ORTHO-DICHLOROBENZENE

ortho-Dichlorobenzene is used as a solvent; insecticide for termites and locust borers; fumigant; metal degreaser and polish; heat transfer medium; chemical intermediate; herbicide; deodorizing agent in wastewater treatment; and in desulfurizing gases; dye manufacture; and rust-proofing and wood preserving (HSDB, 2004; Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).
Use of ortho-dichlorobenzene in any registered pesticide products is believed discontinued (HSDB, 2004).

FORMS

At room temperature, ortho-dichlorobenzene exists as a colorless to pale yellow liquid, which possesses a pleasant, but strong, aromatic odor (CHRIS, 2004; HSDB, 2004; Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).
It is available as pure, 99% grade, or as a component of a standard dichlorobenzene isomer mixture (72% o-dichlorobenzene, 18% p-dichlorobenzene) (Ashford, 2001).
Technical grades include the following isomer mixtures (CHRIS, 2004):

99.5% minimum dichlorobenzene (ortho:para/meta of 80)
85% ortho, 14% para
80% ortho, 17% para, 2% meta
Pure: greater than or equal to 99.5% ortho, not more than 0.5% para

Two major commercial grades available in the United States are 98.7% and 83% pure. Impurities include 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, monochlorobenzene, and other dichlorobenzene isomers (HSDB, 2004).
An emulsifiable form is also available (HSDB, 2004).

SOURCES

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

OCCUPATIONAL

Workers involved with the manufacture and use of ortho-dichlorobenzene may be exposed to the compound through inhalation or skin contact (HSDB, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001).

GENERAL POPULATION

People may be exposed to ortho-dichlorobenzene through inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of food and drinking water contaminated with the chemical (HSDB, 2004).
It has been detected in water systems; urban, suburban, rural, and indoor air; mobile homes; and some food products (HSDB, 2004; Bozzelli & Kebbekus, 1982; Bristol, 1982).

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

ortho-Dichlorobenzene is produced through the following reactions:
- benzene + chlorine (ring chlorination; coproduced with chlorobenzene/p-dichlorobenzene) (Ashford, 2001)
- benzene + hydrogen chloride, anhydrous (oxychlorination; byproduct of chlorobenzene production) (Ashford, 2001)
- chlorination of benzene or chlorobenzene in the presence of a catalyst (HSDB, 2004)
- Sandmeyer procedure from appropriate chloroaniline (HSDB, 2004)

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

ortho-Dichlorobenzene is one of three dichlorobenzene isomers. As much as possible, data included here are specific to the ortho-isomer (CAS 95-50-1), unless explicitly stated otherwise. However, purity of the material was not always specified in the literature, therefore meta- (CAS 25321-22-6) and para-dichlorobenzene (CAS 106-46-7) impurities may have affected the data in some instances. For information on the mixture, or the m- or p-isomer, please refer to the documents covering those topics.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

CNS - Headache may occur following an acute exposure (Pohanish, 2002). Higher concentrations produce more pronounced CNS effects including severe headache, dizziness, loss of coordination and judgement, and sleepiness (Hathaway et al, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

DERMATOLOGIC - Dichlorobenzene can be absorbed through the skin (HSDB, 2004; Elovaara, 1998). Intense erythema and edema have been reported following the local application of the compound (HSDB, 2004).

GASTROINTESTINAL - When swallowed, dichlorobenzene can cause burning pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (HSDB, 2004). Gastritis and heartburn have been reported (Contassot, 1978).

GENITOURINARY - Dichlorobenzene has produced kidney damage rats (HSDB, 2004).

HEENT - Throat and eye irritation may occur following an acute exposure (ACGIH, 2001). Vapors may cause severe eye irritation (Elovaara, 1998). Exposures to airborne concentrations less than 20 ppm produce no ocular effect. The threshold for eye irritation is between 25 to 30 ppm. Eye symptoms can become painful at exposures in the 60 to 100 ppm range (Hathaway et al, 1996).

HEMATOLOGIC - Ortho-dichlorobenzene has been reported to induce METHEMOGLOBINEMIA (HSDB, 2004). No original studies were found to confirm that methemoglobin is formed in vivo, however.

HEPATIC - Prolonged acute exposure can cause liver injury (HSDB, 2004).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

DERMATOLOGIC - Long-term exposure to ortho-dichlorobenzene has caused skin irritation and sensitization in experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

GENITOURINARY - Long-term exposure to ortho-dichlorobenzene has caused kidney injury in experimental animals (HSDB, 2004).

HEMATOLOGIC - Hemolytic anemia has been occasionally reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). No hematological effects were observed at exposure levels ranging from 1 to 44 ppm (average 15 ppm) (Hathaway et al, 1996).

HEPATIC - Long-term exposure to ortho-dichlorobenzene has caused liver injury in experimental animals (HSDB, 2004). Enlarged liver and spleen (Gadrat, 1962) have also been occasionally reported.

RESPIRATORY - Respiratory tract irritation has been reported (HSDB, 2004). Rats, guinea pigs and rabbits inhaled a concentration of 93 ppm of ortho-dichlorobenzene for 6 to 7 months with no ill effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver and kidneys(Chemsoft(R) , 2000; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, acidosis, etc). Therapy consists of supportive measures, prevention of further absorption of the methemoglobin-inducing agent, and administration of methylene blue. Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy. High levels of methemoglobin may result in respiratory failure and death. Central cyanosis unresponsive to 100% supplemental oxygen therapy should raise the suspicion of methemoglobinemia.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL

Rats died following inhalation exposure to 977 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene for 7 hours (ACGIH, 2001).
Mice died within 24 hours after exposure to saturated vapor of ortho-dichlorobenzene (2000 - 3000 ppm) for 1 hour. Narcosis, central nervous depression, and cyanosis preceded death (ACGIH, 2001).
Lethal oral doses of ortho-dichlorobenzene have been reported (ACGIH, 2001):

500 mg/kg in rats
1875 mg/kg in rabbits
2000 mg/kg in mice
2000 mg/kg in guinea pigs

Intraperitoneal injection of 522 mg/kg ortho-dichlorobenzene was fatal to mice (ACGIH, 2001).
Intravenous injections of 326 - 653 mg/kg ortho-dichlorobenzene caused death in mice within 24 hours following administration (ACGIH, 2001).
Intravenous injection of 1306 mg/kg ortho-dichlorobenzene caused death in rabbits within 20 seconds following administration (ACGIH, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN

Intermittent occupational exposure to 100 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene caused irritation of the eyes and respiratory system in workers. No other symptoms were reported (ACGIH, 2001).

ANIMAL

ACUTE

No deaths were reported in guinea pigs given a single 800 mg/kg oral dose of ortho-dichlorobenzene (ACGIH, 2001).
Dogs exposed to 4000 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene for 1 hour exhibited no signs of adverse response. At 8000 ppm, sedation of the animals was observed (ACGIH, 2001).
Rats exposed to 539 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene for 7 hours survived, but showed symptoms of drowsiness, unsteadiness, eye irritation, liver necrosis, and kidney tubule damage (HSDB, 2004; ACGIH, 2001).
Rats survived a 2-hour exposure to 977 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene (ACGIH, 2001).
A single intraperitoneal injection of 800 mg ortho-dichlorobenzene given to male rats caused changes to sperm, including misshapen heads, acrosomal defects, and tail abnormalities. The effects appeared to be dose-related, with rats given lower doses showing lesser changes (ACGIH, 2001).
At an intraperitoneal dose of 5 mmol/kg, ortho-dichlorobenzene increased bile duct pancreatic fluid flow and decreased its protein concentration in rats 24 hours following administration (HSDB, 2004).

SUBCHRONIC

Rats exposed to 450 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene for 6 hours/day for up to 13 days survived the exposure, but showed pale, discolored kidneys on autopsy (ACGIH, 2001).
Rats given oral doses of 675 mg/kg ortho-dichlorobenzene as a 25% solution in peanut oil for 3 days exhibited severe weight loss, general debilitation, and liver damage (ACGIH, 2001).
Pregnant rats exposed to 400 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene from days 6 through 15 of gestation had decreased weight gain and increased liver weights. No fetal effects were observed (ACGIH, 2001).
Pregnant rabbits exposed to 400 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene from days 6 through 18 of gestation showed a decreased rate of weight gain over the first 3 days of exposure (ACGIH, 2001).

CHRONIC

Rats given 138 gavage doses of ortho-dichlorobenzene over 192 days (376 mg/kg per day; administered 5 days/week) showed increased liver and kidney weights, and slight histopathological changes in the liver (ACGIH, 2001).
Rats and guinea pigs survived exposures to 93 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene for 7 hours/day over the course of 6 - 7 months. Male guinea pigs had decreased spleen weights, but no histopathologic changes (ACGIH, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS95-50-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: ortho-Dichlorobenzene

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 9x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 6825 mg/m(3) for 6H (HSDB, 2004)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 8150 mg/m(3) for 4H -- flaccid paralysis without anesthesia; general anesthetic; muscle contraction or spasticity (RTECS, 2004)
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 800 ppm for 24H -- diffuse hepatitis (RTECS, 2004)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 821 ppm for 7H -- general anesthetic; zonal hepatitis; lacrimation (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 1228 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 4386 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 500 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >10 g/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 840 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
- male, F344 rats -- 1.66 ml/kg (HSDB, 2004)
- male, Sprague-Dawley rats -- 1.76 ml/kg (HSDB, 2004)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 500 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 5 g/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 2 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
- 0.8 - 2.0 mcg/m(3) (HSDB, 2004)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- 400 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- 250 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 200 ppm for 6H -- female, 6-15D of pregnancy; developmental abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system (RTECS, 2004)
- 200 mg/m(3) for 4H/17W, intermittent -- degenerative changes to the brain and coverings; changes in blood cell count (RTECS, 2004)
- 290 mg/m(3) for 7H/26W, intermittent -- unspecified liver changes (RTECS, 2004)
- 500 ppm for 6H -- female, 6-15D of pregnancy; unspecified maternal effects; fetal death (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 7 g/kg for 14D, intermittent -- fatty liver degeneration; death (RTECS, 2004)
- 32,500 mg/kg for 13W, intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weight (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 1 mg/kg -- changes to the liver, including changes in liver weight; weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS, 2004)
- 50 mg/kg -- male, 1D prior to mating; affected spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) (RTECS, 2004)
- 735 mg/kg (RTECS, 2004)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 30,900 mg/kg for 103W, intermittent -- neoplastic by RTECS criteria; adrenal cortex tumors (RTECS, 2004)
- 3 g/kg for 10D, intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weights; changes in leukocyte count (RTECS, 2004)
- 27,300 mcg/kg for 39W, intermittent -- changes in urine composition; agranulocytosis; changes in erythrocyte count (RTECS, 2004)
- 32,500 mg/kg for 13W, intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weights; changes in erythrocyte count (RTECS, 2004)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 6.01 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH, 2004)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS95-50-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

o-Dichlorobenzene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 25 ppm
TLV-STEL: 50 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; liver dam
Molecular Weight: 147.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS95-50-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS95-50-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 50 ppm (300 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Table Z-1 for o-Dichlorobenzene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 50

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 300

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents; all spent solvent mixtures/ blends containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F001, F004, or F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures.
Listed as: Benzene, 1,2-dichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,2-dichloro-
P or U series number: U070
Footnote:
Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
P or U series number: U070
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS95-50-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS95-50-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS95-50-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,2-dichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1591 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: o-Dichlorobenzene

Symbol(s): +

+: fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group for that entry without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class, packing group or any other hazard class definition. When the plus sign is assigned to a proper shipping name, it means that the material is known to pose a risk to humans. When a plus sign is assigned to mixtures or solutions containing a material where the hazard to humans is significantly different from that of the pure material or where no hazard to humans is posed, the material may be described using an alternative shipping name that represents the hazards posed by the material. An appropriate alternate proper shipping name and hazard class may be authorized by the DOT Associate Administrator.

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1591
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP1

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1591 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: o-Dichlorobenzene
UN Number: 1591

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS95-50-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Train employees on proper handling and storage of ortho-dichlorobenzene prior to having them work with it. Personnel handling the chemical should wear adequate personal protective clothing and equipment (Pohanish, 2002).
Prohibit ignition sources, such as open flames, smoking, or sparking tools, in areas where ortho-dichlorobenzene is stored, handled, or used. Keep the chemical separate from strong oxidizers (Pohanish, 2002).
Control and contain contaminated runoff from decontamination or spill clean up for proper disposal (NFPA, 2002).

HANDLING

Personnel should be trained on proper handling and storage procedures for ortho-dichlorobenzene prior to working with the chemical (Pohanish, 2002).

Avoid contact with liquid ortho-dichlorobenzene. Wear neoprene or vinyl chemical-protective gloves, goggles, rubber footwear, apron, and other appropriate protective clothing and equipment when working with or around this chemical (CHRIS, 2004).

Ensure clothing and protective equipment are available and clean before each shift (Pohanish, 2002).

Prohibit ignition sources, such as open flames, smoking, or sparking tools, in areas where ortho-dichlorobenzene is stored, handled, or used (Pohanish, 2002).

Personnel should verify explosive concentrations of ortho-dichlorobenzene are not present before entering into confined spaces (Pohanish, 2002).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store ortho-dichlorobenzene in tightly closed containers (Pohanish, 2002).
ortho-Dichlorobenzene is reactive with some plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Usual shipping containers include glass bottles, drums, or tanks (NFPA, 2002).
Label containers to indicate they should be kept away from food (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Keep ortho-dichlorobenzene away from strong oxidizers (e.g., permanganates, nitrates, peroxides, chlorates, and perchlorates) and hot aluminum or aluminum alloys (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Containers should be kept in cool, dry, well-ventilated locations, away from direct light and heat (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Prohibit smoking or presence of open flame in areas where this chemical is stored (Pohanish, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

ortho-Dichlorobenzene should be kept away from strong oxidizers (e.g., permanganates, nitrates, peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates) and hot aluminum and aluminum alloys (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

ortho-Dichlorobenzene is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucus membranes. Prevent eye and skin contact with the chemical through use of appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing, including chemical-protective gloves, apron, footwear, goggles, and face shield. Wear adequate respiratory protection to minimize inhalation of the chemical (CHRIS, 2004; NIOSH, 2004).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection such as splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when working with or around ortho-dichlorobenzene (NIOSH, 2004; CHRIS, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).

Do not wear contact lenses when working with this chemical (NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when working with or around ortho-dichlorobenzene. An organic vapor-acid gas respirator is suggested (CHRIS, 2004).

Wear self-contained respiratory protection when fighting fires involving this chemical (CHRIS, 2004).

Emergency responders should wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when responding to incidents involving ortho-dichlorobenzene (NFPA, 2002).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 95-50-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.9
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 66
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 49
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 352
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

Provide emergency showers and eyewash in locations where ortho-dichlorobenzene is used or handled (Pohanish, 2002).
Remove and replace clothing and shoes if they become contaminated with the chemical. Launder before reuse (CHRIS, 2004; NIOSH, 2004).
If this compound contacts the skin, remove any clothing, and immediately rinse affected area(s) with copious amounts of water, or wash with soap and water (CHRIS, 2004; NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).
If this compound contacts the eyes, remove contact lenses if present. Hold eyelids open, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids, and flush eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes (CHRIS, 2004; NIOSH, 2004; Pohanish, 2002).
Control and contain any contaminated runoff for proper disposal (NFPA, 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Presence of heat, flame, or other ignition sources in areas where o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) is used, handled, or stored can create a dangerous fire and explosion hazard(Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000).
Combustion of o-DCB produces toxic and corrosive gases. Combustion by-products include phosgene, hydrogen chloride gases, and chlorocarbons (OHM/TADS, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Vapors may travel to an ignition source and flash back. Approach fire from upwind to avoid corrosive and toxic vapors. The vapors are heavier than air and may collect in low areas (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Use appropriate containment to prevent o-DCB from entering the environment, especially water intakes, waterways, and sewers (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS95-50-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Moderate preheating may cause combustion of o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (OHM/TADS, 2004).
o-DCB vapors may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and then flash back (Pohanish, 2002).
Smoking or presence of heat, flame, or other ignition sources in areas where o-DCB is used, handled, or stored can present a fire and explosion hazard(Pohanish, 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS95-50-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Dichlorobenzene
Extinguishing Method(s): 3

3: "Water may be used to blanket fire" applies when the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.1 or greater, or is not water-soluble. In this case, water can be gently applied in a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray to fight fire(OHM/TADS, 2004; AAR, 2002; NFPA, 2002).

Use water spray to cool exposed containers as they may explode in fire (ILO ICSC, 2003; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion of o-dichlorobenzene produces toxic and corrosive fumes (phosgene, hyrdrogen chloride gas, chlorine, chlorocarbons) (ILO ICSC, 2003; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Presence of heat, flame, or other ignition sources in areas where o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) is used, handled, or stored can create an explosion and fire hazard(Pohanish, 2002).

o-DCB can react violently with strong oxidizers (permanganates, nitrates, peroxides, perchlorates), strong acids and acid fumes, chlorides, aluminum, and aluminum alloys (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Fire can cause o-DCB containers to explode (Pohanish, 2002).

Potentially explosive concentrations of o-DCB may build up in confined spaces such as sewers (Pohanish, 2002).

When stored in sealed aluminum containers, the slow reaction of o-DCB with aluminum may pose an explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) emits toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and chloride gases (ILO ICSC, 2003; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002; NFPA, 2002)

o-DCB is an eye, skin, respiratory tract, and mucous membrane irritant(Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000).

o-DCB vapors can form explosive mixtures with air at temperatures above 66 degrees C (150 degrees F) (ILO ICSC, 2003; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Vapors can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and then flash back. The vapors are heavier than air and may collect in low areas. Approach fire or spills from upwind to avoid toxic vapors (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Evaporation of o-DCB at 20 degrees C or above can produce toxic air concentrations (ILO ICSC, 2003).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

o-Dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) can react violently with strong oxidizers (permanganates, nitrates, peroxides, perchlorates); strong acids and acid fumes; chlorides and halocarbons; and aluminum and aluminum alloys (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When heated to decomposition, o-DCB can emit phosgene, hydrogen chloride gas and other toxic fumes (Lewis, 2000).

o-DCB is combustible following preheating (OHM/TADS, 2004).

o-DCB can degrade some plastics and rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

If a fire involving o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flame, evacuate to a secure, upwind, explosion-proof location (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

In the event o-DCB is spilled or leaking (not on fire), consider an evacuation from the downwind area based on the amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS95-50-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS95-50-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichlorobenzene, o-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 25
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS95-50-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS95-50-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In the event of a spill, evacuate all unnecessary people to an upwind, explosion-proof location. Avoid contact with o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) liquid and avoid inhaling any vapors. Remove all ignition sources from the area and safely stop the leak. Use water spray to keep containers cool. Collect spilled liquid in sealable containers. Use absorbents (vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or similar material) to soak up bulk liquid(AAR, 2002; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
- Ventilate the area once cleanup is complete. Prevent spilled material from entering sewers, waterways, or water intakes (Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Small Spills (ILO ICSC, 2003; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002):
- Use appropriate protective clothing and equipment to avoid breathing vapors and direct contact with eyes or skin.
- Collect spilled material in sealable containers.
- Use sand or inert absorbent to cleanup remaining liquid.
- Ventilate the area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Land Spills (ILO ICSC, 2003; AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002):
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area.
- Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.
- Use gelling agents to solidify and to immobilize the spilled liquid.
- Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial inert sorbents.
- Collect spilled liquid in sealable containers.
Water Spills (HSDB, 2004; AAR, 2002):
- Use lagoons, sand bag barriers, or booms to limit spill travel.
- Consider using activated carbon, applied at ten times the amount spilled, if the dissolved o-DCB concentration is 10 ppm or greater.
- Use suction hoses, mechanical dredges, and/or lifts to remove spilled or trapped material.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Reclamation of large quantities of o-dichlorobenzene is possible by means of a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas emissions cleaner(HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Chemical treatment is a feasible disposal method for o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (HSDB, 2004).
Either chemical conversion or physical removal produced o-DCB degradation removal rates of 55% (<4 days) and 66% (32 days) using a batch anaerobic sludge digester (0.7 mg/L initial concentration, 37 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001).
Wastewater ozonization provided 83% removal (sum of isomers) given an initial o-DCB concentration of 810 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOREMEDIATION

The biodegradation rate for sludge containing o-dichlorobenzene is slow based on 0% theoretical biological oxygen demand (BOD) test results obtained over a 4-week incubation period (HSDB, 2004).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Air stripping is a potential wastewater treatment technology for o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (HSDB, 2004).
Reported removal rates for water treatment by river bank filtration were 21%, 44%, and 45%, given initial o-DCB concentrations of 501, 801, and 2,980 mcg/L, respectively (Verschueren, 2001).
- The reported removal rate by slow filtration was 97% given an initial o-DCB concentration of 810 mcg/L(Verschueren, 2001).

INCINERATION

Incineration is a feasible disposal method for o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (HSDB, 2004).
Suitable incineration processes include liquid injection incineration, rotary kiln incineration, and fluidized bed incineration (HSDB, 2004).
- Incineration at 970 degrees C under oxygen deprived conditions produced 99% destruction at a 2-second residence time (Verschueren, 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Important environmental sources of ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) are emissions and waste streams associated with its production and use as a chemical intermediate for synthesizing herbicides and a wide variety of organic compounds, including 3,4-dichloroaniline and toluene diisocyanate. It is widely used as an industrial solvent for production of pesticides, dyes, fumigants, industrial odor-control agents, metal polishes, degreasing agents, and engine cleaners (HSDB, 2004; ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001a; Verschueren, 2001).

Solvent application is reportedly the major source for atmospheric emissions of o-DCB, along with stack emissions from refuse-fired steam boilers and power plants (Howard, 1989).

Other sources for release of o-DCB into the environment include discharges into water from industrial effluents, spills, and its application as a pesticide for controlling such insects as termites, bark beetles, grubs, locusts and peach tree borers (HSDB, 2004; ACGIH, 2001; Budavari, 2001).

Inhalation and dermal contact are the principal human occupational exposure routes where o-DCB is manufactured, handled, or used. Inhalation of ambient air where o-DCB is used and ingestion of contaminated food, primarily fish, or drinking water are important exposure routes for the general population (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) exists primarily as a vapor in ambient air. The main pathway for atmospheric degradation is through reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals. Direct atmospheric photolysis is not an important degradation pathway. Detection of o-DCB in rainwater suggests that atmospheric removal via wash-out is possible (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- A photooxidation half-life range estimate for o-DCB in air is between 152.8 hours (6.4 days) and 1528 hours (63.7 days), based on the measured rate constant for its vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Howard et al, 1991).
Atmospheric half-life estimates for o-DCB based on its reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals include: 27 to 53 days(Verschueren, 2001); 38 days (HSDB, 2004); and 24 days. The basis for this latter estimate was an experimentally-determined reaction rate constant of 0.42 x 10(-12) cm(3)/mol-sec at 22 degrees C, assuming an average hydroxyl radical atmospheric concentration of 8 x 10(5) molecules/cm(3) (Howard, 1989).
Maximum (lambda) light absorption estimates for o-DCB are 219.5 nm and 269 nm. Direct photolysis is not important given that o-DCB does not absorb UV light at wavelengths greater than 310 nm in an isooctane solvent (Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Rapid volatilization is likely when ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) is released to water (estimated half-life is 4 hours in rivers and 120 hours in lakes). Biodegradation is likely to be slow. Aqueous hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photooxidation are not important fate processes for o-DCB (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- In surface water, the half-life range for o-DCB is 672 hours (4 weeks) to 4320 hours (6 months), based on an estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
- The volatilization half life estimate of 4.4 hours for o-DCB is based on a model river study (1-m deep, 1 m/sec flow rate, 3 m/sec wind velocity at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989).
- Reported evaporation rates for o-DCB include (Verschueren, 2001):
- A first-order hydrolysis half-life estimate for o-DCB is > 879 years, given a rate constant [< 0.9 M(-1) hr(-1)] extrapolated to pH 7 at 25 degrees C (1% disappearance after 16 days at 85 degrees C and pH 9.7) (Howard et al, 1991).
- Sediment adsorption is a major environmental fate process for o-DCB. Sediment core data from Lake Ontario indicate persistence of o-DCB in Great Lake sediments since before 1940. Sediment adsorption can attenuate volatilization from surface water (Howard, 1989).
- In anaerobic sediments, the reported half-life for o-DCB is 37 days based on pseudo first order kinetics and sulfate reducing conditions at 25 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001).
GROUND WATER
- In groundwater, o-DCB has an estimated half-life between 1,344 hours (8 weeks) and 8,640 hours (12 months) based on an estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
- Half-life estimates for o-DCB in an uncontaminated anaerobic aquifer range on average from 1,345 years to 2,513 years, assuming an organic carbon content of 1% to 0.001%, respectively (Verschueren, 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization is an important fate process for o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) from both moist and dry soil surfaces, although volatilization may be slowed by leaching or strong adsorption. Chemical transformation of o-DCB by hydrolysis, oxidation, or direct photolysis (on soil surfaces) is insignificant (Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004).
- Based on measured organic carbon partition coefficients (Koc) of 280 and 320 in soil, o-DCB is considered moderately mobile in soil (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- In soil, the estimated half-life range for o-DCB is 672 hours (4 weeks) to 4320 hours (6 months) based on data from an unacclimated aerobic screening test and an aerobic soil grab sample (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) exists predominantly in the vapor phase and degrades primarily through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Direct photolysis is not an important fate process in the atmosphere. Volatilization from water and soil surfaces is an important environmental fate process for o-DCB, although volatilization may be attenuated through tight adsorption to sediment or soil particles and through groundwater leaching . Chemical transformation processes, such as hydrolysis, photooxidation, and direct photolysis (from water or soil surfaces), are not important fate processes. Aerobic biodegradation in both aquatic and terrestrial environments is possible, but likely to be slow (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

o-Dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) may biodegrade in aerobic water after microbial adaptation. Biodegradation is unlikely under anaerobic conditions that may exist in lake sediments or in groundwater (Howard, 1989).

Unacclimated aqueous biodegradation half-life estimates for o-DCB include (Howard et al, 1991):

Aerobic conditions: 672 hours (4 weeks) and 4320 hours (6 months), based upon unacclimated screening test data and aerobic soil grab sample data .
Anaerobic conditions: 2,880 hours (16 weeks) and 17,280 hours (24 months), based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life.

In soil, o-DCB biodegradation may be a slow process given a half-life estimate greater than 9 months (HSDB, 2004).

The biodegradation half-life for o-DCB in a non-adapted aerobic subsoil (Ontario sand) is 250 days (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Catfish residues of o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) at an industrial outfall in Bayou D'Inde (Lousiana) were 0.11 mg/kg (of lipid). Site conditions were 7.1 mg/kg (organic carbon basis) o-DCB in bottom sediments and 9 ng/L o-DCB in water. o-DCB was not detected in suspended sediment samples. Catfish o-DCB residues were 0.06 mg/kg (of lipid) at the nearby junction of Bayou d/Inde and the Calcasieu River (Verschueren, 2001).
Detection of o-DCB in Lake Ontario trout confirm bioaccumulation is an important fate process in aquatic ecosystems (Howard, 1989).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Oligochaete worms (Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) had a worm/sediment accumulation factor of 0.2 after 79 days at 8 degrees C and an initial o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) sediment concentration of 0.23 mg/kg. The reported half-life for o-DCB in Oligochaete worms was <5 days (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Atlantic croakers: 8700 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Blue catfish: 6,600 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Blue crabs: 28,800 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Bluegill sunfish: 66 (BCF, whole body) -- 28D exposure, continous flow system (Howard, 1989)
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): 89 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) -- 14 D exposure to 7.89 mcg/L o-DCB; tissue half-life estimate of <1D(Verschueren, 2001)
Carp (Cyprinus carpio): 90 - 260 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 10 mcg/L for 56D (Verschueren, 2001)
Carp (Cyprinus carpio): 150 - 230 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 100 mcg/L for 56D (Verschueren, 2001)
Fathead minnow: 89 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Rainbow trout: 270 to 560 (BCF, experimentally determined from 119D exposure in laboratory aquarium) (Howard, 1989)
Rainbow trout: 3,300 to 6,300 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)
Spotted sea trout: 6,200 (BCF, mg/kg of lipid) (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Marine plankton growth ceased at 13 ppm o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) (OHM/TADS, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
Test results from a 14 day in-vivo vitellogenin assay using zebrafish (Danio rerio) suggest o-DCB (weakly potent) and p-DCB (strongly potent) may exert estrogenic effects, but only at extremely high concentrations that would not occur in the environment. Unlike p-DCB, o-DCB showed no significant response in an in-vitro yeast estrogen screen (YES) for detection of xenoestrogenic compounds (B-galactosidase) (Versonnen et al, 2003).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

MICROORGANISMS

EC0 - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas putida): 15 mg/L for 16H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas fluorescens): 250 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - BACTERIA (Nitrosomonas spp.): 47 mg/L for 24H --inhibition of N-oxidation. (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): >64 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi): 80 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (aerobic heterotrophic culture): - 910 mg/L for 315H -- inhibition of respiration (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 2.7 mg/L for 5 min (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 4.76 mg/L for 5 min; 4.98 mg/L for 15 min; 5.99 mg/L for 30 min (Microtox test) (LOLI, 2004)
EC50 - MICROORGANISMS: >100 mg/L -- inhibition of active sludge respiration (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (methanogenic): 150 mg/L for 48H -- inhibition of gas production (Verschueren, 2001)

INVERTEBRATES AND ALGAE

LC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Palaemonetes pugio): 10 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WORMS (Tubifex): 150 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOLLUSC (hard clam eggs): >100 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOLLUSC (hard clam larvae):>100 ppm for 288H (OHM/TADS, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): > 100 mg/L for 7D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa):53 mg/L for 8D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 1.0 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC10 - ALGAE (Scenedesmus subspicatus): 3.0 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - ALGAE (Scenedesmus subspicatus): 14 mg/L for 72H -- cell multiplication inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 92 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 -ALGAE (Skeletonema costatum): 44 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 1.7 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - ALGAE (Tetrahymena pyriformis): 51 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 0.63 mg/L for 21D (Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC0 - FATHEAD MINNOWS: 3 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 5.6 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 6.3 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 27 mg/L (best fit) for 96H -- static bioassay, freshwater at 23 degrees C, mild aeration after 24H (Verschueren, 2001). This 96H LC50 was based on following percent survival test data:
- 0% - 50 mg/L for 24H
- 20% - 32 mg/L for 96H
- 30% to 70% - 32 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H
- 90% - 18mg/L or 24 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H, 96H
LC50 - CARP (Leuciscus idus): 29 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 5.8 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 57 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 76 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): approx. 105 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales pugio): 9.4 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales pugio): 10 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales pugio): 14 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 5.9 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - JAPANESE RICE FISH (Oryzias latipes): 10 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - KILLIFISH (Oryzias latipes): 9.3 mg/L for 48H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 9.7 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gardneri): 1.6 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gardneri): 2.3 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 7.3 mg/L (best fit) for 96H -- static bioassay, synthetic seawater at 23 degrees C, mild aeration after 24H (Verschueren, 2001). This 96H LC50 was based on following percent survival test data:
- 0% - 18 mg/L for 24 H
- 10% - 10 mg/L for 48H, 72H, 96H
- 20% - 10 mg/L for 24H
- 100% - 5 mg/L for 24H, 48H, 72H, 96H
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 5.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio): >180 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay, carbon-filtered tap water at 24 degrees C, pH 7.8, hardness 350 mg CaCO3/L; 9-month old fish, length 4.3 +/- 0.2 cm, wgt 0.8 +/- 0.2 g; data did not permit calculation of confidence interval (Versonnen et al, 2003)
LC100 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 10 mg/L for 72H (OHM/TADS, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - FATHEAD MINNOW: 3 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassay, no toxic effects (OHM/TADS, 2004)
NOEC - FATHEAD MINNOW: 5 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassay, no toxic effects (OHM/TADS, 2004)
NOEC - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 0.37 mg/L for 14D (Verschueren, 2001)
TL50 (EC50) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE: 7.3 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TL50 (EC50) - BLUEGILL: 27 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay (OHM/TADS, 2004)
EC - FATHEAD MINNOW: 4 ppm for 72H -- static bioassay, partially toxic (OHM/TADS, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

147.00

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

ortho-Dichlorobenzene is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid. It has a pleasant, aromatic odor (NIOSH, 2004; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2001; Verschueren, 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (NIOSH, 2004)

1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C); 1.5 mmHg (at 25 degrees C); 1.9 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

1.2 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 2002)

1.36 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (from experimentally derived coefficients) (HSDB, 2004)

1.56 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)

REID VAPOR PRESSURE

0.06 psia (CHRIS, 2004)

SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE

0.025 lb/in(2) (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB, 2004)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.3003 (Budavari, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.3 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
1.3059 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
1.306 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2004)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.284 (Lewis, 2001)
1.30 (NIOSH, 2004; NFPA, 2002)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.3059 g/ml (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

10.7 lb/gal (Lewis, 2001a)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

5.05 (HSDB, 2004)
5.07 (Verschueren, 2001)
5.1 (NFPA, 2002)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

6.5 x 10(-4) lb/ft(3) (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB, 2004)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

255.6 K; 17.6 degrees C; 0.3 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004)
1 degree F (NIOSH, 2004)
-17 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

MELTING POINT

-16.7 to -18 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
-16.7 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)
-17 degrees C; 1 degree F (NFPA, 2002)
-17.03 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)

BOILING POINT

453.7 K; 180.5 degrees C; 356.9 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004)

172-179 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

179 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)

180 degrees C; 357 degrees F (NFPA, 2002)

180.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2004)

180.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)

357 degrees F (NIOSH, 2004)

FLASH POINT

65.5 degrees C; 150 degrees F (Lewis, 2001)

66 degrees C; 151 degrees F (NFPA, 2002)

66 degrees C; 151 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2001)

151 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB, 2004)

155 degrees F (open cup) (HSDB, 2004)

165 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

647 degrees C; 1198 degrees F (Lewis, 2001)

647-648 degrees C; 1198 degrees F (NFPA, 2002)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2% (HSDB, 2004)
2.2% (NIOSH, 2004; NFPA, 2002)

UPPER

9% (HSDB, 2004)
9.2% (NIOSH, 2004; NFPA, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.01% (NIOSH, 2004)
100 mg/l (at 20 degrees C); 145 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
145 mg/l (Budavari, 2001)
156 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
Insoluble (NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in ethanol, ether, and benzene (HSDB, 2004)
Very soluble in acetone (HSDB, 2004)
Miscible with alcohol, ether, and benzene (Budavari, 2001)
Miscible with most organic solvents (Lewis, 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

LogP = 3.38 (Verschueren, 2001)

log Kow = 3.43 (HSDB, 2004)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.0015 atm-m(3)/mol (20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

4275 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

303 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

MASS

817 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2004)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Recognition: 0.12 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)
Low: 12.0 mg/m(3); High: 300.0 mg/m(3); Irritating concn: 150.0 mg/m(3) (HSDB, 2004)
Detectable at 50 ppm; Irritation at 100 ppm (HSDB, 2004)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Koc = 2.5 - 4.3 (HSDB, 2004)
Koc = 280; 320 (HSDB, 2004)

SATURATION CONCENTRATION

8.0 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C); 15 g/m(3) (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

SURFACE TENSION

0.037 N/m; 37 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS, 2004)
36.61 dynes/cm (HSDB, 2004)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

4031 kPa (HSDB, 2004)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

417.5 degrees C (HSDB, 2004)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

12.12 (at 293.2 K) (HSDB, 2004)

DIPOLE MOMENT

2.5 debye(HSDB, 2004)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

185.4x10(5) J/kg; -4427 cal/g; -7969 Btu/lb (CHRIS, 2004)

HEAT OF FUSION

21.02 cal/g (CHRIS, 2004)
86.11 J/g (HSDB, 2004)

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

2.68x10(5) J/kg; 63.9 cal/g; 115 Btu/lb (CHRIS, 2004)
311 J/g (HSDB, 2004)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5515 (at 20 degrees C/D); 1.5491 (at 25 degrees C/D) (Budavari, 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.06 eV (NIOSH, 2004)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

0.04 N/m; 40 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS, 2004)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

746 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

VISCOSITY

1.324 mPa.s (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents