ORTHO-CRESOL

ortho-Cresol is a phenolic compound used as a disinfectant and solvent, as a chemical intermediate for phenolic and epoxy resins, sulfur chromium dyes, herbicides, magnet wire coatings, pharmaceuticals, as a fiber treatment agent, tanning agent, in photographic developers, as a fumigant, explosive, ore flotation agent, and metal degreasing agent (Budavari, 1996; EPA, 1985; ACGIH, 1986).
Cresols are ingredients in the British disinfectant Lysol, which is a synonym for 50 percent cresol and soap solution, B.P. The British Lysol product has been used in many attempted suicides (Gosselin et al, 1984).
Several products sold in the United Kingdom contained up to 100 percent cresol and have been used to treat symptoms of whooping cough, bronchitis, croup, and colds by inhaling the vapors after heating (Pegg & Campbell, 1985).
Ortho-cresol is used in making synthetic resins. It is also used in disinfectants and fumigants and as an industrial solvent (Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Ortho-cresol is a colorless to white crystalline compound. It exists as a liquid above 88 degrees F (HSDB , 2000).
Ortho-cresol's odor has been described as sweet, tarry and phenolic (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

It is prepared from meta-toluic acid by fractional distillation from coal tar (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Gosselin et al, 1984).
It is obtained from fractional distillation of tar acid (HSDB , 2000).
Ortho-cresol is a byproduct of naphtha crackling. It is recovered from spent caustic liquor which is used to wash petroleum distillates. It is then isolated by fractional distillation as mixed cresols or as higher purity grades (HSDB , 2000).
Ortho-cresol may be separated from crude cresols by repeated fractional distillation in VACVO (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Cresols are normal metabolites of protein metabolism and from decomposition of steroid hormones (IRPTC, 1985).
o-Cresol is a component of cigarette smoke (Dalhamn, 1968).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

o-Cresol is corrosive to tissues and can cause serious burns. It is rapidly absorbed by all routes and can be fatal by any route of exposure. Systemic effects include profound CNS depression, seizures, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, pulmonary edema, and lung, liver, pancreas, spleen, heart, and kidney damage. Metabolic acidosis may occur.

Skin contact is the main exposure route. Pain is followed by numbness; skin reddens, then blanches, blisters, and forms a scab. Skin contact can result in severe skin burns. Eye contact produces irritation, redness, corneal burns, keratitis, and possibly, in severe cases, blindness.

Inhalation produces coughing and labored, fast breathing; respiratory failure may result. Ingestion causes a burning pain in the mouth and throat, and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and collapse. White necrotic lesions of the mouth, throat and stomach are also seen.

Other exposure symptoms include confusion, pallor, sweating, weakness, headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, shock (weak irregular pulse, shallow breathing, cyanosis, pallor), seizures, unconsciousness, collapse, coma and death from heart and lung failure. Kidney damage results in scant, dark, 'smoky' urine and impaired renal function.

Chronic exposure may produce allergic dermatitis, digestive disturbances, CNS effects, and liver and kidney damage. Effects may include vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, fainting, dizziness, mental disturbances, skin rash, or death from severe damage to the liver or kidneys.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Do NOT induce emesis.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, pancreas and cardiovascular system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

SUPPORT

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and central nervous system depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The estimated lethal dose of 50% cresol-soap solution is approximately 60 to 120 mL, but as little as 8 g (16 mL) has been associated with death (Wu et al, 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORT - A 44-year-old man self-reported ingesting 300 mL (150 g) of a 50% saponated cresol solution and presented with corrosive gastrointestinal injury, transient CNS and respiratory depression, liver injury and acute renal failure. Following aggressive care including hemodialysis, the patient recovered completely. Although the amount ingested could not be verified precisely, the patient had extremely high urine levels of p-cresol, m-cresol, o-cresol and phenol of 2083, 2059, 125 and 68 mg/g creatine 7 hours postingestion, respectively (Wu et al, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS95-48-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Cresol, all isomers

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: 2-Methylphenol

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: o-Cresol
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.43 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS95-48-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Cresol, all isomers

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr
Molecular Weight: 108.14

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS95-48-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS95-48-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: o-Cresol
REL:

TWA: 2.3 ppm (10 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: o-Cresol (D023)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: o-Cresol
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cresol, o-
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS95-48-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: o-Cresol
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS95-48-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS95-48-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phenol, 2-methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2076 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cresols, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2076
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 8

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: IB2, IP2, IP4, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2076 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Cresols, liquid
UN Number: 2076
Proper Shipping Name: Cresols, solid
UN Number: 2076

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS95-48-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Cresol
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Ortho-cresol is a corrosive and combustible liquid (NFPA, 1997).
o-Cresol should not be normally handled under uncontrolled conditions. Handling of small quantities in the laboratory should involve use of a well-ventilated chemical fume hood, protective clothing, eye protection, and preferably a full facepiece respirator equipped with an organic vapor cartridge (Sittig, 1985; CHRIS , 1985).

HANDLING

Any contact with this material should be avoided. Avoid inhalation (CHRIS , 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Ortho-cresol should be stored in tightly-closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Ortho-cresol should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated, dry area (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Ortho-cresol reacts with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Ortho-cresol should not be normally handled under uncontrolled conditions. Handling of small quantities in the laboratory should involve use of a well-ventilated chemical fume hood, protective clothing, eye protection, and preferably a full facepiece respirator equipped with an organic vapor cartridge (Sittig, 1985; CHRIS , 2000).

A self-contained breathing apparatus and special chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the producer or shipper may be worn, but they will not provide thermal protection in a fire situation unless otherwise specified by the clothing manufacturer (NFPA, 1997; CHRIS , 2000).

Appropriate full chemical protective clothing including goggles and protective boots and rubber gloves should be worn (AAR, 1998; CHRIS , 2000).

Avoid breathing vapors and any contact with the material (AAR, 1998).

Broken packages or containers must not be handled without proper protective equipment (AAR, 1998).
If this material contacts the skin, speed in removing it by flushing with water is extremely important (AAR, 1998).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

A self-contained breathing apparatus and special chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the producer or shipper may be worn, but they will not provide thermal protection in a fire situation unless otherwise specified by the clothing manufacturer (NFPA, 1997; CHRIS , 2000).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 95-48-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.7
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.43
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.17
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.7
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Rubber blend

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
o-Cresol is combustible, insoluble in water, and corrosive to tissues (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997). It presents a moderate fire hazard if exposed to oxidants, heat, or flames (Sax, 1989).
Sources of ignition such as sparks and flames must be kept away from this material (AAR, 1998).
o-Cresol will sink in and mix slowly with water (CHRIS , 2000).
Water spray may be used to protect personnel attempting to stop leaks (NFPA, 1997).
Fires should be fought and water applied from the maximum possible distance (AAR, 1998).
Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding amounts of water until well after the fire is extinguished (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS95-48-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Cresol
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Ortho-cresol is combustible and reacts with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1997).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS95-48-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Cresol
Extinguishing Method(s): 3

3: "Water may be used to blanket fire" applies when the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.1 or greater, or is not water-soluble. In this case, water can be gently applied in a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

Solid streams of water may be ineffective to extinguish fire, but water can be used in flooding amounts as fog (AAR, 1998).

Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1998). Fog or mist can be used, or water may be applied to blanket a fire (Sax, 1989; CHRIS , 2000).

Fire may be fought with foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 1998; NFPA, 1997; CHRIS , 2000).

Water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide should be used. Fire-exposed containers should be kept cool with water spray (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Products of combustion include fumes of cresols and other aromatic degradation products (NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

o-Cresol vapors can form explosive concentrations with air (CHRIS , 2000).

Ortho-cresol is a combustible liquid. Fumes of cresols and other aromatic degradation products are released during combustion (NFPA, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Ortho-cresol reacts with oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1997).

o-Cresol has potentially hazardous reactions with (NFPA, 1986):

Chlorosulfonic acid
Nitric acid
Oleum (sulfuric acid/sulfur trioxide)

o-Cresol does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS95-48-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS95-48-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methylphenol, 2- (o-Cresol)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 24.9
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS95-48-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS95-48-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Dikes should be constructed to contain any flow of leaking material (AAR, 1998).
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (AAR, 1998).
Water spray may be used to flush spilled material away from exposures and to disperse vapors (NFPA, 1997).
Spilled or leaking material may be neutralized with lime, crushed limestone, or soda ash (AAR, 1998).
Runoff and discharged material should be contained for proper disposal (NFPA, 1997).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Any release should be approached from upwind. Runoff and discharged material should be contained for proper disposal (NFPA, 1997).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Land Spills (AAR, 1998):
- Solid or liquid material may be contained by constructing pits, ponds, or lagoons.
- Surface flow of spilled or leaking material may be diked using foamed concrete, foamed polyurethane, soil, or sand bags.
- Spilled bulk liquid may be adsorbed with commercial sorbents, fly ash, or cement powder.
Water Spills (AAR, 1998):
- The material may be trapped on the bottom by using natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers.
- If this material is dissolved in the water at a concentration of 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the amount of material spilled.
- Immobilized masses of precipitants or pollutants may be removed with mechanical lifts or dredges.
Air Spills (AAR, 1998):
- Water spray or mist may be used to knock down vapors.
- Vapor knock down runoff water may be toxic or corrosive and dikes should be constructed to contain it for later disposal.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Special waste incinerators may be used to destroy high concentration wastes (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Biological treatment may be used to treat wastewaters containing ortho-cresol. Ozone treatment may further reduce concentrations (Sittig, 1991).
A research study was conducted to evaluate using chemical oxidation to enhance anaerobic digestion and reduce the toxicity of phenolic compounds. Ortho-cresol and dinitrophenol were used as model compounds. Ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate were used as the oxidizing chemicals. Enhanced biodegradability and reduced methanogenic toxicity were seen when 2.5 to 5 moles of hydrogen peroxide or 7 to 25 moles of ozone were used per mole of phenolic compound (Wang, 1992).
Cresol degradation was speeded up by inoculation with the yeast Rhodotorula aurantiaca G36, which had been isolated from acidic sandy soil previously incubated with benzene compounds. This yeast works in competition with the natural soil microflora (Middelhoven et al, 1992).
Screening studies using soil, sewage, activated sludge or wastewater inocula showed ortho-cresol to biodegrade rapidly (Howard, 1989).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Phenol and o-cresol were adsorbed onto granular activated carbon under oxic and anoxic conditions. Under oxic conditions the generation of surface polymers caused significant deviations from the linear adsorption (Sorial et al, 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

INTRODUCTION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT

Ortho-cresol is released to the environment through various waste streams associated with its production and use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, and disinfectant. It has been routinely detected in emissions and effluent from industry wastes. It is also released to the atmosphere through automobile exhaust, coal tar and petroleum refining, and wood pulping (HSDB, 2004).

NATURAL SOURCES

Ortho-cresol occurs naturally in many plants and trees, and has been detected in volatile components of smoldering biomass (HSDB, 2004).
It is a natural constituent of wood, coal, and petroleum. Combustion of these fuels releases ortho-cresol into the atmosphere (Verschueren, 2001).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers may be exposed to ortho-cresol during its manufacture, use, and disposal. Exposure generally occurs via inhalation and dermal contact (HSDB, 2004).

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

People may be exposed to ortho-cresol through inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of contaminated food or drinking water, or through dermal contact with products containing it (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Cresols undergo rapid degradation in the air. Primary degradation during the day occurs through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals also contribute to its removal from the atmosphere (Syracuse Research Corporation, 1992).
If released to the air, ortho-cresol (vapor pressure of 0.3 mmHg at 25 degrees C) will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Its atmospheric half-life is estimated to be 9 hours, based on the reaction with hydroxyl radicals at a rate constant of 4.2 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).
Ortho-cresol has a daytime atmospheric photodegradation half-life of 9.6 hours (Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Ortho-cresol will volatilize from surface waters relatively slowly. Volatilization half-lives for a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, and wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) were calculated at 31 days and 235 days, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- Ortho-cresol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids or sediment, nor is it expected to undergo hydrolysis, due to its lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Ortho-cresol is expected to be highly mobile in soil. It volatilizes slowly from moist soil surfaces. No volatilization is expected from dry soil surfaces due to its low vapor pressure (HSDB, 2004).
- Ortho-cresol has been reported to have a half-life of about 1.6 days in surface soils (Syracuse Research Corporation, 1992).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Ortho-cresol exists almost entirely as a vapor in the atmosphere, where it degrades through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. On land, ortho-cresol has high mobility in soils, and may volatilize slowly from moist soil surfaces. In surface waters, ortho-cresol volatilizes slowly. It does not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment or hydrolyze in water (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Ortho-cresol biodegrades rapidly in soils and water, frequently without acclimation. In one study, it completely biodegraded in river water in 2 and 7 days at 20 and 4 degrees C, respectively (HSDB, 2004).

Test results indicate cresol isomers undergo rapid and complete degradation in aerobic conditions in fresh water. The degradation rate decreases in anaerobic conditions and saltwater (Syracuse Research Corporation, 1992).

Ortho-cresol was found to have biodegradation half-lives of 1.6 and 5.1 days in two agricultural soils (HSDB, 2004).

Soil microflora reportedly decomposed ortho-cresol within 1 day (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

The bioconcentration potential for ortho-cresol in fish and aquatic organisms is considered low (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Using an estimated log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) of 1.95, a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 18 was calculated for ortho-cresol. This value suggests a low bioconcentration potential in fish (Howard, 1989).
The estimated BCF for ortho-cresol is 20 in aquatic organisms, indicating little potential for bioconcentration (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ALGAE

EC0 - BLUE-GREEN ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa): 6.8 mg/L for 8D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 11 mg/L for 7D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Chlorella pyrenoidosa): 34 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Rhaphidocellis subcapitata: 65 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus pannonicus): 11 mg/L for 8D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 65 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LD0 - GREEN ALGAE (Scenedesmus): 40 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

AMPHIBIAN

LC50 - Clawed toad, 3–4W after hatching: 38 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Mexican axolotl, 3–4W after hatching: 40 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

BACTERIA

EC0 - Pseudomonas putida: 33 mg/L for 16H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC20 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 23 mg/L for 5 min; 21 mg/L for 15 min-- Biotox(TM) test (Verschueren, 2001)
EC20 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 5.8 mg/L for 5 min; 7.3 mg/L for 15 min -- Microtox(TM) test (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 32 mg/L for 30 min (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 63 mg/L for 5 min; 52 mg/L for 15 min-- Biotox(TM) test(Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Photobacterium phosphoreum: 15 mg/L for 5 min; 16 mg/L for 15 min -- Microtox(TM) test (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Vibrio fisheri: 15 mg/L for 15 min -- Microtox(TM) test (Verschueren, 2001)
LD0 - E. coli: 60 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEAN

EC0 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia): 16 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 6.3 and 9.5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia cucullata): 16 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 19 and 20 mg/L for 24H; 5 and 9.5 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 16 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 -WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna), female: >94 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia pulex): 9.6 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 36 and 50 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SAND SHRIMP (Crangon septemspinosa): 14 mg/L for 59H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WATER SHRIMP (Gammarus pulex) : 21 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 2.9 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia pulex): 5.2 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC0 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 4 and 15 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 20 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 21–22 mg/L for 24–96H -- soft water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 21 mg/L for 96H -- soft water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): 6.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BROWN TROUT (Salvelinus fontinalis): 7.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 11 and 67 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius vulgaris): 29 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CRUCIAN CARP: 30 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - DACE (Leuciscus rutilus): 16 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEADS: 13–18 mg/L for 24–96H -- hard water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 12.5 mg/L for 96H -- soft water(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 13.4 mg/L for 96H -- hard water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), female: 18 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 24 and 34 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 23 mg/L for 96H -- hard water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDFISH: 19–49 mg/L for 24–96H -- soft water (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 18–50 mg/L for 24–96H -- hard water(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 38 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 19 mg/L for 96H -- soft water(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - IDE (Leuciscus idus): 2, 10, and 18 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 41 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MINNOW (Pimephales promoxis): 20 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 13 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 7 and 17 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri), female: 8.4 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ROACH: 16 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Sarotherodon mossambica: 23 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TENCH (Tinca vulgaris): 15 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TROUT, embryos: 2 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Trutta iridea, embryos: 2.3 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 24 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 16 and 100 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - COMMON SUNFISH (Lepomis humilis): 55–56 mg/L for 1H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 30 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 32 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 30 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 32 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 3.8 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - BLUEGILL: 20.8 - 22.2 ppm for 24-96H -- soft water (CHRIS , 2000)
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 13.4 - 18 ppm for 24-96H -- hard water (CHRIS , 2000)
TLm - GOLDFISH: 19 - 49.1 ppm for 24-96H -- soft water (CHRIS , 2000)
TLm - GUPPY: 18 - 50 ppm for 24-96H -- hard water (CHRIS , 2000)

INSECTS

EC50 - MOSQUITO (Aedes aegypti): 80 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - MOSQUITO (Culex pipiens): 46 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - DAMSELFLY (Ischnura elegans): 46 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MAYFLY (Cloeon dipterum): 50 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MIDGE (Chironomus gr. thummi): 34 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SOWBUG (Asellus aquaticus): 23 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WATER BOATMAN (Corixa punctata): 80 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - MOSQUIT0 (Aedes aegypti): 65 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - MOSQUITO (Culex pipiens): 31 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

MOLLUSCS

EC50 - Limnaea stagnalis: 160 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - Limnaea stagnalis: 56 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

PROTOZOA

EC0 - Entosiphon sulcatum: 17 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - Uronema parduczi: 31 mg/L -- Chatton-Lwoff (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Chilomonas paramecium: 132 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Entosiphon sulcatum: 34 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - Tetrahymena pyriformis: 3.7 mmol/L for 14H (Verschueren, 2001)

WORMS and OTHER INVERTEBRATES

LC50 - FLATWORM (Dugesia cf. lugubris): 24 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - LEECH (Erpobdella octoculata): 135 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MEDUSA WORM (Hydra oligactis): 75 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TUBIFICIDAE: 165 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

108.14 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ortho-cresol is a colorless to white crystalline compound. It exists as a liquid above 88 degrees F (HSDB , 2001).

Ortho-cresol becomes dark when exposed to air and light, and with age (NFPA, 1997).

Ortho-cresol's odor has been described as sweet, tarry, and phenolic (HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.2453 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

1 mmHg (at 38 to 53 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

0.357 (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.047 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.048 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.05 (NFPA, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

30.9 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
12 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

191 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

190.95 degrees C at 760 mmHg (Howard, 1989)

375 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

396 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

FLASH POINT

81 degrees C (closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

178 degrees F (closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

1100 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

599 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.4% (Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ortho-cresol is soluble in about 40 parts of water (Budavari, 1996).
2.59 x 10(4) mg/l (at 25 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2001).
Ortho-cresol is not soluble in water (NFPA, 1997).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ortho-cresol is miscible with alcohol, chloroform, and ether (Budavari, 1996).
Ortho-cresol is soluble in carbon tetrachloride (HSDB , 2001).

OTHER

Ortho-cresol is soluble in solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides (Budavari, 1996).
It forms a salt, cresolate, in alkali (IRPTC, 1985).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 1.95 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.6 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

1.2 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol at 25 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

166 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)(HSDB , 2001)

259 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

117 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base)(HSDB , 2001)
338 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley and Sons) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Cresol odor is recognized at 5ppm (Hathaway, 1996).

CRITICAL PRESSURE

5.01 MPa (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

424.4 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 3153 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)(HSDB , 2001)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents