NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Nitrogen dioxide is used commercially as a chemical intermediate, catalyst, nitrating agent, oxidizing agent, polymerization inhibitor, oxidizer for rocket fuels, and in bleaching flour (Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

Nitrogen dioxide is a "criteria air pollutant" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is a reddish-brown gas which condenses to a brown liquid at temperatures below 21.15 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997). It can occur at levels as high as 0.45 ppm in polluted urban air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Nitrogen dioxide can disproportionate in air to form a mixture of nitrogen oxides, and the commercial pressurized product called nitrogen tetroxide is actually an equilibrium mixture of nitrogen dioxide and N2O4 (Budavari, 1996). Nitrogen dioxide decomposes in water to form NITRIC ACID and NITRIC OXIDE (Budavari, 1996).
Oxides of nitrogen can react with AMINES to form carcinogenic and mutagenic N-NITROSAMINES. They can also react with POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) to form nitro-aromatic compounds, some of which are potent mutagens (Hisamatsu, 1984; Tokowa, 1981; Pitts, 1978). Thus, chemical reactivity may be an important consideration in nitrogen dioxide toxicity. The toxicology of nitrogen dioxide has been reviewed (Morrow, 1984; p 151; Pitts, 1978; NIOSH, 1976).
Nitrogen oxides are formed endogenously in the lung and respiratory tract by the enzyme nitric oxide synthetase. They may play a role in airway and smooth muscle relaxation, and nitric oxide inhalation therapy may actually be beneficial in some persons with asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or pulmonary hypertension. The interrelationships between endogenous and inhaled nitrogen oxides have been reviewed (Gaston et al, 1994).
Nitrogen dioxide at potentially toxic (greater than 5 ppm) concentrations can form spontaneously under certain conditions when nitric oxide is used therapeutically in the ventilator treatment of lung disease (Losa et al, 1997).
Most studies of nitrogen dioxide are in reference to air pollution and acid rain, involving mixed exposures with other chemicals.
Many occupational exposures to nitrogen dioxide occur as a result of its formation from the decomposition of nitrates, as in silage (silo filler's disease) (ACGIH, 1992). Symptomatic exposures are also reported in indoor ice arenas due to the use of combustion powered ice conditioning equipment (zambonis) (Karlson-Stiber et al, 1996).
The odor threshold is in the range of 0.04 to 5 ppm, and this may not be sufficient to protect susceptible individuals (Hathaway et al, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). In any event, odor alone should never be used to determine if an environment is safe.

SOURCES

Nitrogen dioxide is a "criteria air pollutant" produced from combustion of fossil fuels and spontaneous reaction of other oxides of nitrogen (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Because nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide almost always occur together, this review is based on the properties of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen dioxide forms nitric acid upon contact with water. It is more acutely toxic than nitric oxide.

Exposure to nitrogen oxides results in acute and chronic changes of the pulmonary system including pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, emphysema and possibly methemoglobinemia. Usually, no symptoms occur, except a slight cough, fatigue, and nausea. However, potentially fatal pulmonary edema can occur following minimal early symptoms.

Acute effects may or may not develop within one to two hours after exposure, and include tachypnea, tachycardia, fine crackles and wheezing, and cyanosis. Another acute scenario involves dyspnea and coughing which subside over two to three weeks.
The second stage involves abrupt development of fever and chills, more severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and pulmonary edema. There is no correlation between severity of the first and second stages.
Recovery may be either complete or may involve some degree of impairment of pulmonary function.

Nitrogen dioxide exposure does occur with the use of nitric oxide inhalation therapy in infants. Exposure of nurses and respiratory therapists occurs as well, but is generally transient.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The primary concern in acute nitrogen dioxide exposure is its effects on the respiratory tract; severe pulmonary edema and emphysema can result from both acute and chronic exposures. Nitrogen dioxide can also form methemoglobin and act as an asphyxiant (HSDB , 2000).

Methemoglobinemia can have an insidious onset and produce symptoms similar to those of hypoxia: headache, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, loss of judgement and coordination, drowsiness, and respiratory arrest. A deep, "chocolate brown" central cyanosis that does not resolve with inhalation of 100 percent oxygen is characteristic of methemoglobinemia (Dabney et al, 1990).

Levels of 25 ppm are associated with respiratory irritation and chest pain (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Exposure to 50 ppm can produce chronic lung damage, and 100 ppm can be fatal (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Exposure to 250 ppm produces coughing, frothy sputum, and increased difficulty in breathing, with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema developing by 2 hours later, followed by death (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The fatal complications of significant and symptomatic acute exposure may be delayed by several weeks (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Delayed fatal non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema may develop 2 to 3 weeks after acute exposure which may have produced relatively mild effects (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Nitrogen dioxide can react with fats in cell membranes causing damage to the pneumocytes and pulmonary macrophages, resulting in decreased lung function and reduced resistance to pulmonary infections (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). So-called SILO-FILLER'S DISEASE has been attributed to nitrogen dioxide.

Nitrogen dioxide can be one of the most insidious poisons. It is not particularly acutely irritating to the mucous membranes and gives little warning of dangerously high exposures (HSDB , 2000; Budavari, 1996). After exposure to high concentrations, inflammation of the lungs develops following a delay of 5 to 72 hours (HSDB , 2000). Massive non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and death may follow.

Bronchiolitis obliterans can rarely develop in survivors (Hathaway et al, 1996). Sometimes permanent impairment of pulmonary function persists (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Volunteers exposed to an airborne concentration of 1 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2 days experienced no ill effects except for a reduction of pulmonary function (HSDB , 2000). Reduced pulmonary function has been produced by exposure to airborne concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Low level exposures may also make normal persons more sensitive to bronchoconstricting agents (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Persons with chronic lung disease had reduced lung function (increase in airway resistance) when exposed to nitrogen dioxide at concentrations as low as 1.6 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial reactivity have been produced by inhalation of nitrogen dioxide in human volunteers under controlled conditions; concentrations as low as 200 mcg/m(3) may produce an effect in asthmatics (Berglund et al, 1994).

Exposure to 400 ppb nitrogen dioxide for 6 hours significantly interacted with allergen exposure in human volunteers with seasonal allergic rhinitis, increasing levels of eosinophil cationic protein and mast cell tryptase in nasal lavage fluid (Wang et al, 1995).

In asthmatics, exposure to 260 ppb nitrogen dioxide for 30 minutes significantly increased airway responsiveness to histamine 5 hours later. Thoracic gas volume was decreased after exposure, but tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein, and myeloperoxidase were not affected in these subjects (Strand et al, 1996).

Exposure to 600 ppb of nitrogen dioxide for 1 hour significantly increased airway responsiveness in a group of asthmatic adults and children, while 300 ppb did not (Salome et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Because acute exposures to nitrogen dioxide can produce chronic effects, there may be no practical distinction between acute and chronic toxicity.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Rescuers must be protected from inhalation by self-contained breathing and from contact by plastic gloves.

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Treatment of toxic pulmonary edema caused by nitric oxide inhalation should be directed towards reversal of ventilatory failure by using oxygen in assisting ventilation.

In patients with toxic bronchiolitis, steroids may be beneficial in decreasing the amount of inflammation.
Methemoglobinemia and mild acidosis may be present, but specific treatment for these conditions will probably not be necessary.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
Because pulmonary symptoms may be delayed, all patients with significant exposure should be carefully observed for at least 48 hours.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
All patients with significant dermal exposure should be carefully observed for possible development of delayed clinical signs and symptoms. Follow treatment recommendations in the Inhalation Exposure section where appropriate.

EYE EXPOSURE -

Eye exposure to nitric oxide normally does not occur to a significant extent. However, this substance is a strong eye irritant due to the formation of nitric acid, which can permanently alter proteins. Because this reaction is relatively slow, permanent injury may possibly be prevented by immediate decontamination.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Nitrogen dioxide exists as a liquid below 21 degrees C. Ingestion is unlikely at higher temperatures. Gastric decontamination is not likely to be useful, as the toxin will vaporize at body temperature.
Emesis should not be induced, because of the corrosive nature of this material.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Patients who have ingested liquid nitrogen dioxide may be a risk for developing pulmonary edema, due to the possibility of fumes escaping into the pharynx and respiratory system.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Death due to airway obstruction secondary to edema of the glottis has not been well documented, but is estimated to occur at concentrations greater than 100 ppm (Tse & Bockman, 1970).
The odor of nitrogen dioxide is perceptible at concentrations as low as 0.11 ppm.
Symptoms appear at 13 ppm.
A concentration of 200 ppm may be fatal (Budavari, 1996).
Exposures in the range of 100 to 150 ppm for a few minutes are dangerous, and 200 to 700 ppm can be fatal after brief exposure (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Although asymptomatic, normal adult human volunteers demonstrated changes in bronchoalveolar lavage findings consistent with inflammatory changes when exposed to 2 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 4 hours (Devlin et al, 1999).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

SUMMARY

One attempt to arrive at an ambient air standard for nitrogen dioxide, which was based on results of studies since 1966, concluded that the maximal no-effect dose is approximately 0.6 ppm without any safety factor.
Applying various safety factors as currently practiced by various regulatory agencies would lead to air standards in the parts per billion range (Morrow, 1975).
The lowest effective concentration to produce bronchoconstriction in asthmatics is 200 mcg/m(3), derived from meta-analysis (Berglund et al, 1994).

Death due to airway obstruction secondary to edema of the glottis has not been well documented, but is estimated to occur at concentrations greater than 100 ppm.
The odor of nitrogen dioxide is perceptible to most at 0.22 ppm, but some individuals can detect it as low as 0.11 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
Symptoms appear at 13 ppm.
Mucous membrane irritation occurs at 1 to 13 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CASE REPORTS

OCCUPATIONAL

Workers who were exposed to 30 to 35 ppm nitrogen dioxide for several years showed no apparent ill effects (ACGIH, 1991).
Nurses and respiratory therapists had transient exposures to nitrogen dioxide of up to 3.1 ppm, but 15 minute and full shift averages were below the 0.5 ppm detection limit, suggesting transient exposures (Phillips et al, 1999).

ADULT

A group of 22 adult volunteers who were exposed to 1 or 2 parts per million nitrogen dioxide under controlled conditions for 2 hours per day over 3 consecutive days had increased frequencies of infection by attenuated influenza A/Korea/82 virus compared to a control group, but the differences were not statistically significant.

These exposure conditions did not produce any significant changes in pulmonary function or nonspecific airway reactivity to a methacholine challenge (Goings et al, 1989).

An outbreak of respiratory illness associated with use of propane powered ice-resurfacing machines was reported among adolescent hockey players. Simulated reenactment produced nitrogen dioxide levels as high as 1250 ppb (Rosenlund & Bluhm, 1999).

CASE SERIES

An amateur ice hockey team (n=15) was inadvertently exposed to elevated levels of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in a poorly ventilated ice arena. Of the 15 players, 12 were treated as outpatients while 3 developed pneumonitis. The primary symptoms were cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Infiltrates were observed on chest x-ray in 5 of 15 patients and one patient had evidence of peribronchovascular interstitial pattern on chest CT. His diagnostic studies were consistent with severe respiratory failure. In lung function studies, 4 patients developed restrictive ventilatory disorders, one had an obstructive disorder and one patient had a combined disorder. Most patients (n=8) were treated with IV or inhaled corticosteroids, beta2 agonists and antibiotics and several patients required oxygen therapy. In 14 patients, recovery was uneventful and treatment was discontinued within approximately one month. However, one patient required inhaled corticosteroid treatment for another 3 months to treat a persistent, mild-obstructive ventilatory disorder. Emission studies were conducted following exposure and both carbon monoxide (1.95 times for CO) and nitrogen dioxide (more than 10 times the normal limit) exceeded the recommended indoor air quality standards (Brat et al, 2013).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10102-44-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: OHM/TADS, 2000
- LC- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
References: RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

ppm = 0.531 x mg/m(3)

mg/m(3) = 1.882 x ppm

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10102-44-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Nitrogen dioxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 3 ppm
TLV-STEL: 5 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and LRT irr
Molecular Weight: 46.01

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Nitrogen dioxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS10102-44-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10102-44-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
REL:

TWA:
STEL: 1 ppm (1.8 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 20 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
Table Z-1 for Nitrogen dioxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 5

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 9

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:250
Threshold Quantity, in pounds:250

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Nitrogen oxide NO2
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
P or U series number: P078
Footnote:
Listed as: Nitrogen oxide NO2
P or U series number: P078
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nitrogen Dioxide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS10102-44-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS10102-44-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS10102-44-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Nitrogen oxide (NO2)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1067 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dinitrogen tetroxide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1067
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 5.1, 8

2.3: Poison Gas.
5.1: Oxidizer.
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: 1, B7, B14, B45, B46, B61, B66, B67, B77, T50, TP21

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B7: Safety relief devices are not authorized on multi-unit tank car tanks. Openings for safety relief devices on multi-unit tank car tanks shall be plugged or blank flanged.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B45: Each tank must have a reclosing combination pressure relief device equipped with stainless steel or platinum rupture discs approved by the AAR Tank Car Committee.
B46: The detachable protective housing for the loading and unloading valves of multi-unit tank car tanks must withstand tank test pressure and must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B61: Written procedures covering details of tank car appurtenances, dome fittings, safety devices, and marking, loading, handling, inspection, and testing practices must be approved by the Associate Administrator before any single unit tank car tank is offered for transportation.
B66: Each tank must be equipped with gas tight valve protection caps. Outage must be sufficient to prevent tanks from becoming liquid full at 55 °C (130 °F). Specification 110A500W tanks must be stainless steel.
B67: All valves and fittings must be protected by a securely attached cover made of metal not subject to deterioration by the lading, and all valve openings, except safety valve, must be fitted with screw plugs or caps to prevent leakage in the event of valve failure.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.
TP21: The wall thickness must not be less than 8 mm. Portable tanks must be hydraulically tested and internally inspected at intervals not exceeding 2.5 years.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 336
Bulk packaging: 314

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40, 89, 90

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
89: Segregation same as for oxidizers.
90: Stow "separated from" radioactive materials.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1067 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Dinitrogen tetroxide
UN Number: 1067
Proper Shipping Name: Nitrogen dioxide
UN Number: 1067

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS10102-44-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Nitrogen dioxide is corrosive to steel when wet, but may be stored in steel cylinders when the moisture content is 0.1% or less (Budavari, 1989).
Protect container(s) against physical damage (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 10102-44-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.00004
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >0.2
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Substance does not burn but will support combustion.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- These are strong oxidizers and will react vigorously or explosively with many materials including fuels.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Some will react violently with air, moist air and/or water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Nitrogen dioxide is noncombustible, but is an extremely strong oxidizing agent; may cause fire in contact with clothing and other combustible materials (ITI, 1988).
- Does not burn, but supports combustion of carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur (Budavari, 1989).
When heated to decomposition, nitrogen dioxide releases highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS10102-44-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Water only; no dry chemical, CO2 or Halon®.
Contain fire and let burn. If fire must be fought, water spray or fog is recommended.
Do not get water inside containers.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS10102-44-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Choose an extinguishing agent suitable for fires in surrounding material (AAR, 1987).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, nitrogen dioxide releases highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Does not burn, but supports combustion of carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur (Budavari, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Nitrogen dioxide is a very reactive oxidizing agent; the following table lists representative reactants and their interaction type (ITI, 1988):

REACTANT	REACTION
Acetic anhydride	Violent explosion
Acetonitrile and indium	Possible explosion
Ammonia	Explosive reaction
Barium oxide	Intense reaction, 200 deg C
Carbon dichloride	Formation of explosive mixture
Chloroform	Explosion by impact
Dimethyl sulfoxide	Explosive reaction
Fluorine	Ignition
Fuels	Ignition
Iron oxide	Incandescent reaction
Metals (K,Na,Fe,Mn,Mg,etc)	Ignition
Ozone	Explosive reaction
Phosphorus	Violent combustion
Sulfur	Violent combustion
Sulfuryl chloride	Explosive reaction
Trichloroethane	Formation of explosive compound

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, nitrogen dioxide releases highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, nitrogen dioxide releases highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1996).

This agent does not burn, but supports combustion of carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur (Budavari, 1996).

Nitrogen dioxide is a very reactive oxidizing agent; the following table lists representative reactants and their interaction type (ITI, 1988):

REACTANT	REACTION
Acetic anhydride	Violent explosion
Acetonitrile and indium	Possible explosion
Ammonia	Explosive reaction
Barium oxide	Intense reaction, 200 deg C
Carbon dichloride	Formation of explosive mixture
Chloroform	Explosion by impact
Dimethyl sulfoxide	Explosive reaction
Fluorine	Ignition
Fuels	Ignition
Iron oxide	Incandescent reaction
Metals (K,Na,Fe,Mn,Mg,etc)	Ignition
Ozone	Explosive reaction
Phosphorus	Violent combustion
Sulfur	Violent combustion
Sulfuryl chloride	Explosive reaction
Trichloroethane	Formation of explosive compound

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1067 - Nitrogen dioxide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.6 kilometers (1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 4.1 kilometers (2.5 miles).

DOT ID No. 1067 - Nitrogen dioxide, liquefied

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.6 kilometers (1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 4.1 kilometers (2.5 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Downwind evacuation should be considered if this material is involved in a fire or if a large discharge has occurred (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS10102-44-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Nitrogen Dioxide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 15
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 30
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS10102-44-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nitrogen dioxide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 12
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 20
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS10102-44-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.94 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.94 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.94 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.94 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.5 ppm
mg/m3: 0.94 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 20 ppm
mg/m3: 38 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 15 ppm
mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 23 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.2 ppm
mg/m3: 15 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Nitrogen dioxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 34 ppm
mg/m3: 64 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 25 ppm
mg/m3: 47 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 20 ppm
mg/m3: 38 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 14 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 11 ppm
mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS10102-44-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 20 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- Ventilate the area.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 124 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS
- Spray or sift a thick layer of a (1:1) mixture of dry soda ash and slaked lime behind a shield. After mixing, spray water from an atomizer with great caution. Transfer slowly into a large amount of water (ITI, 1988).
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapor (AAR, 1987).
Flue gas NOx is substantially reduced by the novel technique of injection of plasma-treated ammonia and its decomposition products. The results showed that 85 to 90% of the NOx is removed by injecting ammonia radicals at a low plasma power input. Ammonia plasma injection was shown experimentally to be more effective than simple ammonia injection. This technique provides an inexpensive and effective NOx reduction system for stationary sources (Zhou et al, 1992).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and an approved respirator. Get fire-fighting equipment ready. (EPA, 1975).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and approved personal protection equipment. Get fire-fighting equipment ready (Ford, 1989).
In general it would be preferable to detoxify spilled material before absorbing for disposal whenever possible.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This study evaluated the fluxes of NO and N2O from sandy loam soils and clay loam soils, with and without the addition of NH4NO3 fertilizer. The aeration state of the soil controlled the relative rate of NO and N2O emission. Nitric oxide was the major gas emitted from well aerated soils, a condition that favored nitrification. Nitrous oxide was emitted from less aerated soils, conditions that favor denitrification (Skiba et al, 1992).

Nitrite concentrations that were continuously measured in orographic cloud and combined with pH measurements were used to estimate the formation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the north of England. The estimated HONO concentrations were up to 0.5 ppbc and approximately 10% of the total NOx measured. The results suggest that dry deposition of HONO may contribute up to 3 kg N/ha/yr in upland forests (Cape et al, 1992).

A computer simulation model supported the hypothesis that acid-induced leaching of nutrients from the soil is a cause of nutritional imbalance in tree leaves (Vanoene, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds to produce ozone, a principal factor in photochemical smog. Both volatile organics and nitrogen oxides are emitted by transportation and industrial sources (Sullivan, 1987).
- Visible differential absorption spectrometry, ground based, was used to determine atmospheric NO2 in Antarctica. The measurement taken in the morning showed moderate NO2 vertical column levels of 1.5 to 2.5 times 10(15) molecules/cm, while evening results were 2 to 3 times 10(15) molecules/cm. During spring NO2 was found to be positively correlated with ozone (Gil & Cacho, 1992).
- A three-year study was done in which denitrification activity was monitored in sandy loam soil and course sandy soil. A simple model was constructed to calculate the denitrification loss. The model predicted an annual loss of 1 to 2 kg N per ha in the course sandy soil, compared to the measured value of 0.6 kg N per ha. Measured nitrogen losses in the sandy loam soil were 1.5, 3.0 and 13.0 kg N per ha, and the model predicted values of 14, 9 and 14 kg N per ha (Vinther, 1992).
- DENITRIFICATION: N2O is a product of soil denitrification. In a controlled study under greenhouse conditions, the production of nitrous oxide was positively correlated with the carbon content of the test soils. Tests with acetylene showed that denitrification losses were underestimated by measuring only nitrous oxide since N2O is still reduced to N2 after 100 hours continuous exposure to acetylene (Iqbal, 1992).
- BIOLIGICAL DENITRIFICATION POTENTIAL: A first order kinetics process for denitrification was found with a nitrate concentration decrement rate of 12 percent per day in the first 5 cm of the sediment layer in South American soil (Whitaker & Matvienko, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

PUBLISHED VALUES (OHM/TADS , 1991)

1. LCLo (INHL) DOG: 123 mg/m(3)/8h
2. LCLo (INHL) MONKEY: 123 mg/m(3)/8h
3. LC50 (INHL) RAT: 88 ppm/4h
4. LC50 (INHL) MOUSE: 1000 ppm/10min
5. LC50 (INHL) RABBIT: 315 ppm/15min
6. LC50 (INHL) GUINEA PIG: 30 ppm/1h

WATER POLLUTION

Aquatic toxicity:

TLm MOSQUITO FISH: 72 ppm/96h (Fresh Water)
LC50 COCKLE: 330-1000 ppm/48h (Salt Water)

WATERFOWL TOXICITY: Data not available
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD): None
FOOD CHAIN CONCENTRATION POTENTIAL: None

AIR POLLUTION: Nitrogen dioxide generated from indoor heaters and stoves was monitored for several months. The nitrogen dioxide levels for heating with a kerosene heater and an oil fan heater were calculated at 219 and 474 mcg/m(3), respectively. The nitrogen dioxide levels during cooking were 290 mcg/m(3) (Kawamoto et al, 1993).

Experimental test, chosen to simulate rural roadside conditions, exposed plants to 60 nL/L of nitrogen dioxide for 37 weeks. The procedure resulted in a 36% reduction in new shoot production, and 46% reduction in old shoots showing new growth. It was concluded that plants growing near roadways could be adversely affected by NO2 pollution (Bell et al, 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

46.01 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Nitrogen dioxide is a colorless solid, a yellow liquid, and a brown gas (Weast, 1989).

It is a reddish-brown gas with an irritating odor. It is a liquid below 21.15 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

400 mmHg (at 80 degrees C) (HSDB , 1991)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.448 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-9.3 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

21.15 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Decomposes in water to form nitric acid and nitric oxide (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Nitrogen dioxide is soluble in chloroform and carbon disulfide (Weast, 1989).

OTHER

It is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid as well as nitric acid (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

99.96 atm (Budavari, 1996)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

158.2 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.40 (at 20 degrees C) (Weast, 1989)

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