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NITROPROPANE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) 2-Nitropropane is a solvent which, in 5 to 25% concentration, is used to improve drying time, improve solvent release, to provide better flow characteristics, increase wetting ability and electrostatic spraying properties, and to assure greater pigment dispersion.

Specific Substances

    1) 2-NP
    2) B-Nitropropane
    3) Beta-Nitropropane
    4) Dimethylnitromethane
    5) Isonitropropane
    6) Nitroisopropane
    7) CAS 79-46-9
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C3-H7-N-O2

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Trade names include: NiPar S-20 (2-NP); NiPar S-30 (mixture of 1 and 2-nitropropane).
    B) USES
    1) 2-Nitropropane is a solvent which, in 5 to 25% concentrations is used to improve drying time, improve solvent release, provide better flow characteristics, increase wetting ability, increase electrostatic plating properties, and to assure greater pigment dispersion.
    2) It is also a solvent used in systems for coatings (vinyl, epoxy), and manufacture of nitrocellulose, chlorinated rubber, printing ink, adhesives, and as a gasoline additive in rocket propellant (Finkel, 1983).
    3) Industries Involved: Construction, maintenance, ship building, food packaging, furniture making and plastic products.

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) The primary symptoms at low exposure have been headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pulmonary irritation.
    B) Fulminant hepatic failure and death occurred in a worker exposed to a 2-nitropropane-containing coating for 3 days in a poorly ventilated vault. A coworker survived the exposure with mildly elevated liver function tests for 12 months following the exposure.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no studies on the possible reproductive hazards of 2-nitropropane were found in humans.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) In one epidemiological study, workers exposed to 2-nitropropane did not have increased incidence of cancer or other diseases.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established. Patients significantly exposed should be monitored for hepatic enzyme alterations, and methemoglobinemia.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    E) METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
    F) Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Inhalation of 2-nitropropane in levels of 20 to 45 ppm has caused symptoms of headache, nausea, diarrhea, and pulmonary irritation. This material is irritating to the eyes at levels greater than 150 parts per million.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) The primary symptoms at low exposure have been headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pulmonary irritation.
    B) Fulminant hepatic failure and death occurred in a worker exposed to a 2-nitropropane-containing coating for 3 days in a poorly ventilated vault. A coworker survived the exposure with mildly elevated liver function tests for 12 months following the exposure.

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Vapors are irritating to the eyes and have caused lacrimation in humans and mydriasis in animals (ITI, 1975; Grant & Schuman, 1993). In volunteers, levels of 150 ppm were irritating to the eyes (HSDB , 2000).

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Workers exposed to 30 to 300 ppm complain of respiratory tract irritation.
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    a) Pulmonary edema was reported in fatally poisoned animals (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) CYANOSIS
    a) Difficulty in breathing and cyanosis have been observed in animals exposed (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Neurologic

    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEADACHE
    1) Headache is a commonly reported symptom described after 2-nitropropane exposure (Harrison et al, 1987; Hathaway et al, 1996) and has been described as a severe occipital headache following acute exposure (HSDB , 2000).
    2) Headache has been reported in workers exposed to 20 to 45 ppm of pure 2-NP, or a mixture of 1 and 2-NP, for less than 2 hours per day (ACGIH, 1981).
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CNS DEPRESSION
    a) Lethargy, weakness, and prostration have been reported in animals exposed (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) SEIZURES
    a) Seizures have been seen occasionally (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA, VOMITING AND DIARRHEA
    1) SUMMARY - Nausea, vomiting and in some cases diarrhea have been reported in workers exposed to 2-nitropropane (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    B) GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
    1) Gastrointestinal bleeding has also been reported (Finkel, 1983; Rondia, 1979).
    C) LOSS OF APPETITE
    1) Anorexia has also been reported with industrial exposure (ITI, 1975; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Hepatic

    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEPATIC FAILURE
    1) Fatalities have been reported, primarily due to liver failure, up to 16 days after exposure. Symptoms did not appear until the second day after exposure. The concentration inhaled in this fatality is unknown (ACGIH, 1981; (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) CASE REPORTS - Two construction workers became ill after applying 2-nitropropane in an enclosed area with one dying 10 days after exposure from fulminant hepatic failure (Harrison et al, 1987). The other worker developed persistently elevated liver enzymes. Initial serum concentrations were 13 mg/L in the patient that died and 8.5 mg/L for the surviving co-worker.
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) A mortality study of 1481 employees and former employees of a 2-nitropropane production facility with up to 27 years of exposure did not have an increase risk of liver or other organ neoplasms (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) Five species were tested for toxicity. Cats were the most sensitive, expiring with severe liver damage after exposure for 17 days (7 hours per day) to 328 ppm (1190 mg/m(3)). Rats developed liver cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and necrosis after exposure to 207 ppm for 3 months (ACGIH, 1981; (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) HEPATIC CARCINOMA
    a) Rats exposed to 207 ppm (750 mg/m(3)) for 7 hours per day, 5 days a week for 6 months developed hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatic adenoma. Levels of 25 ppm for up to 22 months (98 pm/m(3)) DID NOT result in the development of cancer (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Hematologic

    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    a) Cats who inhaled 750 ppm for 4.5 hours developed 25 to 35% methemoglobinemia, and 15 to 25% after exposure to 280 ppm for 7 hours (ACGIH, 1981).
    2) HEMORRHAGE
    a) Hemorrhage was seen in fatally poisoned animals (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no studies on the possible reproductive hazards of 2-nitropropane were found in humans.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) 2-Nitropropane delayed fetal development in rats, and was fetotoxic at doses which were not toxic to the mothers (Hardin, 1981). It also caused birth defects of the cardiovascular system in rats.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) 2-Nitropropane is of concern for possible adverse effects on the fetus because it is a methemoglobin inducer. Refer to the "METHEMOGLOBINEMIA" management for further information.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-46-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 2B
    1) The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS121-44-8 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) In one epidemiological study, workers exposed to 2-nitropropane did not have increased incidence of cancer or other diseases.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) In one epidemiological study workers exposed to 2-nitropropane did not have increased incidence of cancer or other diseases (p 31). IARC has concluded that there is inadequate epidemiological evidence to draw any conclusions about the ability of 2-nitropropane to cause cancer in humans (IARC, 1982). Currently the ACGIH regards 2-nitropropane as a SUSPECT HUMAN CARCINOGEN (HSDB , 2000), based on its activity in animals (HSDB , 2000).
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) HEPATIC CARCINOMA
    1) 2-Nitropropane has caused liver tumors in rats (p 13; Coulston & Benitz, 1978; Lewis, 1979) and also tumors of the lip, tongue and esophagus (Griffin, 1981). In another study it did not cause liver tumors in rats but did cause liver damage (Finklea, 1977).

Genotoxicity

    A) 2-Nitropropane was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium and induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes (Kohl et al, 1994), although other genetic assays have produced mixed results.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No toxic levels have been established. Patients significantly exposed should be monitored for hepatic enzyme alterations, and methemoglobinemia.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) No toxic levels of these agents have yet been established. Patients significantly exposed should be monitored for hepatic enzyme changes and methemoglobinemia.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Serum was analyzed by head-space analysis using flame-ionization gas chromatography (Harrison et al, 1987).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established. Patients significantly exposed should be monitored for hepatic enzyme alterations, and methemoglobinemia.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) The risk of aspiration may exceed the potential benefit of activated charcoal administration. It should be considered in the prehospital setting only after large ingestions.
    2) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) The risk of aspiration may exceed the potential benefits of decontamination. Gastric decontamination should be considered after large ingestions.
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    D) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Hepatic enzymes should be monitored and the patient observed for hepatic failure.
    C) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    2) METHYLENE BLUE
    a) INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules (Prod Info PROVAYBLUE(TM) intravenous injection, 2016) and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011). REPEAT DOSES: Additional doses may be required, especially for substances with prolonged absorption, slow elimination, or those that form metabolites that produce methemoglobin. NOTE: Large doses of methylene blue may cause methemoglobinemia or hemolysis (Howland, 2006). Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011; Herman et al, 1999). NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg (Hjelt et al, 1995).
    b) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency (methylene blue may cause hemolysis), known hypersensitivity to methylene blue, methemoglobin reductase deficiency (Shepherd & Keyes, 2004)
    c) FAILURE: Failure of methylene blue therapy suggests: inadequate dose of methylene blue, inadequate decontamination, NADPH dependent methemoglobin reductase deficiency, hemoglobin M disease, sulfhemoglobinemia, or G-6-PD deficiency. Methylene blue is reduced by methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to leukomethylene blue. This in turn reduces methemoglobin. Red blood cells of patients with G-6-PD deficiency do not produce enough NADPH to convert methylene blue to leukomethylene blue (do Nascimento et al, 2008).
    d) DRUG INTERACTION: Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2011; Stanford et al, 2010; Prod Info methylene blue 1% IV injection, 2011).
    3) TOLUIDINE BLUE OR TOLONIUM CHLORIDE (GERMANY)
    a) DOSE: 2 to 4 mg/kg intravenously over 5 minutes. Dose may be repeated in 30 minutes (Nemec, 2011; Lindenmann et al, 2006; Kiese et al, 1972).
    b) SIDE EFFECTS: Hypotension with rapid intravenous administration. Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hypotension, dysrhythmias, hemolysis, agranulocytosis and acute renal insufficiency after overdose (Dunipace et al, 1992; Hix & Wilson, 1987; Winek et al, 1969; Teunis et al, 1970; Marquez & Todd, 1959).
    c) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency; may cause hemolysis.
    D) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    E) SEIZURE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Attempt initial control with a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam, lorazepam). If seizures persist or recur, administer phenobarbital or propofol.
    b) Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and dysrhythmias. Endotracheal intubation should be performed in patients with persistent seizures.
    c) Evaluate for hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoglycemia (or, if immediate bedside glucose testing is not available, treat with intravenous dextrose).
    2) DIAZEPAM
    a) ADULT DOSE: Initially 5 to 10 mg IV, OR 0.15 mg/kg IV up to 10 mg per dose up to a rate of 5 mg/minute; may be repeated every 5 to 20 minutes as needed (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info diazepam IM, IV injection, 2008; Manno, 2003).
    b) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008).
    c) Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation. Consider a second agent if seizures persist or recur after repeated doses of diazepam .
    3) NO INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
    a) DIAZEPAM may be given rectally or intramuscularly (Manno, 2003). RECTAL DOSE: CHILD: Greater than 12 years: 0.2 mg/kg; 6 to 11 years: 0.3 mg/kg; 2 to 5 years: 0.5 mg/kg (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) MIDAZOLAM has been used intramuscularly and intranasally, particularly in children when intravenous access has not been established. ADULT DOSE: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 10 mg (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: INTRAMUSCULAR: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 7 mg (Chamberlain et al, 1997) OR 10 mg IM (weight greater than 40 kg); 5 mg IM (weight 13 to 40 kg); INTRANASAL: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Brophy et al, 2012). BUCCAL midazolam, 10 mg, has been used in adolescents and older children (5-years-old or more) to control seizures when intravenous access was not established (Scott et al, 1999).
    4) LORAZEPAM
    a) MAXIMUM RATE: The rate of intravenous administration of lorazepam should not exceed 2 mg/min (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info lorazepam IM, IV injection, 2008).
    b) ADULT DOSE: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist (Manno, 2003; Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008; Sreenath et al, 2009; Chin et al, 2008).
    5) PHENOBARBITAL
    a) ADULT LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg IV at an infusion rate of 50 to 100 mg/minute IV. An additional 5 to 10 mg/kg dose may be given 10 minutes after loading infusion if seizures persist or recur (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) Patients receiving high doses will require endotracheal intubation and may require vasopressor support (Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg may be given as single or divided application (2 mg/kg/minute in children weighing less than 40 kg up to 100 mg/min in children weighing greater than 40 kg). A plasma concentration of about 20 mg/L will be achieved by this dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    d) REPEAT PEDIATRIC DOSE: Repeat doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg may be given every 15 to 20 minutes if seizures persist, with cardiorespiratory monitoring (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    e) MONITOR: For hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Manno, 2003).
    f) SERUM CONCENTRATION MONITORING: Monitor serum concentrations over the next 12 to 24 hours. Therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital range from 10 to 40 mcg/mL, although the optimal plasma concentration for some individuals may vary outside this range (Hvidberg & Dam, 1976; Choonara & Rane, 1990; AMA Department of Drugs, 1992).
    6) OTHER AGENTS
    a) If seizures persist after phenobarbital, propofol or pentobarbital infusion, or neuromuscular paralysis with general anesthesia (isoflurane) and continuous EEG monitoring should be considered (Manno, 2003). Other anticonvulsants can be considered (eg, valproate sodium, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate) if seizures persist or recur; however, there is very little data regarding their use in toxin induced seizures, controlled trials are not available to define the optimal dosage ranges for these agents in status epilepticus (Brophy et al, 2012):
    1) VALPROATE SODIUM: ADULT DOSE: An initial dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg IV, at a rate of 3 to 6 mg/kg/minute; may give an additional dose of 20 mg/kg 10 minutes after loading infusion. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/minute (Brophy et al, 2012).
    2) LEVETIRACETAM: ADULT DOSE: 1000 to 3000 mg IV, at a rate of 2 to 5 mg/kg/min IV. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 20 to 60 mg/kg IV (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    3) LACOSAMIDE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg IV; 200 mg IV over 15 minutes (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: In one study, median starting doses of 1.3 mg/kg/day and maintenance doses of 4.7 mg/kg/day were used in children 8 years and older (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    4) TOPIRAMATE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg nasogastric/orally OR 300 to 1600 mg/day orally divided in 2 to 4 times daily (Brophy et al, 2012).

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ADULT
    1) ACUTE EFFECTS - A 44-year-old man developed severe headache, drowsiness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and neck and retrosternal pain after working with a 2-nitropropane-containing mixture for several hours. Laboratory studies revealed elevated serum transaminases.
    a) Over the next two days, the patient became severely obtunded, and experienced massive gastrointestinal hemorrhaging. Serum SGOT and SGPT continued to rise, and the patient expired 4 days post-exposure. Autopsy confirmed the presence of severe acute hepatitis (Rondia, 1979).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Inhalation of 2-nitropropane in levels of 20 to 45 ppm has caused symptoms of headache, nausea, diarrhea, and pulmonary irritation. This material is irritating to the eyes at levels greater than 150 parts per million.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) CASE REPORTS
    1) A 45-year-old man exposed to a 2-nitropropane containing coating for 3 days in a poorly ventilated vault died following a course of fulminant hepatic failure. Postmortem microscopic examination revealed massive hepatic necrosis. Serum from the first day of hospitalization contained 13 mg/L of 2-nitropropane by head-space analysis using flame-ionization gas chromatography (Harrison et al, 1987).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) CASE REPORTS
    1) A 44-year-old coworker of the above patient survived the 2-nitropropane exposure. Serum on admission contained 8.5 mg/L of 2-nitropropane. The patient remained asymptomatic with mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (1.33 mckat/L) and alanine aminotransferase (2 mckat/L) for 12 months (Harrison et al, 1987).

Serum Plasma Blood Concentrations

    7.5.2) TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS
    A) TOXIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS
    1) CASE REPORTS
    a) A 2-nitropropane serum concentration of 13 mg/L was reported on the first day of hospitalization in a 45-year-old man exposed to 2-nitropropane for 3 days in a poorly ventilated vault. He died 10 days after last exposure following a course of fulminant liver failure (Harrison et al, 1987).
    b) A 44-year-old coworker of the above patient survived the 3 day exposure of 2-nitropropane. His serum concentration of 2-nitropropane on admission was 8.5 mg/L (Harrison et al, 1987).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-46-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) 2-Nitropropane
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A3
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam; liver cancer
    d) Molecular Weight: 89.09
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS121-44-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Triethylamine
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 3 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
    2) Codes: Skin
    3) Definitions:
    a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    b) Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Visual impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 101.19
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    C) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-46-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s): See Appendix A
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 100 ppm
    b) Note(s): Ca
    1) Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

    D) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS121-44-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Triethylamine
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s): See Appendix D
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 200 ppm
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    E) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-46-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    a) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    a) 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    a) Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    a) Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    F) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS121-44-8 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Triethylamine
    a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Triethylamine
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Triethylamine
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    G) OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-46-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: 2-Nitropropane
    2) Table Z-1 for 2-Nitropropane:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 25
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 90
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

    H) OSHA PEL Values for CAS121-44-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Triethylamine
    2) Table Z-1 for Triethylamine:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 25
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 100
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 2000
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 75 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 720 mg/kg
    3) TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
    a) 20 ppm
    4) TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
    a) 207 ppm

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) 2-Nitropropane is a colorless, oily liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor (HSDB , 2000).
    B) It will float as white slick on water surfaces and dissolves slowly (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Ph

    A) 6.2 (for a 0.01 M aqueous solution) (HSDB , 1991)

Molecular Weight

    A) 89.09 (HSDB , 2000)

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) 300 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

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