AMMONIA
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
Ammonia Am-fol Ammonia anhydrous Ammoniac (French) Ammoniaca (Italian) Ammonia, anhydrous, liquefied Ammonia gas Ammonia solution, containing more than 44% ammonia Ammonia solutions Ammoniak (German) Ammonium sulphate (2:1) Amoniak (Polish) Anhydrous ammonia Aqua ammonia Liquid ammonia Nitro-sil R 717 Spirit of hartshorn NH3
IDENTIFIERS
1005-Ammonia, anhydrous 1005-Ammonia, anhydrous, liquefied 2672-Ammonia, solution, with more than 10% but not more than 35% Ammonia 2073-Ammonia, solution, with more than 35% but not more than 50% Ammonia 1005-Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia 3318-Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia
125-GASES - CORROSIVE(for UN/NA Numbers1005,2073and3318) 154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)(for UN/NA Number2672)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (CHRIS, 2005; HSDB, 2005; RTECS, 2005; AAR, 1994; EPA, 1994)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Ammonia is used as a refrigerant, a fertilizer, in explosives, as a cleaning and bleaching agent and is widely used as a household cleaner (HSDB, 2005; ACGIH, 1991; (ASTI, 1999); Lewis, 1997). In industry, ammonia is used for nitriding of steel; as a condensation catalyst for polymers; in synthetic fibers and resins; as a dyeing or neutralizing agent in the petroleum industry; as a latex preservative; in explosives; and in the manufacture of nitric acid, hydrazine hydrate, hydrogen cyanide, nitrocellulose, ureaformaldehyde, nitroparaffins, melamine ethylenediamine, sulfite cooking liquors and acrylonitrile (HSDB, 2005; ATSDR, 2004; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997). Ammonia solutions containing 10 to 35% ammonia are generally used in cleaning compounds and to make other chemicals (AAR, 1994). Less than 2% of ammonia is used for refrigeration and 80% is used for agriculture ((ASTI, 1999)). Anhydrous ammonia is used as a fertilizer, refrigerant, and in the manufacture of other chemicals (AAR, 2000).
Ammonia exists as a colorless gas. It is shipped as a liquefied compressed gas (HSDB, 2005). Household ammonia is 5 to 10% aqueous solution. Solutions of up to 54% are also available commercially (HSDB, 2005).
COMMERCIAL A modified Haber-Bosch reduction process is primarily used to manufacture ammonia. The reacts atmospheric nitrogen and a hydrogen source (e.g., methane, ethylene, or naphtha) under high temperatures (400 to 6500 degrees C) and pressures (100 to 900 atm) in the presence of an iron catalyst (HSDB, 2005; ATSDR, 2004; Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Other methods of producing ammonia include the use of refinery off-gases, coke-oven gas, electrolytic hydrogen, and calcium cyanimide (Lewis, 1997). Solar energy has been used in experimental conditions to produce ammonia (Lewis, 1997). Decomposing animal excreta from commercial farming operations (e.g., slurry pits, poultry houses, cattle fedlots) can be a significant source of ammonia release (ATSDR, 2004). Gaseous ammonia (NH3) is the toxic air pollutant most frequently found in high concentrations in animal facilities. Excessive tearing and clear or purulent nasal discharge are common symptoms of NH3 - vapor toxicity. Even at levels less than 100 ppm the primary effect is as a chronic stressor, since it irritates the respiratory mucosa from the nose to the lungs (Kirk, 1986).
NATURAL Ammonia is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere (ATSDR, 2004). Decay of organic material, such as plant matter and animal carcasses, and decomposition of manure generate atmospheric ammonia (ATSDR, 2004). Ammonia is a major waste product of protein catabolism. It is produced primarily by microbial degradation of endogenous urea and dietary amines within the intestinal tract (Kirk, 1986). Non protein nitrogen (NPN) is any source of nitrogen that is not present in a polypeptide (precipitable protein) form. NPN is converted by ruminal microorganisms to ammonia, which is then combined with the carbohydrate-derived keto acids to form amino acids, the basic building blocks for protein synthesis (Haliburton et al, 1989). NON PROTEIN NITROGEN: Urea is the major non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source in use today and is commonly incorporated into range blocks, range cubes, and molasses - NPN combinations. Other NPN sources include feed grade biuret, gelatinized starch urea product, diammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate solution, ammoniated rice hulls, ammoniated cottonseed meal, ammonium sulfate and mono-ammonium phosphate (Beasley et al, 1989).
The toxin most frequently incriminated in hepatic encephalopathy is ammonia, which is generated by urease-producing colonic bacteria. An acute hepatic failure, impaired hepatic extraction or metabolism of ammonia results in excessive accumulation of ammonia in the blood, brain, and CSF fluid. Many factors increase ammonia production in the gut, including high-protein diets, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and constipation (Kirk, 1986). Ammonia can be discharged in metropolitan areas as a by-product of heating fuel combustion (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas) (HSDB, 2005; Verschueren, 2001).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Ammonia is used as a refrigerant, a fertilizer, in explosives, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent, and is widely available for household use.
- TOXICOLOGY: Ammonia may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ammonia is widely available in household cleaners and in fertilizers; exposure is common. Serious effects are rare in the developed world (generally only seen in adults with deliberate ingestion), largely because household ammonia is typically available in low concentrations (5% to 10% aqueous solution). Serious effects are more common in developing countries.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema. Ammonia ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases. PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.
SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because ammonia products available in the home are generally of low concentration. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury. OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- TOXICOLOGY: Ammonia may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ammonia is widely available in household cleaners and in fertilizers; exposure is common. Serious effects are rare in the developed world (generally only seen in adults with deliberate ingestion), largely because household ammonia is typically available in low concentrations (5% to 10% aqueous solution). Serious effects are more common in developing countries.
- MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.
Ammonia ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases. PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.
- SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because ammonia products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
- INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
- OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
- DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.
CHEMICAL BURN: Skin and eye exposure cause vesiculation and corrosive burns which feel soapy due to saponification of fat in the tissue (Dalton & Bricker, 1978). Ammonia acts as an alkali, producing liquefaction necrosis, deep penetrating burns, and scarring (Cordona & Daly, 1964; (Chassin & Slattery, 1953). URTICARIA: Hives and urticaria have been reported (HSDB , 1992). DERMATITIS: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Dermatitis has been reported in chronically exposed workers (Andanson et al, 1976).
CHEMICAL BURNS: Oral and esophageal burns may occur with swallowed household ammonia, particularly if ingestion is deliberate. Esophageal burns were reported in three adults who ingested household ammonia products (containing 3% to 3.6% ammonia at a pH of 11.5 to 11.8) in suicidal attempts (Klein et al, 1985). FOOD POISONING: An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred after students were served chicken tenders that were contaminated with ammonia. Onset of illness was within 180 minutes of eating lunch. Symptoms included stomachache in 82%, headache in 61%, nausea in 41%, and vomiting in 23% of the children. A warehouse leak of ammonia refrigerant was the cause of the contamination. Levels as high as 2,468 ppm were detected in the uncooked chicken tenders (Dworkin et al, 2004). STRICTURE OF ESOPHAGUS: Ingestion of concentrated ammonia may produce ulcerative esophagitis with late strictures (Gossot et al, 1990).
BLINDNESS: Contact with the eye may cause serious eye injury and sometimes permanent blindness (Beare et al, 1988; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001). Injury reported after direct contact to the eye included gross chemosis, corneal staining, loss of pupillary reaction, lens pigmentation, and uveitis, resulting in greatly decreased vision (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). IRITIS: Ammonia has greater tendency than other alkalies to penetrate and damage the iris, and to cause burns and cataracts in cases of severe exposure. Iritis may be accompanied by hypopyon or hemorrhages, extensive loss of pigment, and severe glaucoma (Grant, 1993). IRRITATION: Exposure to ammonia is very irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Eye irritation begins after exposure to 140 ppm in air, with immediate injury at 700 ppm (Grant, 1993). CORNEAL DEFECTS: Corneal epithelial defects, including total epithelial loss of the cornea may occur following severe exposure (Close et al, 1980). Ammonium hydroxide is lipid and water soluble which contributes to its penetration into the eye. EYE BURNS: Burns of the eyes can occur from exposure to concentrated ammonia vapors (Millea et al, 1989). MUCOSAL BURNS: Inhalation of concentrated ammonia vapor may cause irritation, dryness, and mucosal burns (Millea et al, 1989; Hathaway et al, 1996). NASAL IRRITATION: Erythema and edema of the nasal passages, soft palate, posterior pharyngeal wall and larynx are common (Close et al, 1980; Millea et al, 1989). LARYNX/PHARYNX BURNS: Inhalation of concentrated ammonia vapors results in mucosal burns of the pharynx and larynx which may cause laryngeal edema (Close et al, 1980; Millea et al, 1989). Throat irritation occurs at about 400 ppm exposure and laryngospasm at 1,700 ppm exposure (Helmers et al, 1971). EDEMA: After direct exposure to ammonia solution, the glottis and nasopharynx were reportedly extremely swollen, enough so as to prevent swallowing (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
SEIZURE: If there is extensive absorption, hypertonus and convulsions may occur (HSDB , 2001). TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY: Encephalopathy was observed in 3 of 8 patients receiving glycine irrigation following transurethral prostatectomy (Shepard et al, 1987). HEADACHE: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Headache and somnolence have been reported in workers exposed to ammonia (Andanson et al, 1976).
DYSPNEA: Ammonia exposure may cause bronchospasm, laryngitis, tracheitis, wheezing, dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, cyanosis, and laryngeal stridor (Birken et al, 1981; Kocks & Scott, 1990). MUCOSAL BURNS: Inhalation of (concentrated) ammonia vapors may cause mucosal burns to the tracheobronchial tree (Close et al, 1980; Millea et al, 1989). IRRITATION: Inhalation of vapors from household ammonia (5% to 10% ammonia) is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract (Ziarnik et al, 1986). ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Pulmonary edema, bronchiectasis, and hypoxemia may occur following exposure to concentrated ammonia vapors (Hathaway et al, 1996; Levy et al, 1964; Kocks & Scott, 1990) (Sittig, 1991). APNEA: An initial phase of pulmonary edema, congestion, hemorrhage, and atelectasis may be followed by apparent clinical improvement after 48 to 72 hours, followed by gradual onset of airway obstruction and respiratory failure (Arwood et al, 1985). VENTILATORY AND DIFFUSION ABNORMALITIES: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Chronic exposure in workers may lead to initial complaints of chronic cough, dyspnea on effort, bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, and lung function indices reflecting ventilatory and diffusion abnormalities (Proctor et al, 1988). PULMONARY FIBROSIS: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: CASE REPORT: Workplace exposure in a 54-year-old custodian using a diluted 28% ammonium hydroxide solution to clean floors daily for 19 years was associated with interstitial lung fibrosis (Kollef, 1987). COUGH: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Chronic exposure in workers may lead to initial complaints of chronic cough and dyspnea on effort. Bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, and lung function indices reflect ventilatory and diffusion abnormalities (Proctor et al, 1988). PNEUMONIA: AMMONIA/HYPOCHLORITE: The mixture of ammonia and hypochlorite bleaches results in formation of chloramines, which produce a toxic pneumonitis following inhalation, and may produce residual pulmonary function abnormalities (Reisz & Gammon, 1986; Faigel, 1964; Gapany-Gapanavicius et al, 1982). HYPOVENTILATION: During controlled human exposures at approximately 500 ppm for 30 minutes, irregular minute ventilation with a cyclic pattern of hyperpnea has been noted (HSDB , 2001). OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: Obstructive pulmonary disease has been reported. In a study evaluating pulmonary function in fire fighters, those with a self-reported history of exposure to ammonia had a more rapid rate of decline of FEV1 than those without ammonia exposure (Tepper et al, 1991). DISORDER OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Chronic exposure in workers may lead to initial complaints of chronic cough, dyspnea on effort, bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, and lung function indices reflecting ventilatory and diffusion abnormalities (Proctor et al, 1988). After three years away from ammonia exposure, some workers have had persistent evidence of pulmonary damage (Finkel, 1983; Proctor et al, 1988).
BLOOD PRESSURE: During controlled acute human exposures (approximately 500 ppm for 30 minutes), increases in blood pressure and pulse rate were noted (HSDB , 2001). PULSE: TACHYCARDIA: During controlled human exposures, at approximately 500 ppm for 30 minutes, increases in pulse rate were noted (HSDB , 2001).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Humans can adapt to repeated ammonia air concentrations up to 100 ppm, with occasional elevations up to 250 ppm being well tolerated except for tearing of the eyes (Ferguson, 1977). However, individuals involved in repeated high-level acute exposures to ammonia have developed an asthma-like bronchitis, with each successive exposure producing progressively more severe bronchoconstriction (Smirnova & Granik, 1971).
- Sixty-two workers in phthalan manufacturing with exposure to ammonia and other chemicals had no effects except eye irritation (Blagodatin, 1968). Workers in an old plant where concentrations of ammonia and other toxic chemicals (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, etc) were high had more occupational disease than those in a newer plant (Trifel, 1973), but the effects could not be attributed to ammonia alone because of mixed exposures.
- Hyperammonemia is associated with metabolic and energy changes similar to those occurring in Alzheimer's disease, and Alzheimer's patients have hyperammonemia and release ammonia from the brain. However, ammonia has not been implicated as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease (Seiler, 1993).
- In rats, repeated exposures for 60 minutes at airborne concentrations of approximately 43 ppm produced neurological changes and an increase in urinary urea, but not in the blood (Prokopeva & Yushkov, 1975). These effects were reversible and were not produced by exposure to the same concentration for 15 minutes. Guinea pigs exposed to ammonia at an airborne concentration of 50 ppm had reduced immune responses in vivo and in vitro (Targowski, 1984).
- In experimental animals, chronic ammonia exposure may convey some protection against the metabolic changes induced by high-level acute exposures. Rats fed a diet containing 20 percent ammonia (in the form of ammonium acetate) did not display the changes in energy metabolites induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 7 mmol/kg ammonium acetate, and elevations in blood ammonia resulting from the injection were not as severe as in control animals (Kosenko et al, 1993). This may be related to the adaptation process in humans.
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
Residual ammonia in and around the mouth should be rinsed with milk or water. If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004). USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans. DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977a; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993). ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004). CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).
- There is no specific antidote for ammonia poisoning ((ATSDR, 1999)).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of contact with Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052), flush skin and eyes with water for 5 minutes; then, for skin exposures rub on a calcium/jelly combination; for eyes flush with a water/calcium solution for 15 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA - A 69-year-old woman who ingested an unknown amount of household ammonia (3%) developed aspiration pneumonia, corrosive esophageal injury, ARDS, and renal failure, and died several days after admission (Klein et al, 1985). A worker died one month after exposure to an unknown amount of ammonia gas emitted from a ruptured pipe. Autopsy revealed acute laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary edema. The kidneys were congested and showed signs of hemorrhagic nephritis (HSDB, 2005).
AIRBORNE AMMONIA Fatalities may occur from exposure to ammonia concentrations of 2500 to 4500 parts per million for 30 minutes (ATSDR, 2004; Millea et al, 1989; Helmers et al, 1971). Rapid respiratory arrest may occur at ammonia concentrations above 5000 parts per million (Millea et al, 1989; Helmers et al, 1971). Immediate death may occur from laryngeal spasm, inflammation, or edema with exposure to 5000 ppm (CHRIS, 2005). Inhalation exposure to concentrations of 2500 to 6500 ppm may lead to fatal pulmonary edema, dyspnea, or upper airway obstruction (Hathaway et al, 1996). Acute exposure to concentrations of 5,000 to 10,000 ppm are reportedly lethal (HSDB, 2005).
A 50 percent mortality rate resulted from exposure of cats and rabbits to ammonia for 1 hour at 7000 mg/m(3); the respiratory tract was severely affected in these animals (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Of the 51 rats exposed to 455 mg/m(3) of ammonia each day for 65 days, 32 died by day 25; 18 more died by day 65 (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). When various animal species were exposed to 470 mg/m(3) of ammonia continuously for 90 days, this resulted in the death of 13/15 rats, 4/15 guinea pigs, 0/3 rabbits, 0/2 beagles, and 0/3 squirrel monkeys (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7664-41-7 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ammonia EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Ammonia IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ammonia MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 1x10(-1) mg/m3
Drinking Water:
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 10 mg/m(3) for 2H -- blood changes, cholinesterase and other oxidoreductases (RTECS, 2005) 30 mg/m(3) for 2H (RTECS, 2005)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 350 mg/m(3) for 4H -- cough (RTECS, 2005) 25 mg/m(3) for 4H -- dyspnea (RTECS, 2005)
References: ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1992; Lewis, 2000; RTECS, 2005.
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 ppm = 0.70 mg/m(3) (NIOSH, 2005) 1 ppm = 0.707 mg(3)/m; 1 mg(3)/m = 1.414 ppm (HSDB, 2005)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7664-41-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7664-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7664-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Ammonia REL: TWA: 25 ppm (18 mg/m(3)) STEL: 35 ppm (27 mg/m(3)) Ceiling: Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed Skin Designation: Not Listed Note(s):
IDLH: IDLH: 300 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Ammonia Table Z-1 for Ammonia: 8-hour TWA: ppm: 50 mg/m3: 35 Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
Threshold Quantity, in pounds:10,000 Threshold Quantity, in pounds:15,000
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Ammonia Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): f f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7664-41-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Ammonia (includes anhydrous ammonia and aqueous ammonia from water dissociable ammonium salts and other sources; 10 percent of total aqueous ammonia is reportable under this listing) Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7664-41-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7664-41-7 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1005 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia, anhydrous Symbol(s): I Hazard class or Division: 2.3 Identification Number: UN1005 Packing Group: Not Listed Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 8 2.3: Poison Gas. 8: Corrosive.
Special Provisions: 4, T50 4: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone D (see sxn. 173.116(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 304 Bulk packaging: 314, 315
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia, anhydrous Symbol(s): D D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.
Hazard class or Division: 2.2 Identification Number: UN1005 Packing Group: Not Listed Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2 Special Provisions: 13, T50 13: The words "Inhalation Hazard" shall be entered on each shipping paper in association with the shipping description, shall be marked on each non-bulk package in association with the proper shipping name and identification number, and shall be marked on two opposing sides of each bulk package. Size of marking on bulk package must conform to sxn. 172.302(b) of this subchapter. The requirements of sxns. 172.203(m) and 172.505 of this subchapter do not apply. T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 304 Bulk packaging: 314, 315
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2672 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia solutions, relative density between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 degrees C in water, with more than 10 percent but not more than 35 percent ammonia Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2672 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: IB3, IP8, T7, TP1 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). IP8: Ammonia solutions may be transported in rigid or composite plastic IBCs (31H1, 31H2 and 31HZ1) that have successfully passed, without leakage or permanent deformation, the hydrostatic test specified in Sec. 178.814 of this subchapter at a test pressure that is not less than 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the contents at 55 °C (131 °F). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2073 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3318 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia solution, relative density less than 0.880 at 15 degrees C in water, with more than 50 percent ammonia Symbol(s): I Hazard class or Division: 2.2 Identification Number: UN3318 Packing Group: Not Listed Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2 Special Provisions: 13, T50 13: The words "Inhalation Hazard" shall be entered on each shipping paper in association with the shipping description, shall be marked on each non-bulk package in association with the proper shipping name and identification number, and shall be marked on two opposing sides of each bulk package. Size of marking on bulk package must conform to sxn. 172.302(b) of this subchapter. The requirements of sxns. 172.203(m) and 172.505 of this subchapter do not apply. T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 304 Bulk packaging: 314, 315
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ammonia solution, relative density less than 0.880 at 15 degrees C in water, with more than 50 percent ammonia Symbol(s): I Hazard class or Division: 2.3 Identification Number: UN3318 Packing Group: Not Listed Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 8 2.3: Poison Gas. 8: Corrosive.
Special Provisions: 4, T50 4: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone D (see sxn. 173.116(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 304 Bulk packaging: 314, 315
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1005 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2672 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2073 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3318 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7664-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Clothing that becomes wet with liquid ammonia should be removed and isolated in closable containers for later cleaning or disposal (HSDB, 2005; NIOSH, 2005). Immediately flush areas of skin that come into contact with liquid ammonia with water (NIOSH, 2005).
STORAGE
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store outdoors or at a detached storage site, if possible (ITI, 1988). Ammonia, when stored indoors, should be kept in a dry, cool, well-ventilated, fire-resistant area. It should be stored as far as possible from all ignition sources, away from direct sunlight, and possible percussions. Protect containers from physical damage (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005; NFPA, 1994; ITI, 1988). Sprinkler protection is recommended for storage areas (OHM/TADS, 2005). Pressure of 175 psi is necessary to keep gas in a liquid state at room temperature (OHM/TADS, 2005). The potential development of pressure of trapped liquid ammonia can be relieved if each section of piping between shut-off valves has installed hydrostatic relief valves (OSHA, 1999). Vent pipe failures are possible hazards in anhydrous ammonia facilities. Liquid ammonia lines should be evaluated for mechanical integrity and adequacy of design. Piping must always be inspected for corrosion (OSHA, 1999).
Keep separate from other chemicals, especially oxidizing gases, chlorine, bromine, iodine, halogens, and acids (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005; ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Avoid all contact with ammonia and do not breathe the vapors. Do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without proper protective equipment, and wear personal protective equipment if any possible contact with this material is anticipated. Stay upwind of fires, spills, and leaks involving this material (CHRIS, 2005; AAR, 1994) .
Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing and gloves, gas-tight goggles, and a self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent ammonia from contacting the skin or eyes (CHRIS, 2005; NIOSH, 2005; OSHA, 2004; AAR, 1994) .
- For normal handling operations, wear chemical protective gloves and boots, an impermeable face shield, and a chemical cartridge respirator (ITI, 1988).
- For Normal Handling (Sittig, 1985)
If vapor concentrations may be higher than allowable workplace standards, eye, skin, and respiratory tract protection should be provided. Full facepiece respirators, either gas masks with ammonia canisters or supplied-air respirators, are acceptable protection. If exposure to the liquefied material may occur, chemical protective goggles or face shields and impervious protective clothing including gloves, aprons, and boots should be provided. In areas where high concentrations of ammonia vapor may occur, fully-encapsulated protective clothing with complete head- and facepieces, and supplied-air respirators should be worn. Protective clothing should be worn that prevents any possibility of contact with liquids containing more that 10% ammonia, and also if there is a reasonable probability of contact with liquids of less than 10% ammonia concentration. Eye protection should be worn to prevent any ocular contact with solutions containing greater than 10% ammonia. Skin that becomes wet or contaminated with solutions of greater than 10% ammonia should be immediately copiously flushed with water. Emergency showers and eyewash capability should be immediately available if solutions containing more than 10% ammonia are being handled.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Full face protection should be worn when working with or around ammonia (HSDB, 2005; OSHA, 2004).
- Wear vapor-tight chemical goggles when working with or around ammonia. Ventilated, splash-proof goggles may be adequate in some instances (OHM/TADS, 2005; OSHA, 2004).
- Protect eyes from contact with ammonia. Do not wear contact lenses working with or around liquid ammonia (NIOSH, 2005; OSHA, 2004).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7664-41-7.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- Local exhaust and dilution ventilation should be implemented to control ammonia vapor concentrations as necessary (HSDB, 2005).
- Provide eye wash stations and quick drench facilities in immediate work areas where ammonia in concentrations of greater than 10% are used (NIOSH, 2005).
OTHER
- INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION
If ammonia contacts the eyes, irrigate the eyes with copious amounts of water for a minimum of 15 minutes; flush the entire surface of the eye and inner lining of eyelid thoroughly. Seek medical attention immediately (OSHA, 2004). If ammonia contacts the skin, immediately flush area with large quantities of water (OSHA, 2004). Liquid ammonia may freeze to the skin. If liquid ammonia contacts the skin, do not remove any saturated clothing until clothing is thawed. If large surface areas of the skin are affected, it may be advisable to get under a shower stream or submerge skin in tank or other large source of water to thaw the frozen areas. Remove clothing only after the area is thawed and material can be removed without injury to frozen areas. Seek medical attention for any thermal burns (OSHA, 2004).
neutralize ammonia with vinegar or other dilute acid (HSDB, 2005)
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
Ammonia burns only with difficulty (AAR, 1994).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7664-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7664-41-7 (NFPA, 2002):
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Ammonia presents an explosion hazard when mixed with the proper quantities of air and exposed to flames or heat (Lewis, 1992) Windholz, 1983).
- Ammonia has a number of potentially explosive or vigorous reactions with other chemicals. (See REACTIVITY HAZARD section.)
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Ammonia vapors is an irritant, and in high concentrations may be hazardous, causing severe eye damage, pulmonary edema, and death. Ammonia is reactive with halogens, interhalogens, and oxidizers; contact may result in violent reactions or may form explosive products (HSDB, 2005).
- Ammonia is generally considered to be nonflammable, however, at concentrations of 15 to 28% in air, it may be flammable. It may explode if released in an enclosed area in presence of an ignition source (OSHA, 2004).
- Ammonia gas in high concentrations may dissolve in skin moisture or perspiration, resulting in corrosive action on skin and mucous membranes (OSHA, 2004).
- Avoid breathing ammonia vapors (AAR, 1994). It can severely irritate the respiratory tract (Hathaway et al, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Ammonia is incompatible with strong oxidizing substances, acids, calcium, hypochlorite bleaches, gold, mercury, halogens, and salts of silver and zinc (NIOSH, 2005) Sittig, 1991).
- Ammonia can detonate if in air and involved in a fire (Lewis, 2000).
- Ammonia has potentially explosive or violent reactions with (Lewis, 2000):
Interhalogens (for example, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (reacts with liquid ammonia) Boron halides Chloroformamideium nitrate Ethylene oxide (polymerization reaction) Magnesium perchlorate Nitrogen trichloride Oxygen and either platinum or strong oxidizing substances such as:
- Ammonia forms sensitive explosive mixtures with (Lewis, 2000):
Air and hydrocarbons 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2-Chloronitrobenzene (at greater than 160 degrees C and a pressure of 30 bar) 4-Chloronitrobenzene (at greater than 160 degrees C and a pressure of 30 bar) Ethanol and silver nitrate Germanium derivatives Stibine Chlorine
- Reactions and explosive products can result when ammonia is mixed with (Lewis, 2000):
Silver chloride (yields silver nitride) Silver nitrate (yields silver nitride) Silver azide (yields silver nitride) Silver oxide (yields silver nitride) Chlorine azide Bromine Iodine Iodine and potassium Heavy metals and compounds of heavy metals, such as: Tellurium halides, such as: Tellurium tetrabromide Tellurium tetrachloride
Pentaborane(9)
- Ammonia is incompatible or has potentially hazardous reactions with (Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997):
Silver Acetaldehyde Acrolein Boron Boron triiodide Chlorates Halogens Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Chlorine
Perchlorate Chloric acid Chlorine monoxide Chlorine trifluoride Chlorites Chlorosilane Chromic anhydride Chromium trioxide Chromyl chloride Ethylene dichloride (with liquid ammonia) Ethylene oxide Fluorine Gold Hexachloromelamine Hydrazine and alkali metals Hydrogen bromide Hypochlorous acid Iodine Magnesium perchlorate Mercury Nitric acid Nitrogen peroxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitryl chloride Oxygen difluoride Phosphorus pentoxide Phosphorus trioxide Picric acid Potassium and arsine Potassium and phosphine Potassium and sodium nitrite Potassium chlorate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium mercuric cyanide Silver Silver chloride Sodium and carbon monoxide Stibine Sulfur Sulfur dichloride Tellurium hydropentachloride Tetramethylammonium amide Thionyl chloride Thiotrithiazylchloride Tin Trichloromelamine
- Mixtures of ammonia and air will explode when ignited under favorable conditions (Budavari, 1996).
- Ammonia has an incandescent reaction when heated with calcium (Lewis, 2000).
- Ammonia releases toxic and irritating fumes of ammonia and oxides of nitrogen when heated to decomposition ((Industrial Scientific, 1999); Lewis, 2000).
- Anhydrous ammonia does not affect most common metals, but will vigorously attack copper, silver, zinc and other alloys in either the liquid or gaseous state when mixed with even a small amount of water or water vapor (ITI, 1995).
- Ammonia dissolves in water with a mild release of heat. It is corrosive to copper and galvanized metal but is stable during transport (CHRIS , 2001).
- Releases of ammonia contaminated with lubricating oil have resulted in explosions ((ASTI, 1999)).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill. DOT ID No. 1005 - Ammonia, anhydrous SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 1005 - Ammonia, anhydrous, liquefied SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 1005 - Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 2672 : Ammonia, solution, with more than 10% but not more than 35% Ammonia DOT ID No. 2073 : Ammonia, solution, with more than 35% but not more than 50% Ammonia DOT ID No. 3318 - Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- If ammonia is leaking but not on fire, EVACUATION in a downwind direction should be considered, with the area determined by such factors as weather conditions, the location, and the amount of material spilled (AAR, 1994).
- Keep upwind of fires, spills, and leaks involving this material, and stay out of low-lying areas (AAR, 1994).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7664-41-7 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Ammonia ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 25 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 150 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 750 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS7664-41-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS7664-41-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Ammonia Final Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 30 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Ammonia Final Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 220 ppm mg/m3: 154 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 220 ppm mg/m3: 154 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 160 ppm mg/m3: 112 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 110 ppm mg/m3: 77 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 110 ppm mg/m3: 77 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Ammonia Final Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 2700 ppm mg/m3: 1888 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 1600 ppm mg/m3: 1119 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 1100 ppm mg/m3: 769 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 550 ppm mg/m3: 385 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 390 ppm mg/m3: 273 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7664-41-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 300 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Water should NOT be applied to a leaking point in a container or tank car (AAR, 1994). Water used to knock down vapors is corrosive or toxic and should be diked to contain it for later disposal (AAR, 1994). Small amounts of spilled ammonia can be neutralized with hydrochloric acid and wiped up with a mop or collected with a water aspirator (ITI, 1988).
Land Spills (AAR, 1994) Ponds, pits, or lagoons should be constructed to contain spilled liquid or solid material. Surface flow of spilled material should be diked for containment using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Spilled bulk liquid can be adsorbed with cement powder or fly ash. Spilled liquid material can be neutralized with vinegar or a dilute acid.
Water Spills (AAR, 1994) Spilled material can be neutralized with a dilute acid. Mechanical dredges or lifts can be used to remove immobilized masses of precipitants or pollutants. For ammonia solutions with between 10 and 35% ammonia, adjust the pH to 7.
Air Spills (AAR, 1994) In paper or fertilizer manufacturing, chemical process wastes, and textile treating, recovery of the ammonia may be an alternative to disposal (Sittig, 1985).
Nitrosomonas europaea was formed in a biofilm on sand columns and used to oxidize ammonia. The column was supplied with a defined inorganic medium containing 50 mcg/ml. The steady state pH value was 6 due to nitrite formation in the column (Allison & Prosser, 1993). Nitrifying bacteria were isolated from groundwater containing ammonia and used to biooxidize ammonia in laboratory tests. Ammonia removal was completed in 48 hours to 3 weeks depending on concentration (Briski et al, 1993). Over 90% of the ammonia-nitrogen in refinery wastewater was converted to nitrite in 7 to 14 days of treatment in either an activated sludge or rotating biological contactor system. Supplementation of the treatment system with glucose or yeast enhanced the rate of conversion of nitrites to nitrates for further detoxification (Fang et al, 1993). Slovak clinoptilolite was tested as a natural selective ion exchange material for the removal of ammonia from tannery wastewaters (Chmielewskahorvathova et al, 1992). An advanced water facility in Indianapolis substantially reduced the total ammonia and BOD5 (five-day biochemical oxygen demand) in the river downstream from the plant. Ammonia (as N) was reduced 0.8 to 1.9 mg/L and the BOD5 decreased 2.3 to 2.5 mg/L (Crawford & Wangsness, 1991). PHORMIDIUM BOHNERI (SCHMIDLE): This epilithic filamentous cyanobacterium showed a preference for higher temperature and a tolerance for variable light intensities. At 30 degrees C a complete exhaustion of ammonia was obtained in 3 days (Talbot & Delanoue, 1993). A laboratory-scale biofilter removed ammonia from air with 83% elimination efficiency at 100 m(3)/m(2)/H volumetric load with 4 to 16 ppm of ammonia. During the process, when ammonia concentration rose in the percolate, nitrification in the biofilter could deteriorate because of Nitrobacter species inhibition. A filter-scrubber combination solved this problem in an experiment involving butanal removal, causing researchers to hypothesize that such a combination would also be effective for ammonia removal (Weckhuysen et al, 1994). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Put anhydrous ammonia into a large container filled with water and then neutralize with hydrochloric acid (ITI, 1988). Ammonia removal from drinking water was investigated using biological nitrification in fixed-bed filters. The filtration material used was silica sand coated with manganese oxide. The sand was used at several drinking water facilities and efficiently nitrified microorganisms, obtaining an ammonia removal rate of greater than 90% (Janda & Rudovsky, 1994).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
In the atmosphere, ammonia exists in vapor form, where it can be removed through precipitation washout. Reaction with acidic compounds produce ammonium aerosols, which undergo wet or dry deposition (ATSDR, 2004). Estimated annual wet and dry deposition values for ammonia, nitric oxide, and sulfur dioxide in The Netherlands for the years 1980 and 1989 were: ammonia, 2330 and 2190 mol/ha; nitric oxide, 1220 and 1160 mol/ha; and sulfur dioxide, 1570 and 670 mol/ha. Meteorologic conditions contributed to the low depositions in 1989 (Erisman & Wyers, 1993). Atmospheric ammonia contributes between 50 and 80% of the total annual nitrogen deposition across Europe. Ammonia deposition estimates are between 10 to 20 kg/ha/yr in the United Kingdom and between 40 to 50 kg/ha/yr in The Netherlands. Ammonia is thought to be an acidifying pollutant through assimilation and nitrification processes (Pearson & Stewart, 1993).
Reaction of ammonia with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is thought to remove approximately 10% of atmospheric ammonia. Ammonia's atmospheric half-life is estimated at a few days (ATSDR, 2004). Results from a numerical model revealed ambient ammonia neutralizes rain acidity by decreasing hydrogen ion concentrations in raindrops; thus, as ambient ammonia levels increase, so does the total amount of dissolved sulfur compounds in raindrops (Shiba et al, 1994). Micrometeorological techniques that monitored ammonia exchange between the atmosphere and a spring barley canopy showed volatilization only happened during daylight hours, with an average annual loss between 0.5 to 1.5 kg NH3-N per hectare (Schjoerring et al, 1993). One study reported 57% of the gaseous ammonium losses from a forest ecosystem were emitted as N2O (20 Kg N/ha-yr). A significant amount was also lost to stream water output as nitrate ions (Tietema & Verstraten, 1991).
SURFACE WATER Ammonia is ubiquitous in surface waters and serves an important role in the nitrogen cycle (Newton et al, 2003). Aqueous ammonia may be ionized and un-ionized, with the proportion of each form dependent on temperature and pH (Newton et al, 2003). Ammonia volatilizes from surface waters or adsorbs to suspended solids or sediment. Volatilization rates are highly pH-dependent and also influenced by temperature, wind speed, and atmospheric ammonia concentration. Ammonia may be transformed in water through microbial nitrification into nitrate and nitrite ions. Denitrification reactions may also occur, but are less frequent (ATSDR, 2004). In a model rice-field system, ammonia loss tended to acidify the solution, while CO2 loss made it more basic. The air-solution boundary pH may be one unit lower than the bulk-solution pH (Kirk & Rachhpalsingh, 1992). One study suggests that there is a seasonal shift from phosphorus (P) to nitrogen (N) as the limiting nutrient to biomass accumulation in Chesapeake Bay, with P limiting phytoplankton growth rates in winter and spring and N limiting summer algal accumulation (Fisher et al, 1992).
TERRESTRIAL As in aquatic environments, ammonia in soil may volatilizes from surfaces, adsorb to organic material, or undergo transformation through microbial nitrification. It may also be taken up by plants in significant amounts (ATSDR, 2004). A soil denitrification study using packed soil columns and soil cores to which urine, urea, ammonium or nitrate were added showed denitrification losses ranging from 3 kg N/ha/yr, for an unfertilized and ungrazed pasture, to 20 kg N/ha/yr, for a grazed pasture fertilized at 200 kg N/ha/yr (Colbourn, 1992). The largest pool of nitrogen and sulfur (>80%) at hardwood sites in the US and Canada was measured in mineral soils. Canadian mineral soil had a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 16:1, which typically indicates ammonium and nitrate ion accumulation and subsequent nitrate leaching (Mitchell et al, 1992). Results from a field study on the fate of N-15 labelled fertilizer showed that nitrogen was quickly immobilized followed by a slower mineralization process. In cultivated soil, about 46.7% of the nitrogen was immobilized at 2 months, while 5.4% was mineralized over the winter months. A subsequent laboratory test confirmed the finding and yielded kinetic data to support the proposed mechanism (Jacquin et al, 1992). The most important soil factors influencing ammonia loss after nitrogen fertilizer application include: pH, soil type, CaCO3 concentrations, percent clay, organic carbon concentrations, soil temperature and moisture content (Spychajfabisjak & Janowiak, 1992). A study using straw and different liquid manure composts (poultry, pig, cattle) reported a total initial nitrogen loss in leachate of 9.6 to 19.6% during the 98 to 114 day test. Ammonium-nitrogen was the largest nitrogen component (76.5 to 97.8%) in the leachate. The study showed a high pH (>8) promoted gaseous NH3 emission, which is of environmental importance (Martins & Dewes, 1992). Results from a laboratory study on the importance of nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization suggested that maximum nitrogen utilization occurs when sludge material is mixed into the soil versus surface application only (Shahandeh et al, 1992). A study measuring N-15 labeled ammonium levels in various soils, vegetation and leachate pools over a 60 day period reported ammonium to nitrate transformation occurred within the first 24 hours (Emmett & Quarmby, 1991).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Environmental factors that influence ammonia volatilization from fertilized soil include soil type, pH, clay and organic content, calcium carbonate levels, temperature, moisture content, and fertilizer application method. Atmospheric ammonia may contribute to neutralization of rain acidity and increased dissolved sulfur in rain. Wet and dry deposition can remove ammonia from the atmosphere and thereby contribute to the total annual nitrogen deposition. Assimilation and nitrification of deposited ammonia may lead to its acidification. Temperature and pH largely control ionized and un-ionized ammonia levels in aquatic systems. Ammonia losses from surface water systems may lead to more acidic conditions (Bartsch et al, 2003; Mummert et al, 2003; Newton et al, 2003; Shiba et al, 1994; Erisman & Wyers, 1993; Pearson & Stewart, 1993; Kirk & Rachhpalsingh, 1992; Shahandeh et al, 1992; Spychajfabisjak & Janowiak, 1992).
BIOACCUMULATION
AQUATIC One study reported ammonia uptake by marine phytoplankton increased at night, with a maximum near midnight. Midnight uptake values were 2 to 3 times higher than daytime values (Shiomoto & Matsumura, 1993). When ammonium and nitrate uptake were measured for Gyrodinium bloom, ammonium was the preferred nitrogen form, providing 90% of the required nitrogen. The ammonium uptake rate was 3.75 mmol/m(2)/H (Lecorre et al, 1993).
INVERTEBRATES Zooxanthellae isolated from coral exhibited saturable uptake kinetics for ammonia, nitrate and urea. The maximum uptake velocity was 10.1 nmol/H for ammonia and 0.37 nmol/H for urea (Wafar et al, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- The US National Park Service identified ammonia as a potential threat to riverine biota (Bartsch et al, 2003).
CRUSTACEANS AMMONIA FORM - NOT SPECIFIED - LC50 - WATER FLEA (Ceriodaphnia reticulata): 131 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 24 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 189 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia pulex): 187 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WATER FLEA (Simocephalus vetulus): 123 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC100 - CRAYFISH: 60 - 80 ppm for 3D -- fresh water; ammonia form unknown(CHRIS, 2005)
TOTAL AMMONIA - LC50 - AMPHIPODS (Gammarus spp.): 1.155-1.544 mg/L for 96H -- static test conditions: 8.9-9.5 mg/L dissolved O2; 12-13 degrees C; pH 7.8-8.1(Prenter et al, 2004)
- LC50 - AMPHIPODS (Crangonyx pseudogracilis): 0.360 mg/L for 96H -- static test conditions: 8.9-9.5 mg/L dissolved O2; 12-13 degrees C; pH 7.8-8.1; 95%CL = 0.169-0.587 (Prenter et al, 2004)
UN-IONIZED AMMONIA - LC50 - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 3.49 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 3.22-3.80) and 1.66 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 1.52-1.82) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 3.48 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 3.37-3.59) and 1.67 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 1.60-1.75) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 1.45 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.32-1.60) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 1.43 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.33-1.54) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 1.03 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 0.85-1.24) and 0.76 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 0.62-0.92) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 1.00 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 0.94-1.08) and 0.76 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 0.69-0.83) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (growth) - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 0.83 mg/L for 7D (synthetic seawater multitest method) and 0.66 mg/L for 7D (synthetic seawater multireplicate method)(Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 2.7 mg/L for 48H and 1.38 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 2.34 mg/L for 48H and 1.38 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival) - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 0.99 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest and multireplicate methods (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (growth) - GHOST SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 0.49 mg/L for 7D (synthetic seawater multitest method) and 0.33 mg/L for 7D (synthetic seawater multireplicate method) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 0.69 mg/L for 48H and 0.22 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 0.45 mg/L for 48H and 0.22 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
FISH AMMONIA FORM - NOT SPECIFIED - LC - GOLDFISH AND YELLOW PERCH: 2.0 to 2.5 ppm for 1 to 4D -- fresh water (CHRIS, 2005)
- LC0 - BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): 0.6-0.7 and 0.09 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar): 0.28 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 0.26-4.6 mg/L for 96H; 0.024-0.93 and 2.3 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): >0.15 mg/L for 18H; 0.47 mg/L for 96H; 0.6-0.7 and 0.09 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - BROWN TROUT (Salvelinus fontinalis): >3.2 mg/L for 1.8H and 0.96-1.05 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - CARP (Cyprinus carpio): 1.1 mg/L for 96H; >0.24 mg/L for 18H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - CENTRAL STONEROLLER (Campostoma anomalum): 1.7 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus): 1.2-2.0; 2.3 mg/L for 48H; 0.21 and 1.5-4.2 mg/L for 96H; 0.97-2 mg/L for 1 week (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - COHO SALMON: 0.45 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch): 0.55 mg/L for 96H; 0.5 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha): 0.47 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - CUTTHROAT TROUT (Salmo clarki), fry: 0.5-0.8 mg/L for 96H; 0.56 mg/L for 36D -- flow-through bioassays (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 0.75-3.4 and 0.73-2.3 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 8.2 mg/L for 96H -- hard water (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GOLDEN SHINER (Notemigonus crysoleucas): 0.72 and 1.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GOLDEN TROUT (Salmo aguabonita): 0.76 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GOLDFISH: 2-2.5 mg/L for 24-96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 7.2 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GREEN SUNFISH (Lepomis cyanellus): 0.6-2.1 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 1.5 mg/L; >1.5 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - GUPPY, fry: 1.26 mg/L and 74 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassays (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - LARGEMOUTH BASS (Micropterus salmoides): >0.21; 1-1.7 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 1.3 mg/L for 17H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - MOTTLED SCULPIN (Cottus bairdi): 1.39 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - MOUNTAIN SUCKER (Catostomus platyrhynchos): 0.67-0.82 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - MOUNTAIN WHITEFISH (Prosopium williamsoni): 0.47 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - ORANGETHROAT DARTER (Etheostoma spectabile): 0.9-1.1 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - PINK SALMON (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), late alevins: 0.083 mg/L for 96H; eyed embryos: >1.5 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - PLANEHEAD FILEFISH (Monacanthus hispidus): 0.69 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - PUMPKINSEED (Lepomis gibbosus): 0.14-0.86 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, fertilized egg: >3.58 mg/L for 24H; alevins (0-50D old): >3.58 mg/L for 24H; fry (85D old): 0.068 mg/L for 24H; adults: 0.097 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassays (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - RED DRUM (Sciaenops ocellatus): 0.47 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - SHINER (Notropis lutrensis): 0.9-1.1 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - SHINER (Notropis spilopterus): 1.2-1.6 and 1.35 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - SHINER (Notropis whipplei): 1.25 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - SMALLMOUTH BASS (Micropterus dolomieui): 0.7-1.8 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - STRIPED MULLET (Mugil cephalus): 1.2-2.4 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - TILAPIA (Tilapia aurea): 2.85 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WALKING CATFISH: 0.28 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WALLEYE (Stizostedion vitreum): 0.85 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WHITE PERCH (Morone americana): 0.52-2.13 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC50 - WHITE SUCKER (Catostomus commersoni): 0.79 mg/L; 1.35-1.4 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC100 - CREEK CHUB (Semolitus atromaculatus): 0.26 and 1.2 mg/L for 24H - NH4OH solution (Verschueren, 2001)
- LC100 - TENCH (Tinca tinca): 2.5 mg/L for 20H (Verschueren, 2001)
- TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 8.2 ppm for 96H -- fresh water(CHRIS, 2005)
TOTAL AMMONIA - LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 23.6 mg/L for 48H at 30 ppt salinity (95% CI = 20.8-24.3) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 25.0 mg/L for 48H at 22 ppt salinity (95% CI = 23.0-26.5) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 28.0 mg/L for 48H at 14 ppt salinity (95% CI =25.5-29.5) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 20 mg/L for 48H at 14, 22, and 30 ppt salinity (Boardman et al, 2004)
UN-IONIZED AMMONIA - LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.08 mg/L for 48H at 30 ppt salinity (95% CI = 0.92-1.19) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.09 mg/L for 48H at 30 ppt salinity (95% CI = 0.95-1.19) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.17 mg/L for 48H at 22 ppt salinity (95% CI = 1.08-1.25) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.20 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.08-1.24) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.16 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.10-1.21) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.51 mg/L for 48H at 14 ppt salinity (95% CI = 1.38-1.59) (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 2.69 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 2.52-2.89) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 2.07 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 1.84-2.32) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 2.68 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 2.61-2.77) and 2.09 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 1.97-2.23) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 1.74 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.61-1.89) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 1.74 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.66-1.83) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 1.22 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 1.09-1.35) and 1.08 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 0.94-1.22) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 1.22 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 1.13-1.31) and 1.07 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 0.97-1.17) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 1.37 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.20-1.54) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 1.37 mg/L for 7D (95% CI = 1.25-1.49) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (growth) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.79 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (growth) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.95 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (growth) - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 0.45 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (survival) - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.51 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LOEC (survival) - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.68 mg/L for 7D-- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 1.3 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multitest and multireplicate methods (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (growth) - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 0.34 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (growth) - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 0.45 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival) - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 1.3 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest and multireplicate methods (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 1.9 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 2.3 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival) - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.25 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival) - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.34 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.47 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.93 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multitest method and multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.73 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - SUMMER FLOUNDER (Paralichthys dentatus): 0.47 mg/L for 96H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 1.08 mg/L for 48H at 14 ppt salinity (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.900 mg/L for 48H at 22 ppt salinity (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.92 mg/L for 48H at 30 ppt salinity -- synthetic seawater multitest and multireplicate methods(Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival/growth) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.63 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (survival) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.63 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC (growth) - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (Menidia menidia): 0.48 mg/L for 7D -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
UN-IONIZED AMMONIA - LC50 - MUSSEL (Lampsilis fasciola), juvenile: 0.23 mg/L for 48H and 72H (at 12 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Lampsilis fasciola), juvenile: 0.23 mg/L for 96H (at 12 degrees C) and 0.28 mg/L for 96H (at 20 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Lampsilis fasciola), juvenile: 0.32 mg/L for 24H (at 12 degrees C) and 0.54 mg/L for 72H (at 20 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay(Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Villosa iris), juvenile: 0.10 mg/L for 96H and 0.12 mg/L for 72H -- static-renewal bioassay at 12 degrees C (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Villosa iris), juvenile: 0.12 mg/L for 96H and 0.14 mg/L for 72H (at 20 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Villosa iris), juvenile: 0.17 mg/L for 48H (at 12 degrees C) and 0.18 mg/L for 48H (at 20 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - MUSSEL (Villosa iris), juvenile: 0.22 mg/L for 24H (at 12 degrees C) and 0.32 mg/L for 24H (at 20 degrees C) -- static-renewal bioassay (Mummert et al, 2003)
- LC50 - QUAHOG CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria): 36.6 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 30.5-42.8) and 216 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 186-246) -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- LC50 - QUAHOG CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria): 37.9 mg/L for 96H (95% CI = 26.7-49.1) and 218 mg/L for 48H (95% CI = 165-271) -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - QUAHOG CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria): 9.3 mg/L for 96H and 37 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multireplicate method (Boardman et al, 2004)
- NOEC - QUAHOG CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria): 9.6 mg/L for 96H and 38 mg/L for 48H -- synthetic seawater multitest method (Boardman et al, 2004)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very pungent odor (characteristic of drying urine) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996).
- The odor threshold can be detected in the range of 5 to 50 ppm ((ASTI, 1999)).
- Ammonia is a colorless, lighter-than-air gas with a characteristic extremely penetrating, pungent, intensely irritating, suffocating odor (NIOSH, 2005; AAR, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996).
- Ammonia floats on and boils on water, producing a visible and poisonous vapor cloud (CHRIS, 2005).
- Ammonia is available in a commercial grade of 99.5% purity and a refrigerant grade of 99.97% purity (Lewis, 1997).
- Aromatic spirits of ammonia ampules contain 0.33 mL of 15% ammonia hydroxide and 35% alcohol, although formulations for aromatic spirits may vary (Wallace, 1989; Wason et al, 1990).
- Ammonia is a toxic gas under ambient conditions ((ASTI, 1999)).
PH
- 11.6 (1.0 N aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)
- 11.1 (0.1 N aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)
- 10.6 (0.01 N aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 400 mmHg (at 45 degrees C) (NFPA, 1994)
- 10 atm (at 25.7 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)
- 8.5 atm (at 20 degrees C) (liquid) (Lewis, 1993)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.9939 (at 20/4 degrees C) (1% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.9811 (at 20/4 degrees C) (4% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.9651 (at 20/4 degrees C) (8% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.9362 (at 20/4 degrees C) (16% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.9229 (at 20/4 degrees C) (20% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.9101 (at 20/4 degrees C) (24% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) 0.8980 (at 20/4 degrees C) (28% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989)
DENSITY
- STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.817 g/mL (at -79 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000) 0.7 g/mL (at -33 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997) 0.6818 g/mL (at -33.35 degrees C and 1 atm) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 0.6585 g/mL (at -15 degrees C and 2.332 atm) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 0.6386 g/mL (at 0 degrees C and 4.238 atm) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 0.6175 g/mL (at 15 degrees C and 7.188 atm) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 0.5875 g/mL (at 35 degrees C and 13.321 atm) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-77 degrees C (Lewis, 1993) -2.9 degrees C (4% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) -8.1 degrees C (8% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) -23.1 degrees C (16% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) -34.9 degrees C (20% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) -44.5 degrees C (24% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989) -69.2 degrees C (28% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1989)
BOILING POINT
- -33 degrees C; -28 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)
- -33.35 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2005; Lewis, 1992)
FLASH POINT
- Not Applicable (gas) (NIOSH, 2005)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 650 degrees C; 1204 degrees F (Lewis, 1993)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
16% (Lewis, 1992) 15% (NFPA, 1994) 15.50% (CHRIS, 2005)
25% (Lewis, 1992) 28% (NFPA, 1994) 27% (CHRIS, 2005)
SOLUBILITY
Ammonia is easily soluble in water, and forms a corrosive liquid (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000). It is soluble in ether (ITI, 1988). PERCENTAGES OF AMMONIA HELD IN WATER 47% (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 38% (at 15 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 34% (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 31% (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 28% (at 30 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996) 18% (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)
Ammonia is moderately soluble in alcohol (Lewis, 2000). Ammonia is soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and ether (ITI, 1995). 95% alcohol holds 15% ammonia at 20 degrees C; 11% ammonia at 30 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996). Absolute ethanol holds 20% ammonia at 0 degrees C; 10% ammonia at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996). Methanol holds 16% ammonia at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996).
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 1.61 x 10(-5) atm/m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2005)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
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