1 mg/m(3) or greater are associated with eye irritation in humans (ACGIH, 2001a).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS20816-12-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Osmium tetroxide, as Os
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 40 ppm for 4H (RTECS, 2004)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 1316 mg/m(3) for 30M -- coma; changes to lung, thorax, or respiration; changes to kidney, ureter, and bladder (RTECS, 2004)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 40 ppm for 4H (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 13.5 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 162 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 14.1 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 133 mcg/m(3) -- lacrimation, structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi(RTECS, 2004)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 10.39 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 2001a)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.096 ppm (ACGIH, 2001a)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS20816-12-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Osmium tetroxide, as Os

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.0002 ppm
TLV-STEL: 0.0006 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye, URT, and skin irr
Molecular Weight: 254.2

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS20816-12-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS20816-12-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
REL:

TWA: 0.002 mg/m(3) (0.0002 ppm)
STEL: 0.006 mg/m(3) (0.0006 ppm)
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide (as Os)
Table Z-1 for Osmium tetroxide (as Os):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.002

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:100

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Osmium oxide OsO4, (T-4)-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Osmium oxide OsO4, (T-4)-
P or U series number: P087
Footnote:
Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
P or U series number: P087
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS20816-12-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS20816-12-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Osmium tetroxide
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS20816-12-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Osmium oxide (OsO4), (T-4)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2471 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Osmium tetroxide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2471
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: A8, IB7, IP1, N33, N34, T6, TP33

A8: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with cushioning material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N33: Aluminum drums are not authorized.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2471 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Osmium tetroxide
UN Number: 2471

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS20816-12-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Properly train workers involved with osmium tetroxide on its safe handling and storage (Pohanish, 2002).
Avoid bodily contact through use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and chemical protective clothing, including gas-tight goggles, and protective gloves, suits, and boots (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

Avoid all contact with osmium tetroxide and its vapors through use of appropriate chemical protective clothing, including gas-tight goggles, and chemical-resistant gloves, suits, and boots (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Speedily remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Avoid any bodily contact with the material (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Locate emergency showers and eyewash stations in nearby areas (Pohanish, 2002).

HANDLING

Wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling osmium tetroxide. Do not handle broken containers or packages unless appropriate PPE is worn (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection to preclude any possibility of contact with this material (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Require adequate ventilation and use of gas-tight chemical eye safety goggles and a chemical cartridge respirator in areas where the material is handled (ITI, 1995; Plunkett, 1976).

Change work clothing if it becomes contaminated (Pohanish, 2002).

Immediately remove nonimpervious clothing if it becomes wet or contaminated and immediately wash any potentially exposed areas with copious amounts of soap and water (Pohanish, 2002)

Eliminate all ignition sources (sparks, flames, smoking) in the immediate area where osmium tetroxide is used, handled or stored. Ensure all electrical equipment and fittings used in vicinity of this material are explosion proof (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store osmium tetroxide in tightly closed, unbreakable containers in a refrigerated, floor ventilated, fireproof location (Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Keep containers away from hydrochloric acid, reducing agents, and materials that are easily oxidized or combustible. Use non-sparking tools and equipment when opening and closing containers (Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Ground and bond metal containers when transferring osmium tetroxide. Use drums with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store osmium tetroxide in a refrigerated, ventilated, fireproof location away from hydrochloric acid, reducing agents, and any readily oxidized or combustible materials (Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Store containers away from food and foodstuff (NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Osmium tetroxide may react with hydrochloric acid and easily oxidized or combustible organic materials (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Osmium tetroxide is an extremely volatile, non-combustible solid and strong oxidant that can sublime below boiling point and evaporate at room temperature (20 degrees C) to form a nauseating and highly toxic vapor (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

Osmium tetroxide is a strong irritant to the eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory system. Exposure to high concentrations through inhalation, ingestion, or bodily contact may result in severe injury or death (NIOSH, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Wear appropriate clean protective clothing (gloves, suits, boots, goggles), gas-tight chemical safety eye protection, and respiratory protection to prevent inhalation and bodily contact. Perform thorough, immediate washing with water or soap and water should eye or bodily contact occur (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Use proper eye protection when handling or working around osmium tetroxide. Do not wear contact lenses when working with this substance (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

In case of contact with the eyes or face, amply flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes and wash off body with soap and water (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Avoid breathing vapors and keep upwind if possible. Avoid inhalation exposure through use of engineering controls, proper respiratory protection, including a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when appropriate (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Due to poisonous gases, fight fires from a maximum distance and use appropriate positive pressure SCBA (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; ILO, 1998).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 20816-12-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Implement engineering controls whenever feasible to control exposure to osmium tetroxide to below assigned limits (Pohanish, 2002).

Safe work practices may include use of closed systems, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), or other engineering measures to control release of osmium tetroxide vapors into the work environment. Use LEV and seal the ventilation apparatus if gaseous chlorine is used in the production of osmium (Pohanish, 2002; ILO, 1998).

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

In case of bodily contact, immediately wash eyes and body thoroughly with water or soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Immediately remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes at the site (NIOSH, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Provide emergency showers and eyewash stations near any area where osmium tetroxide is used, handled, or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Osmium tetroxide can enhance combustion of other substances it contacts (e.g., combustibles, organic and reducing materials), resulting in fire or explosions (NIOSH, 2004; ACGIH, 2001a; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Though flammable, osmium tetroxide does not ignite easily (Pohanish, 2002).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS20816-12-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Keep flames, sparks, or any other source of ignition away from osmium tetroxide (AAR, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Keep osmium tetroxide separate from alkalis and combustible and reducing materials (Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998).
- Contact with easily oxidizable materials can result in fire and explosions (Pohanish, 2002).
Contact with imidazole may produce an explosive reaction (Urben, 1999).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS20816-12-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Due to poisonous gases, fight fires from a maximum distance and use appropriate positive pressure SCBA (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; ILO, 1998).

For small fires, use alcohol foam, dry chemical (powder), carbon dioxide extinguishers, or water spray (Pohanish, 2002).

For large fires, use alcohol foam or water as a spray or fog from a safe distance (Pohanish, 2002).

In case of fire, all extinguishing agents are allowed (dry chemical, CO2, alcohol resistant spray, foam, water spray). Use of solid streams of water may cause fire to spread (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

Keep containers cool by flooding or water spray from an explosion-safe distance (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Prevent water from getting inside containers (HSDB, 2004).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Fire or explosions may produce irritating or poisonous gases, including osmium, from osmium tetroxide (Pohanish, 2002).
Fire can produce corrosive and poisonous vapors (AAR, 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Osmium tetroxide can explode on contact with 1-methylimidazole (Lewis, 2000).

Containers of osmium tetroxide may explode if involved in fire (Pohanish, 2002).

Handling of osmium tetroxide requires a closed system, ventilation, and explosion-proof equipment ((NIOSH ICSC, 2001)).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Osmium tetroxide is an extremely volatile, non-combustible solid that can evaporate at room temperature (20 degrees C) to form a highly toxic vapor (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998).

Osmium tetroxide vapors are poisonous and extremely irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory system. Exposure to dust or high vapor concentrations through inhalation, ingestion, or bodily contact may result in severe injury or death (NIOSH, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2001; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

Contact with hydrochloric acid will produce toxic chlorine gas (ILO, 1998).

Osmium tetroxide has a toxic, nauseating, chlorine-like odor which should serve as a hazard warning for personnel to immediately evacuate the area (Lewis, 2000; ILO, 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Osmium tetroxide is a strong oxidizer that can react with reducing materials and combustibles (wood, paper, clothing, oil) resulting in fires and explosions. It also forms unstable compounds with alkalis (Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998).

Osmium tetroxide can react with hydrochloric acid to produce toxic chlorine gas. Contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen gas (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; ILO, 1998).

Contact with imidazole may produce an explosive reaction (Urben, 1999).

Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with osmium tetroxide can be dangerous (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate persons not in personal protective equipment (PPE) from area of a spill or leak (Pohanish, 2002).

Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes at the site(AAR, 2002).

Immediately evacuate area if container venting safety devices emit an increasing rising sound or if container deformation or discoloration occurs (Pohanish, 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS20816-12-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS20816-12-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Osmium tetroxide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.0002
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.0006
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.0084
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS20816-12-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.015 ppm
mg/m3: 0.16 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.011 ppm
mg/m3: 0.11 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0084 ppm
mg/m3: 0.087 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0033 ppm
mg/m3: 0.034 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0017 ppm
mg/m3: 0.018 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Osmium tetroxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3: 52 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 5 ppm
mg/m3: 52 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 4 ppm
mg/m3: 42 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS20816-12-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Implement the following actions in the event of a spill (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002):
- Ensure all cleanup personnel wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
- Evacuate personnel not wearing PPE until cleanup is finished.
- Remove or keep all ignition sources away from the spill area.
- Stay upwind and out of low areas.
- Prevent water from getting inside containers.
- Avoid inhalation, ingestion, or bodily contact of or with the material.
- Contain leak or spill using pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area.
- Ventilate spill area after material is cleaned up.
Use noncombustible absorbents such as dry sand or earth to isolate and cleanup spills. Do not use combustible absorbent material (e.g., sawdust) (HSDB, 2004; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Prevent spill from entering sewers, waterways, and the environment. If spill occurs outdoors, cover spilled material with a plastic sheet to protect it from moisture until clean up is undertaken. Use dikes to contain fire control water, which may be hazardous (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

For small spills, take the following actions (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999):
- Ensure all persons in spill area wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
- Remove all potential ignition sources from the immediate area.
- Ventilate the spill area.
- Keep containers cool.
- Use noncombustible material like dry sand or earth as an absorbent.
- Collect (sweep up) any powdered material and place in sealable containers for disposal.
- Use water spray, when appropriate, to prevent dust formation.
For small spills, take the following actions (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999): Ensure all persons in spill area wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Remove all potential ignition sources from the immediate area. Ventilate the spill area. Keep containers cool. Use noncombustible material like dry sand or earth as an absorbent. Collect (sweep up) any powdered material and place in sealable containers for disposal. Use water spray, when appropriate, to prevent dust formation.
- Ensure all persons in spill area wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
- Remove all potential ignition sources from the immediate area.
- Ventilate the spill area.
- Keep containers cool.
- Use noncombustible material like dry sand or earth as an absorbent.
- Collect (sweep up) any powdered material and place in sealable containers for disposal.
- Use water spray, when appropriate, to prevent dust formation.
- Moisten trapped material with water and remove with suction hoses (AAR, 2002).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LAND SPILL (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; AAR, 2002)
- Use noncombustible material (dry sand or earth) to absorb spilled material.
- Cover solid material with plastic to prevent contact with rain or fire fighting water.
- Collect (sweep up) any powdered material and place in sealable containers for disposal.
- Use water spray to prevent dust formation when appropriate.
- Keep water out of containers.
- Prevent spilled material from scattering or entering sewers, waterways, or the environment.
- Contain fire or dust control water with dikes, pits, ponds, or holding areas.
WATER SPILL (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999)
- Control spill migration and contain fire control water through use of natural barriers or oil spill control booms and holding areas as appropriate.
- Use noncombustible material (dry sand or earth) to absorb spilled material.
- Moisten trapped material and remove with suction hoses.
AIR RELEASE (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999)
- Ventilate area as appropriate to lower airborne concentrations.
- Knock down toxic vapors with water spray or mist.
- Keep water out of containers.
Manage any media or material contaminated by cleanup as a hazardous waste and dispose appropriately according to environmental regulations (Pohanish, 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Dissolve material slowly and cautiously in water or dilute acid to make a 5% solution. Keep solution cool. Add dilute ammonium hydroxide slowly to obtain pH of 10. Filter precipitate to send to chemical landfill (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Osmium tetroxide can readily volatilize from osmium metal at room temperature. Osmium metal occurs in the environment in association with the platinum group metals; it may be alloyed with platimum metals, iron, cobalt and nickel. It also forms compounds with tin and zinc. It results as a by-product during the extraction of platinum from residues of nickel and copper refineries (Pohanish, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; Seiler et al, 1988).

Worker exposure to osmium tetroxide potentially occurs from its use in electron microscopy and in pathology laboratories. Worker exposure in the chemical industry may occur through its common use as catalyst for organic chemical synthesis (e.g., ammonia, glycol, steroids). Exposure may also occur to workers in the metal industry during roasting, smelting, and refining processes (ACGIH, 2001a; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; ILO, 1998; Seiler et al, 1988).

Industrial sources for atmospheric osmium tetroxide include vapor release during smelting and refining processes for osmium, copper, nickel, and platinum containing ores. Occupational exposure may occur by (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; Seiler et al, 1988):

Platinum extraction and annealing
Osmium recovery from residues at copper and nickel refineries
Osmium metal extraction and refining
Manufacture of platinum, iron, cobalt, or nickel osmium alloys
Synthesis of osmium tin and osmium zinc compounds

Other sources of production of osmium tetroxide and potential exposure to the material include the following (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001):

Manufacture of osmium tetroxide by heating osmium metal in air or oxygen to a temperature of 300-400 degrees C
Incineration of wastes containing osmium metal
Chlorination of wastewater containing soluble forms of osmium tetroxide

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Osmium tetroxide is an extremely volatile solid that can evaporate at room temperature (20 degrees C) to form a highly toxic vapor (NIOSH, 2004; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).
Oxidation of osmium metal powder or aqueous solutions containing osmium (e.g., sodium osmate, metal osmium in nitric acid), or oxidation of osmium in aqua regia or nitric acid can release osmium tetroxide into air (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Organic matter in wastestreams at copper smelters or other industries, can rapidly degrade or reduce osmium tetroxide to its metal form or to nontoxic osmium dioxide. The inert metal form subsequently settles out into sediments (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Osmium tetroxide is an extremely volatile solid that can evaporate at room temperature (20 degrees C) to form a highly toxic vapor. Oxidation of metal osmium powder, or oxidation of osmium containing solutions (e.g., sodium osmate or metal osmium in nitric acid) can cause osmium tetroxide release into air. Organic matter in industrial wastestreams or watercourses can rapidly degrade (reduce) osmium tetroxide to nontoxic osmium dioxide or its inert metal form that settles out into sediments (HSDB, 2004; NIOSH, 2004; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

In the presence of organic matter in effluent wastestreams, osmium tetroxide can rapidly convert to nontoxic osmium dioxide or the osmium metal form. The inert metal form rapidly settles out into the sediments, where it is generally considered unlikely to pose a toxic hazard to humans or the environment (HSDB, 2004; ACGIH, 2001a; Bingham et al, 2001; Seiler et al, 1988).

High concentrations of osmium tetroxide in the environment could pose a toxic hazard to animals, particularly crustacea (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; Seiler et al, 1988).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

254.23

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Osmium tetroxide is a noncombustible, colorless to pale yellow, crystalline solid or crystalline mass with a disagreeable, pungent, irritating, acrid, bromine- or chlorine-like odor (HSDB, 2004; ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1991).

It sublimes easily and releases a poisonous and irritating vapor (ACGIH, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.5 kPa (at 27 degrees C) (NIOSH ICSC, 1999)

7 mmHg (NIOSH, 2004)

11 mmHg (at 27 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001)

10 mmHg (at 26.0 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

10 mmHg (at 31.1 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

11 torr (at 27 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001a)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

4.9 (at 68 degrees F) (AAR, 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 1999; ITI, 1995)
4.906 (at 22 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001a)
5.109 (at 68 degrees F)(NIOSH, 2004)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.9 (water = 1) (NIOSH ICSC, 1999)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 4.906 g/cm(3) (at 22 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
4.91 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 5.10 g/cm(3) (calculated) (Budavari, 2001)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

8.8 (air = 1) (at 20 degrees C)(NIOSH ICSC, 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

41 degrees C (Pohanish, 2002)
105 degrees F (NIOSH, 2004)

MELTING POINT

39.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
40 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
40.6 degrees C (Pohanish, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001)
41 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
42 degrees C (NIOSH ICSC, 1999)

BOILING POINT

59.4 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

71.5 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

89.5 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

109.3 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 2001)

130 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Pohanish, 2002; ACGIH, 2001a; Budavari, 2001; NIOSH ICSC, 1999)

130 degrees C (sublimes) (Lewis, 2000)

Osmium tetroxide begins to sublime and distill at temperatures well below the boiling point (Pohanish, 2002; Budavari, 2001).

180 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

266 degrees F (NIOSH, 2004)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

5.70 g/100 cm(3) (at 10 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
6 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (NIOSH ICSC, 1999)
6.23 g/100 cm(3) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
7.24 g/100 g (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001)
6% (at 77 degrees F) (NIOSH, 2004)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Osmium tetroxide is soluble in benzene, alcohol, and ether (HSDB, 2004; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000).
375 g/100 g of carbon tetrachloride (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004; Budavari, 2001)
250 +/- 10 g/100 cm(3) of carbon tetrachloride (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

OTHER

Osmium tetroxide is soluble in ammonium hydroxide and phosphorus oxychloride (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.86x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

air: 1.9 x 10(-3) ppm v/v (HSDB, 2004; Pohanish, 2002)
water: 0.012 ppm w/v (HSDB, 2004)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

170 atm (Budavari, 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

405 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

12.60 eV (NIOSH, 2004)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, American Association of Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, Transportation Technology Center, Pueblo, CO, 2002.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 2001a.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986, pp 450.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.

Bachofen H, Gerber U, & Schurch S: Effects of fixatives on function of pulmonary surfactant. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93:911-916.

Bessant R, Steuer A, Rigby S, et al: Osmic acid revisited: factors that predict a favourable response. Rheumatology 2003; 42:1036-1043.

Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 3. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.

Boysen PG & Modell JH: Pulmonary edema, in: Textbook of Critical Care Medicine, 2nd ed. Shoemaker WC, Ayres S, Grenvik A et al (Eds), WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1989, pp 515-518.

Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents