NITROUS OXIDE

It is utilized as anesthetic in dentistry and surgery; propellant gas in food aerosols (i.e., foaming agent for whipped cream); for leak detection; used in rocket fuels (Lewis, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996).
It is also used to oxidize organic compounds at temperatures above 300 degrees C and to make nitrites from alkali metals at their boiling points (Budavari, 1996).
The liquid nitrous oxide is used to freeze foods and to manufacture other chemicals (AAR, 1992).
Also found in many common products as a propellant. Consumer cans of whipped cream have been reported to release up to 1.5 L of nitrous oxide. High concentrations of carbon dioxide and fluorocarbons may also be released.
"Whippet" is a slang term for a cylinder or cartridge designed to charge whipped cream dispensers (Anon, 1979). The term "nanging" has also been used to describe the recreational use of this agent via cartridges of nitrous oxide (Lai et al, 1997). Widespread abuse of this agent has been reported in the United States (Lai et al, 1997).

These cylinders dispense 4.3 to 5 L of 93 to 98% nitrous oxide (O'Donoghue, 1985). These cartridges may be commercially available in supermarkets (Australia), adult bookstores, bar supply shops, and by mail order (Schwartz, 1989; Lai et al, 1997).

FORMS

An inorganic colorless gas used in clinical anesthesia which has a slightly sweet odor (Hathaway et al, 1996). Nitrous oxide is also used as a foaming agent for whipped cream, to make nitrates from alkali metals, as an oxidant for organic compounds, and in some rocket fuel combinations. Nitrous oxide is abundant in the atmosphere as a result of bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds in soil (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Nitrous oxide, an inorganic gas that has a slightly sweet odor, is used in clinical anesthesia and dentistry. It is also utilized as a propellant gas in food aerosols (ie, foaming agent for whipped cream dispensers), for leak detection in industry, as a propellant in many common household products (eg, commercial cans of whipped cream, cooking oil) and used in some rocket fuel combinations. ABUSE: "Whippet" is a slang term for a cylinder or cartridge designed to charge whipped cream dispensers. The term "nanging" has also been used to describe the recreational use of this agent via cartridges of nitrous oxide. ENVIRONMENT: Nitrous oxide is abundant in the atmosphere as a result of bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds in soil.

TOXICOLOGY: Nitrous oxide is a gas that acts as a central nervous system depressant and can cause asphyxiation by oxygen displacement. Inhalation may produce marked excitation, which may progress to respiratory depression. Nitrous oxide has been shown to be a partial agonist at mu, kappa, and sigma receptors of the endogenous opioid system. This may explain the emetic and addictive properties of nitrous oxide. It also oxidizes cobalt in vitamin B12, rendering it biologically inactive resulting in a deficiency in available active B12 that mimics a B12 deprivation state.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Deaths have occurred following intentional exposure. Widespread abuse of this agent has been reported in the United States.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

OVERDOSE: SUMMARY: Nitrous oxide produces euphoria and anxiolytic effects. Inhalation of 40% nitrous oxide in air can cause confusion and sedation, while an 80% level causes unconscious in most individuals. Asphyxiation leading to death has been reported following intentional inhalation of nitrous oxide.

ACUTE EFFECTS: Household propellant (eg, whipping cream) abuse occurs when the gas emitted from the nozzle is sprayed into a plastic bag and breathed or sniffed directly. Acute effects are usually due to asphyxia (ie, headache, dizziness, seizures, and possibly death). Acute neurologic effects of poisoning are primarily due to asphyxia. Signs and symptoms may include excitation and euphoria that can progress to CNS depression, loss of consciousness and even death. Asphyxia can also lead to cardiac dysrhythmias and hypotension.
CHRONIC EFFECTS: CNS: Chronic abuse can cause myeloneuropathy. Findings may include numbness and tingling of the hands and legs, ataxia, peripheral sensory neuropathy, and weakness. In some cases, patients have complained of an electric-shock feeling that starts when the neck is flexed and radiates down the back to the legs. RESPIRATORY: Respiratory irritation may be noted. Interstitial emphysema and pneumomediastinum have been reported following inhalation from whipped cream dispensers. HEMATOLOGIC: Hematologic effects (ie, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, severe megaloblastic anemia, myelosuppression) and neuropathy can follow chronic inhalation. OTHER: Vitamin B12 deficiency may have a role in toxicity.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

THERAPEUTIC: ADVERSE EFFECTS: Nitrous oxide has been reported to cause mild hypertension when used as an anesthetic. Nausea and vomiting may also develop.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Nitrous oxide is a gas that acts as a central nervous system depressant and can cause asphyxiation by oxygen displacement. Inhalation may produce marked excitation, which may progress to respiratory depression. Nitrous oxide has been shown to be a partial agonist at mu, kappa, and sigma receptors of the endogenous opioid system. This may explain the emetic and addictive properties of nitrous oxide. It also oxidizes cobalt in vitamin B12, rendering it biologically inactive resulting in a deficiency in available active B12 that mimics a B12 deprivation state.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Deaths have occurred following intentional exposure. Widespread abuse of this agent has been reported in the United States.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Homemade nitrous oxide, using ammonium nitrate fertilizer as a reagent, may be contaminated with nitrogen dioxide which can cause reversible bronchiolitis when inhaled (Messina & Wynne, 1982). The direct inhalation of nitrous oxide from the nozzle of an empty whipped cream dispenser has been reported to result in interstitial emphysema and pneumomediastinum (LiPuma et al, 1982).
Bone marrow depression with resultant leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and severe megaloblastic anemia has been noted following chronic or intermittent nitrous oxide inhalation (Anon, 1982; Amess et al, 1978; Nunn et al, 1982; Sweeney et al, 1985).
A patient who inhaled the contents of a 20 pound canister of N2O over a 4-day period experienced transient signs of acute mood disorder, including sleep deprivation, overactivity, dysphoria, and "hypnotic suggestions" occupying his mind (Grigg, 1988).
Bone marrow depression with resultant leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and severe megaloblastic anemia has been noted following chronic or intermittent nitrous oxide inhalation (Anon, 1982; Amess et al, 1978; Nunn et al, 1982; Sweeney et al, 1985).
Neurobehavioral effects have been seen in operating room personnel exposed to over 500 ppm nitrous oxide in combination with other gaseous (haloether) anesthetics. Slower reaction times were seen in personnel exposed to approximately 50 ppm, compared with workers exposed to nongaseous anesthesia and unexposed controls (Lucchini et al, 1996).
Exposure to the escaping liquefied gas has resulted in frostbite injury (Hwang et al, 1996).

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Many of the neurological and hematopoietic effects of N2O may be due to selective inactivation of vitamin B12 (Deacon et al, 1978; Brodsky, 1983; Brodsky & Cohen, 1987).
A 15-year-old adolescent given nitrous oxide anesthesia after being treated prophylactically with oral dantrolene experienced malignant hyperthermia which was successfully treated. Future anesthetics omitting N2O did not cause malignant hyperthermia (Waite et al, 1985).
In volunteers breathing nitrous oxide at concentrations of 14 to 28%, the velocity gain of pursuit eye movements and frequency of voluntary saccades were decreased (Magnusson et al, 1989).
Nitrous oxide has been reported to cause hypotension (Gilman et al, 1985). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, and may result from hypoxia (Fisch et al, 1969). A study of 100 patients receiving isoflurane anesthesia and epinephrine/lidocaine hemostasis during hypophysectomy found a significantly higher incidence of isorhythmic AV dissociation among those also receiving N2O (Lampe et al, 1990a).
The main complications following the use of nitrous oxide are due to hypoxia and asphyxia and may include headache, dizziness, confusion, central nervous system (CNS) excitation, and CNS depression. Intracranial pressure may be elevated. Anxiolytic, euphoric, and analgesic effects and central nervous system depression may occur (Reynolds, 1982; Kunkel, 1987) (Zacny et al, 1994).
Nausea and vomiting may occur. In one study of the anesthetic use of 70 percent nitrous oxide and 30 percent oxygen, 3/124 patients had nausea, but only 1/124 vomited (Nieto & Rosen, 1980). Emesis has occurred more frequently in persons exposed to nitrous oxide anesthetic than with other methods in analyses of published studies (Hartung, 1996; Divatia et al, 1996).
Tolerance to both cold-induced pain and hedonic subjective effects occurred during a 120-minute exposure to nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers, while psychomotor effects and other subjective effects did not exhibit a tolerance effect. This result implies that the different effects of nitrous oxide may be mediated by different mechanisms (Zacny et al, 1996).
In volunteers breathing nitrous oxide at concentrations of 14 to 28%, the velocity gain of pursuit eye movements and frequency of voluntary saccades were decreased (Magnusson et al, 1989).

ANIMAL STUDIES

One study found several defects of cobalamin metabolism in rats administered N2O (Kondo et al, 1981).
Malignant hyperthermia has occurred in experimental animals (HSDB, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

In repeated brief exposures of approximately 1.5 minutes, nitrous oxide concentrations of 20 to 80 percent in oxygen had psychoactive effects and dose-related subjective effects. It did not act as a reinforcer when exposed by choice (Zacny et al, 1996a).
Nitrous oxide abuse most commonly occurs among medical professionals and adolescents (Schwartz, 1989). Abuse in the medical setting can reportedly be monitored by noting the frequency at which the sodasorb must be changed in anesthetic machines (Yudenfreund-Sujka, 1990), although this has been disputed (Lang, 1991).
Diseases of the liver and kidneys have been associated with chronic N2O exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Intentional inhalation of nitrous oxide has been reported since the 19th century (Rosenberg et al, 1979). At least 11 deaths reported to OSHA and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) were identified during a 3-year time period (Suruda & McGlothlin, 1990).
Chronic N2O inhalation can produce symptoms similar to those of vitamin B12 deficiency but with a normal Schilling test and gastric analysis (Blanco & Peters, 1983; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Symptoms of myelopathy, neuropathy, and subacute delirium may occur and may take several weeks to months to resolve after discontinuation of N2O exposure (Sterman & Coyle, 1983; Heyer et al, 1986).
Bone marrow depression with resultant leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and severe megaloblastic anemia has been noted following chronic or intermittent nitrous oxide inhalation (Anon, 1982; Amess et al, 1978; Nunn et al, 1982; Sweeney et al, 1985).
Myeloneuropathy has been reported following chronic N2O exposure (Layzer et al, 1978). Symptom onset may be delayed for 6 months or more following discontinuation of extensive usage (Heyer et al, 1986). Early sensory complaints include leg weakness, loss of balance, sphincter disturbance, and an electric shock sensation radiating down the back on flexion of the neck (Lhermitte's sign) (Layzer et al, 1978; Hayden et al, 1983).
Impotence has been reported as an early sensory complaint associated with nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy (Layzer et al, 1978; Hayden et al, 1983).

ANIMAL STUDIES

In experimental animals, chronic exposure has resulted in spinal cord lesions, demyelination, peripheral neuropathy, and hepatic effects (focal inflammatory lesions) (ACGIH, 1991).
Changes in mitogen response and antibody formation have been reported in CD-1 mice exposed by inhalation to 5000 ppm for 2 to 13 weeks (Healy et al, 1990).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

INGESTION: Gastrointestinal decontamination is not indicated.

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Monitor pulse oximetry. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

Toxicity is usually the result of inhalation exposure. Assure adequate ventilatory support. There is no specific antidote. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Chronic exposure may produce bone marrow depression and/or neuropathy. Hematologic changes usually resolve after discontinuation of exposure. Hematologic changes may reoccur upon reexposure. Monitor patient for signs of bleeding and infection during leukopenic phase.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

Nitrous oxide poisonings resulting in death have been reported (Al-Shanableh & Sarreef, 1987) (Naruse et al, 1988; Enticknap, 1961; Chadly et al, 1989).
Suruda & McGlothlin (1990) identified 11 deaths related to abuse of nitrous oxide while on the job in 1984 to 1987 from data on file with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. The 11 deaths involved recreational inhalation of nitrous oxide by young male employees from tanks or cylinders normally used for legitimate business purposes. In six cases, the victims worked in food serving establishments and inhaled nitrous oxide that was used to power whipped cream dispensers.
A case of an autoerotic asphyxial death was reported in a 60-year-old man who used nitrous oxide to induce cerebral hypoxia. Ethanol and nitrous oxide were detected in the blood, and thrombosis was found in the distal right coronary artery; cause of death was hypoxia due to nitrous oxide inhalation (Leadbetter, 1988).
A 38-year-old nurse with a history of suicide attempts was found dead with a mask over his face connected to a nitrous oxide pipe. No evidence of chronic abuse was found; death was ruled as suicide (Chadly et al, 1989).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Inhalation of 40% nitrous oxide in air can cause confusion and sedation, while an 80% level causes unconscious in most individuals (Baselt, 2000).
The lowest published toxic dose for humans (inhalation route) is 24 mg/kg/2H. TOXIC EFFECTS: BEHAVIORAL: General anesthetic; CARDIAC: Pulse rate; NUTRITIONAL AND GROSS METABOLIC: Body temperature decreased (RTECS , 2001).
Acute exposure to levels of 200,000 ppm and above causes deterioration of performance on tests of reaction time. It has been suggested that the threshold at which nitrous oxide starts to affect performance lies between 80,000 and 120,000 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Other studies have examined the effects of trace levels (50 ppm) of nitrous oxide on performance tests, with conflicting results (Hathaway et al, 1996).

CASE REPORTS

INHALATION: A 22-year-old man, who had abused nitrous oxide (up to 20 to 30 canisters daily) for a month, developed progressive gait instability, numbness of the feet, and buckling at the knees resulting in episodes of falling 2 to 3 times daily. Physical examination included mild distal loss of vibration and proprioception, diminished ankle and extensor plantar reflexes, a Romberg sign and normal strength. An initial vitamin B12 level was 138 pg/mL (reference range, 250 to 900 pg/mL) and an elevated homocysteine level of 113.1 micromol/L (reference range, 0 to 14 micromol/L). Other laboratory studies were essentially within normal limits and a MRI of the spine was normal. Treatment included vitamin B12 (1000 mcg daily for 7 days, followed by 1000 mcg orally weekly) repletion along with thiamine and a multivitamin daily. Symptoms improved but 3 weeks (4 weeks after discontinuation of nitrous oxide) later the patient developed a new onset of progressive weakness in the lower extremities; physical exam was consistent with symptoms. Vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels were normal. Over the next 7 months, the patient's motor strength and reflexes gradually improved. The delayed motor deterioration in this patient may suggest that nitrous oxide may produce severe motor neuropathy or neuronopathy separate from vitamin B12 deficiency dorsal column myelopathy (Morris et al, 2015).
INHALATION: A woman in her 20s with a history of intravenous drug use had been inhaling nitrous oxide from whipped-cream bulbs for 10 days for pain secondary to a sprained ankle and was found living in a car for over 3 days prior to admission. An estimated 60 empty "bulbs" were found on the floor of the car. The patient was alert and oriented with 1/5 flaccid proximal weakness of the lower limbs. Neurological exam included an absent plantar and knee-jerk reflexes, with an intermittent sensory level to T10. A proprioception deficit to her feet, knees, and hips was also present bilaterally. Laboratory evidence of rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase 9000 Units/L), acute renal failure and vitamin B12 deficiency (level of 124 pmol/L (reference range: >210 pmol/l) were also reported. Her clinical course was complicated by a cardiopulmonary arrest (secondary to dehydration) and bilateral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) to the level of the femoral arteries. Following successful resuscitation, the patient was treated with vitamin B12 replacement therapy, methionine and anticoagulation therapy. Over the next 5 months, the patient gradually regained partial motor function of her limbs and normal sensory levels. She was discharged after 2 months of rehabilitation and was able to walk short distances with a walking frame, but continued to have residual neurological deficits affecting the distal lower limb muscle groups (Cartner et al, 2007).
A 23-year-old burn patient developed myeloneuropathy temporally related with unlimited access to a total volume of 40,000 L of a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen over a 3 month period (Hayden et al, 1983).
The velocity gain of pursuit eye movements and frequency of voluntary saccades were decreased in volunteers breathing nitrous oxide at concentrations of 14% to 28% (Magnusson et al, 1989).
CASE SERIES: Thirteen patients who underwent a 10-hour surgery and received 50% to 60% nitrous oxide experienced no more adverse effects than their counterparts who received no nitrous oxide (Lampe et al, 1990).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10024-97-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Nitrous oxide

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitrous oxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1994)
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10024-97-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Nitrous oxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 50 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; hematologic eff; embryo/fetal dam
Molecular Weight: 44.02

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS10024-97-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10024-97-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Nitrous oxide
REL:

TWA: 25 ppm (46 mg/m(3)) (over the time exposed)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas.]

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS10024-97-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS10024-97-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS10024-97-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Nitrogen oxide (N2O)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1070 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nitrous oxide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1070
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2, 5.1

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.
5.1: Oxidizer.

Special Provisions: A14

A14: This material is not authorized to be transported as a limited quantity or consumer commodity in accordance with Sec. 173.306 of this subchapter when transported aboard an aircraft.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 75 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2201 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2201
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2, 5.1

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.
5.1: Oxidizer.

Special Provisions: B6, T75, TP5, TP22

B6: Packagings shall be made of steel.
T75: Applicable refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn.178.277 of this subchapter.
TP5: For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied gases or refrigerated liquefied oxygen, the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. For portable tanks used for the transport of refrigerated liquefied helium and refrigerated liquefied atmospheric gas (except oxygen), the maximum rate at which the tank is filled must not exceed the liquid flow capacity of the pressure relief device rated at 130 percent of the portable tank's design pressure. Except for a portable tank containing refrigerated liquefied helium, a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the portable tank in a level attitude. No outage is required for helium.
TP22: Lubricants for portable tank fittings (for example, gaskets, shut-off valves, flanges) must be oxygen compatible.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1070 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nitrous oxide
UN Number: 1070

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2201 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid
UN Number: 2201

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS10024-97-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, and away from areas of high fire hazard. Store apart from sources of ignition and heat. They should be periodically inspected (HSDB , 1994; ITI, 1988).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Nitrous oxide is very stable and rather inert chemically at room temperatures. Dissociation begins above 300 degrees C when the gas becomes a strong oxidizing agent (Budavari, 1989).
Keep away from explosives, poisons, radioactive materials, organic peroxides, and hydrogen (ITI, 1988).
Incompatible materials should be isolated (HSDB , 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 10024-97-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.018
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.018
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.018
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.018
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.018
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Substance does not burn but will support combustion.
- Some may react explosively with fuels.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Nitrous oxide does not burn but is flammable by chemical reaction and supports combustion (Lewis, 1992).
Under fire conditions, cylinders of nitrous oxide may rupture violently or rocket (AAR, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS10024-97-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS10024-97-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do not use water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible (AAR, 1992).

Use alcohol foam to extinguish fire (OHM/TADS , 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Nitrous oxide is a moderate explosion hazard. It can form an explosive mixture with air (Lewis, 1992).

Nitrous oxide self-explodes at high temperatures (Lewis, 1992).

Explosions have occurred with ether-nitrous oxide mixtures (HSDB , 1994).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors are nonirritating to eyes and throat. If inhaled, vapors may cause dizziness, difficult breathing, or loss of consciousness (CHRIS , 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Nitrous oxide forms violent reactions with the following (Lewis, 1992):

Aluminum
Boron
Hydrazine
Lithium hydride (Li-H)
Phenyl lithium (Li-C6-H5)
Phosphine (P-H3)
Sodium
Tungsten carbide (WC)

Nitrous oxide does not burn but is flammable by chemical reaction and supports combustion (Lewis, 1992).

Nitrous oxide is a moderate explosion hazard. It can form an explosive mixture with air (Lewis, 1992).

Nitrous oxide self-explodes at high temperatures (Lewis, 1992).

Explosions have occurred with ether-nitrous oxide mixtures (HSDB , 1994).

It is very stable and rather inert chemically at room temperatures. Dissociation begins above 300 degrees C when the gas becomes a strong oxidizing agent (Budavari, 1989).

Amorphous boron ignites when heated in dry nitrous oxide (NFPA, 1991).

Spontaneous ignition occurs when nitrous oxide and lithium hydride or hydrazine are mixed (NFPA, 1991).

The reaction of phenyl lithium with nitrous oxide produces unstable lithium phenylazoxide (NFPA, 1991).

A mixture of nitrous oxide and phosphine can be exploded by a spark (NFPA, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If material is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1992).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS10024-97-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS10024-97-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nitrous oxide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 150
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10,000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 20,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS10024-97-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS10024-97-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Allow substance to evaporate.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 122 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).
The following information is for NITROGEN OXIDES in general:
- Nitrogen oxides (up to 1 g/m(3)) are formed during the burning of waste gas from ammonia plants. Ninety to 95% of the nitrogen oxides can be eliminated by injecting a mixture of ammonia and water into the stream of combustion products. The ammonia reacts with nitrogen oxides to give nitrogen and water. Residual ammonia in the exhaust gas amounts to only 0 to 10 mg/m(3) (Kulis & Ohotskij, 1988).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if it can be done without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Nitrous oxide can be found in the ambient environment at concentrations of about 0.25 to 0.29 ppm, arising from the bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds in soil (ACGIH, 1991).

In a study designed to determine to what degree medically-used nitrous oxide contributes to ozone loss, it was concluded that nitrous oxide and halogenated anesthetics (halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane) are responsible for only 0.0005% of the ozone destruction (as of 1991). It was also calculated that nitrous oxide used for medical purposes comprises less than 2% of all the nitrous oxide produced (Radke & Fabian, 1991).

Another study estimated that the total amount of nitrous oxide released from anesthetics accounts for 0.05% of the greenhouse effect (Dale & Dale, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Nitrous oxide is not harmful to aquatic life (CHRIS , 1994).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

44.02 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Nitrous oxide is a colorless gas with a slightly sweetish odor and taste (Budavari, 1996). May also exist in the form of a liquid or cubic crystals (Lewis, 1992).

Nitrous oxide comprises about 0.00005% of the earth's atmosphere by volume (Budavari, 1996).

The chief impurity of the commercial product is N2, although NO2, N, O2, and CO2 may also be present (Budavari, 1996).

While in the steel cylinder, nitrous oxide is compressed to the form of gas over liquid and has a pressure of about 800 lb/inch(2) at room temperature (Budavari, 1996).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

approximately 50 atm at room temperature (HSDB , 1994)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
GAS: 1.967 (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.226 g/mL (at -89 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-90.81 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

-88.46 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

At 20 degrees C and 2 atm, 1 L of the gas dissolves in 1.5 L of water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER

It is freely soluble in sulfuric acid (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Currently not available (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

71.7 atm (Budavari, 1996)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

36.5 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.0005 (at 20 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 1994)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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NITROUS OXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents