O-NITROTOLUENE

o-Nitrotoluene is used in sulfur and azo dyes; in dyes used for paper, cotton, wool, leather, and silk; in the synthesis of rubber chemicals, agricultural chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and explosives (including TNT); and as a chemical intermediate (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001) Meyer, 1993).
It is used specifically in the manufacture of toluidine, fuchsin, and tolidine (OHM/TADS , 2001).

FORMS

o-Nitrotoluene exists as a liquid or in the form of crystals (Lewis, 2000).

SOURCES

The compound is produced from toluene via nitration and fractional distillation separation (Lewis, 1997). It also is produced by using ammonium sulfide to treat 2,4-dinitrotoluene with subsequent diazotization and boiling (HSDB , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

o-Nitrotoluene is toxic by all routes of exposure, including inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion.

Effects from exposure may include contact burns to the skin and eyes, headache, face flushing, weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, increased pulse and respiratory rate, muscular weakness, irritability, seizures, and cyanosis. The onset of symptoms may be delayed up to 4 hours. o-Nitrotoluene can produce methemoglobinemia resulting in hypoxia. Chronic exposure may cause anemia.

o-Nitrotoluene was carcinogenic in male rats in 13-week studies, based on the occurrence of mesothelioma and mesothelial cell hyperplasia in dosed groups. Liver, spleen, and kidney toxicity has also been observed in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Blood, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, skin, and gastrointestinal tract (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
"Between 1 ounce and 1 pint [of the substance] may be fatal" (OHM/TADS , 2001).
"There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nitrotoluenes" (IARC, 1996).
"There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 2-nitrotoluene" (IARC, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Human exposure to nitrotoluenes can cause methemoglobinemia. Individuals exposed to the compound and having methemoglobin concentrations of 15% or above develop blueness of the nose, lips, and earlobes, though at concentrations below 40% those exposed often feel perfectly well; at above 40%, dizziness and weakness are common; and up to 70%, symptoms may include dyspnea upon mild exertion, tachycardia, ataxia, drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS88-72-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitrotoluene, all isomers
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Nitrotoluenes: o-Nitrotoluene

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: 2-Nitrotoluene

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1321-12-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Nitrotoluenes

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Bingham et al, 2001 CHRIS, 2001 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 ) RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 5.61 mg/m(3) (NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS88-72-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Nitrotoluene, all isomers

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: BEI(M), Skin
Definitions:

BEI(M): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Methemoglobin Inducers (for which methemoglobin is the principal cause of toxicity) are part of this notation.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): MeHb-emia
Molecular Weight: 137.13

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1321-12-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS88-72-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1321-12-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS88-72-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
REL:

TWA: 2 ppm (11 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1321-12-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Nitrotoluene (o-isomer)
Table Z-1 for Nitrotoluene (o-isomer):

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 5

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 30

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nitrotoluene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS88-72-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1321-12-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS88-72-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1321-12-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS88-72-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro-

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1321-12-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1664 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nitrotoluenes, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1664
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1664 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nitrotoluenes, liquid
UN Number: 1664
Proper Shipping Name: Nitrotoluenes, solid
UN Number: 1664

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS88-72-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1321-12-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Personnel should wear appropriate protective clothing in order to avoid direct contact with the substance (OHM/TADS , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers appropriate for shipping of the substance include metal cans, pails, drums, and bottles (NFPA, 1997).
Ensure that containers do not sustain physical damage (OHM/TADS , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in an area that is dry, cool, well-ventilated, and protected from fires (OHM/TADS , 2001; NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep o-nitrotoluene separate from oxidizing materials, acids, alkalies, caustics, ammonia, amines, and reducing agents (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
o-Nitrotoluene "attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings" (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Personnel should wear suitable chemical protective clothing (AAR, 2001).

"Remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if wet or contaminated" (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Prevent eye contact by wearing appropriate eye protection (NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991). CHRIS (2001) recommends wearing goggles.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 88-72-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 317
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.41
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 395
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.72
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1321-12-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
When exposed to open flame or heat, o-nitrotoluene, in liquid or solid form, is combustible, and fires involving the compound may produce poisonous gases ((CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS88-72-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1321-12-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS88-72-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: o-Nitrotoluene
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1321-12-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fires with water spray, fog, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, foam, or dry chemical. Frothing may occur if water or foam is used ((CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

Use fire extinguishing agents that are appropriate for the surrounding fire (NFPA, 1997).

Keep containers of the compound that are exposed to fire cool using water spray (NFPA, 1997).

Personnel should stay upwind of an o-nitrotoluene fire to avoid breathing toxic vapors or coming into contact with hazardous products of decomposition (NFPA, 1997).

"If material is on fire or involved in a fire" (AAR, 2000):

"Use water in flooding quantities as fog."
"Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water."
"Apply water from as far a distance as possible."
"Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide."

"If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire" (AAR, 2000):

"Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away."
"Keep material out of water sources and sewers."
"Build dikes to contain flow as necessary."
"Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard."

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When the compound is heated to decomposition, it releases toxic nitrogen oxide vapors (Lewis, 2000).
By-products of o-nitrotoluene are combustion irritants and toxic vapors that may include carbon monoxide (HSDB, 2004; NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

o-Nitrotoluene, when in contact with alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, can cause highly exothermic reactions and is potentially explosive (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

"The substance decomposes on contact with strong oxidants, sulfuric acid, reducing agents, acids or bases producing toxic fumes, causing fire and explosion hazard" (ILO , 1998).

When exposed to open flame or heat, o-nitrotoluene, in liquid or solid form, is combustible, and fires involving the compound may produce poisonous gases ((CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When the compound is heated to decomposition, it releases toxic nitrogen oxide vapors (Lewis, 2000).

By-products of o-nitrotoluene are combustion irritants and toxic vapors that may include carbon monoxide (HSDB, 2004; NFPA, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Refer to the EXPLOSION HAZARD section of this document for additional information.

o-Nitrotoluene "attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings" (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When exposed to open flame or heat, o-nitrotoluene, in liquid or solid form, is combustible ((CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

The substance is incompatible with caustics, ammonia, strong acids, amines, oxidizers, and reducing agents (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

o-Nitrotoluene is "volatile with steam" (HSDB , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

People in the area of an o-nitrotoluene spill should be evacuated to a minimum distance of 200 feet upwind and 1000 feet downwind. Evacuation distances may need to be adjusted depending upon spill size and whether or not fire is present (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Spills should be reported to air, water, and fire authorities in the area (OHM/TADS , 2001).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS88-72-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1321-12-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS88-72-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nitrotoluene, o-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 6
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1321-12-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS88-72-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS1321-12-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS88-72-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 200 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1321-12-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
WATER SPILLS
- When the substance is spilled in water, stop the discharge and use pumps and dredges for cleanup ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Contain the spill with oil spill control booms or natural containment devices. Use hoses to suction immobilized spill remains (AAR, 2000).
LAND SPILLS
- Control solid or liquid spills in a constructed holding area, such as a pit lagoon, or pond. To keep water from dissolving solid remains, cover with a plastic tarp (AAR, 2000).
AIR SPILLS
- Use water spray on o-nitrotoluene vapors (AAR, 2000).
"For solids: Shovel into suitable dry container. For liquids: Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Cover in noncombustible material for proper disposal" (NFPA, 1997).
If a spill occurs notify the following: health officials at the local and state level, local solid waste disposal experts, and the o-nitrotoluene supplier and shipper (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Notify fire department and area pollution control and health agencies in case of a spill or emergency situation. If spilled into a water body, contact area wildlife and health agencies and local water intake operators ((CHRIS, 2001)).
Concentration process and biological treatment are wastewater treatment methods that have been studied for o-nitrotoluene (HSDB, 2004).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

"Pour into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sand-soda ash (9:1). After mixing, transfer into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn in an open furnace, or more efficiently in the furnace with afterburner and scrubber" (ITI, 1995).
"Dam stream if possible to reduce the flow and prevent further dispersion of the material. Apply activated carbon to adsorb any dissolved material. Bottom pumps or underwater vacuum systems may be employed in small bodies of water, dredging may be effective in larger bodies to remove any undissolved material and sorbent from the bottom. To remove soluble material: under controlled conditions, pump the water into a suitable container - use gravity separation, dual filtration systems, and an activated carbon filter" (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

The biodegradation of o-, m- and p-nitrotoluene was investigated in a simple laboratory test. All three isomers are shown to be biodegradable in a die-away test after adaptation of the inoculum, though different results were obtained with different types of activated sludges used as inoculum in the static test.
- The adaptation procedure, employed in this study, was a modification of a test method described by Pitter in 1976. It appeared that adaptation in a semi-continuous activated sludge system was most successful when a composite sludge was used consisting of activated sludge from a communal sewage plant and an extract of river mud.
- meta-Nitrotoluene was more resistant to attack by a mixed population of aquatic microorganisms than the other isomers. The procedure used in this study is proposed as an attractive alternative for those methods, which are recommended by the OECD and the EEC, to test the so-called 'inherent biodegradability' (Struijs & Stoltenkamp, 1986).
Biological treatment of dilute o-nitrotoluene is possible at wastewater treatment plants (OHM/TADS , 2001).
After 5 days, 2-nitrotoluene (200 mg/L COD) inoculated with adapted activated sludge showed 98% degradation as measured by COD removal (aerobic conditions at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989).
At 2 weeks, 100 ppm 2-nitrotoluene inoculated with 30 ppm activated sludge was <30% degraded (aerobic conditions at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Contain the spill and absorb remaining liquid in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material. Send remaining soil and spill material back to the supplier in lined metal drums (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Burning in a chemical incinerator or burial in an approved chemical landfill are other disposal options (OHM/TADS , 2001).
When the compound is incinerated, ensure that all waste material is completely combusted. Incinerators should be equipped with scrubbers when large amounts of o-nitrotoluene are incinerated (Sittig, 1991).
First dissolve o-nitrotoluene in a combustible solvent and then spray the mixture into a furnace equipped with scrubbers and an afterburner (ITI, 1995).
Shores and beaches that have been affected by o-nitrotoluene spills should be closed and reopened only after the substance has been completely removed. Spill material should not be burned and a mechanical scraper should be used on affected tidal areas (OHM/TADS , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Manufacturing plants, which produce o-nitrotoluene or use it to manufacture other compounds are the primary sources of environmental release. Waste material that contains o-nitrotoluene is another potential pollution source (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

It is thought that o-nitrotoluene exists in air almost completely as vapor. Direct photolysis and interaction with hydroxyl radicals that are photochemically-produced are the main fate processes. Photoproducts of o-nitrotoluene include 2-methyl-6-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol (Howard, 1989).
- The half-life of o-nitrotoluene in air following reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 8 hours. This is based on an 8.0 x 10(-5) molecules/cm(3) ambient hydroxyl radical concentration and a reaction rate constant of 3.0 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecules-sec at 25 degrees C (Howard, 1989).
The compound is a potentially good candidate for photolysis in air and water based on its absorption in cyclohexane of >290 nm of UV light (Howard, 1989).
- A 79% loss of o-nitrotoluene resulted following 5 hours of >300 nm irradiation of the vapor in air. 2-Methyl-6-nitrophenol (6.1%) and 2-methly-4-nitrophenol (7.5%) were byproducts of this process (Howard, 1989).
- When irradiated at >290 nm for 3 hours, all of the o-nitrotoluene in triethylamine converted to aniline (32%), azoxybenzene (5%), azobenzene (2.5%), and a 2-hydroxyazo compound (10%) (Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- The following are fate processes to which o-nitrotoluene, when released to water, may be susceptible: volatilization, direct photolysis, indirect photolysis, and, when the compound is well acclimated, aerobic biodegradation (Howard, 1989).
- In river water containing humic material in high volume, the indirect photolysis half-life for o-nitrotoluene is less than 1 hour (Howard, 1989).
- The estimated volatilization half-life for the substance in 1 meter/second flowing water that is 1-meter deep with a 3 meter/second wind speed is 21 hours (Howard, 1989).
- Indirect photolysis of o-nitrotoluene at midday in the Aucilla River, which contains humic substances at high levels resulted in a half-life of 45 minutes. (An 0.92 hour(-1) experimentally determined reaction rate constant was used.) (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If released in soil, oxidation and chemical hydrolysis are not important fate processes for o-nitrotoluene. Biodegradation also is thought to not be a significant process. This is based on a study resulting in o-nitrotoluene persisting for more than 64 days under aerobic conditions in an aqueous mineral salts and soil microorganisms mixed culture (Howard, 1989).
- Slow volatilization from dry soil surfaces and moderate to high mobility in soil are predicted (Howard, 1989).
- Based on water solubility and the log octanol/water partition coefficient, the calculated soil adsorption coefficients for the compound are 124 and 425, respectively (Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

O-nitrotoluene exists in air almost completely in vapor form. The dominant degradation processes in the atmosphere are direct photolysis and interaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life is 8 hours). Principal photolytic byproducts include 2-methyl-6-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol (Howard, 1989).

Likely environmental fate processes for o-nitrotoluene in aquatic systems include volatilization, direct photolysis, indirect photolysis, and aerobic biodegradation, if o-nitrotoluene is well acclimated. Chemical hydrolysis, oxidation, and adsorption to sediments and suspended solids are unlikely to be important fate processes in aquatic systems. Bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is also not important, given estimated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of 33 and 16 (Howard, 1989).

In terrestrial systems, o-nitrotoluene will likely volatilize slowly from dry soil surfaces and show a moderate to high mobility in soil, given calculated soil adsorption coefficients of 124 and 425. Oxidation, chemical hydrolysis, and biodegradation are not important fate processes for o-nitrotoluene in soil. (Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation by soil microflora was > 64 d (Verschueren, 2001)

Generally, when nitroaromatic compounds are biodegraded anaerobically, the nitro group is reduced to an amino group (Howard, 1989).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

BCFs for o-nitrotoluene of 33 and 16 suggest 2-nitrotoluene will not bioaccumulate significantly in aquatic organisms (BCFs calculated based on log octanol/water partition coefficient and measured water solubility) (Howard, 1989).
In experiments, the BCF for o-nitrotoluene in carp (Carpinus carpio) has been determined to be less than 100 (Howard, 1989).
Fish (Cyprinus carpio): 6.6-30 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 10 mcg/L o-nitrotoluene for 43 d (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Cyprinus carpio): 12-30 (BCF, total body) -- exposed to 100 mcg/L o-nitrotoluene for 43 d (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Poecilia reticulata): 20 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

AQUATIC TOXICITY VALUES

TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 30 ppm for 96H--as meta isomer (OHM/TADS , 2001)
TLm - MINNOW: 18-20 ppm for 6H--distilled water ((CHRIS, 2001))
TLm - MINNOW: 35-40 ppm for 6H--hardwater ((CHRIS, 2001))
TLm - FINFISH: 10-100 ppm for 96H ((CHRIS, 2001))
LCLo - MINNOW: 18-20 ppm for 6H--distilled water at 23 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)
LCLo - MINNOW: 35-40 ppm for 6H--hardwater at 21 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

Extremely low levels of the compound can be detrimental to aquatic life ((CHRIS, 2001)).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

137.15

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

o-Nitrotoluene is a liquid described as oily and yellowish. It sinks in water and possesses a weak aromatic nitro compound or bitter almond odor. It also exists as a solid (below 25 degrees C) in the form of white crystals and transparent needles (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

0.133 kPa (at 50 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)

0.15 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

1.6 mmHg (at 60 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

1 mmHg (at 50 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.16 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
1.1622 (at 19 degrees C/15 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001))
1.1622 g/mL (at 19 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.163 (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.16 (NIOSH , 2001)
1.1629 (OHM/TADS , 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.16 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
1.1622 g/mL (at 19 degrees C/15 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
1.1622 g/mL (at 19 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
1.1629 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-10 degrees C; 14 degrees F; 263.2 K ((CHRIS, 2001))
-9.3 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
25 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

-10 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
-9.5 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
-9.5 degrees C (needles); -2.9 degrees C (crystals) (HSDB , 2001)
-9.3 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
-9 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)
-4 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

222.3 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

222 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

221.7 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

220.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

FLASH POINT

106 degrees C; 223 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 2000; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997)

106.1 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

305 degrees C; 581 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.2% (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

UPPER

Not determined (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Slightly soluble (Bingham et al, 2001)
Not soluble in water (Lewis, 2000)
Almost insoluble (ACGIH, 1991)
0.06 g/100 g water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
0.07% (NIOSH , 2001)
652 mg/L (at 30 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)
652 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

o-Nitrotoluene is soluble in sulfur dioxide, ether, acetone, petroleum ether, benzene, ethanol, and chloroform (Binghaet al, 2001; (Lewis, 2000).
"Miscible in alcohol, benzene, and ether. Slightly soluble in ammonia" (Lewis, 2000)
Miscible with oxygenated and aromatic solvents (Ashford, 1994)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow: 2.30 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.5 x 10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

7426 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

1292 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

714 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.05 mg/L ((CHRIS, 2001))
1.74 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-11,290 Btu/lb = -6272 cal/g = -262 X 10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF FUSION

26.76 cal/g (HSDB , 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.544 (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
1.5472 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
1.54739 (at 20.4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.43 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

27.19 dynes/cm = 0.02719 N/m (at 20 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001))

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents