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NITROETHANE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Nitroethane is a primary nitroalkane.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C2-H5-N-O2 CH3CH2NO2 H3CCH2NO2

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) The commercial product is at least 92.5% pure (CHRIS , 1997).
    B) USES
    1) Nitroethane is a nitroparaffin compound used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, cellulose acetopropionate, cellulose acetobutyrate, nitrocellulose, as well as vinyl- and alkyd-compounds, and many other resins, fats, waxes, and dyes. Additionally, it is utilized as a fuel additive, in propellant research, in Friedel-Crafts synthesis, and as a commercial artificial nail remover (Budavari, 1996) Hathaway et al, 1996; (Lewis, 1993; Snyder et al, 1990).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Nitroethane can cause moderate irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, upper respiratory tract and skin. Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, and irritation of the mouth and stomach.
    B) Two children developed methemoglobinemia after ingesting nitroethane-containing artificial nail removing compounds.
    C) In experimental animals, nitroethane is an eye irritant and can cause narcosis at high concentrations. Other reported effects are respiratory irritation, pulmonary congestion and edema, cerebral edema, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver, and edema of the kidneys.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Nitroethane is an eye and mucous membrane irritant. Ingestion may cause irritation of the mouth.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Dyspnea and coughing can occur after inhalation.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Nitroethane can cause narcosis in experimental animals exposed to high concentrations, but there are no reports of this effect in humans.
    B) NARCOSIS has occurred in animals exposed to high concentrations (ACGIH, 1991).
    C) CEREBRAL EDEMA and congestion were seen in rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to nitroethane by inhalation (Snyder et al, 1990).
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Ingestion of the liquid may cause nausea and vomiting.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Liver damage characterized by necrosis and fatty degeneration was seen in experimental animals.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Renal edema, pallor and cloudy swelling were seen in experimental animals.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Nitroethane may cause dermatitis.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Nitroethane was not teratogenic or embryotoxic in Swiss mice in both 1- and 3-generation studies, when exposures were mixed with diethylhydroxylamine and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Multinucleated spermatids have been seen in mice.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) The major hazard is inhalation of the vapors. Toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed during thermal decomposition.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor urinalysis and liver and renal function tests. Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should have arterial blood gases and chest x-ray monitored. Methemoglobin levels should be obtained in cyanotic patients.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    E) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    F) METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
    G) Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
    H) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    C) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    D) METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
    E) Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
    F) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The maximum tolerated and minimum lethal human exposures are not known.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Nitroethane can cause moderate irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, upper respiratory tract and skin. Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, and irritation of the mouth and stomach.
    B) Two children developed methemoglobinemia after ingesting nitroethane-containing artificial nail removing compounds.
    C) In experimental animals, nitroethane is an eye irritant and can cause narcosis at high concentrations. Other reported effects are respiratory irritation, pulmonary congestion and edema, cerebral edema, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver, and edema of the kidneys.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nitroethane is an eye and mucous membrane irritant. Ingestion may cause irritation of the mouth.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Nitroethane is an eye irritant (Grant, 1986; Snyder et al, 1990).
    B) LACRIMATION - And conjunctival discharge were seen in rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to nitroethane by inhalation (Snyder et al, 1990).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) IRRITATION - Nitroethane is irritating to the mucous membranes (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1995).
    B) INFLAMMATION - Inflammatory and degenerative changes were seen in olfactory nasal epithelium of rats and mice exposed to levels up to 1000 ppm for 13 weeks (Snyder et al, 1990).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) IRRITATION - Ingestion may cause irritation of the mouth (CHRIS , 1995).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dyspnea and coughing can occur after inhalation.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DYSPNEA
    1) Dyspnea, cough and irritation of the respiratory tract may occur after inhalation (HSDB , 1995).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) DYSPNEA
    a) Dyspnea with respiratory tract irritation, pulmonary congestion and edema occurred in rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to nitroethane by inhalation (Snyder et al, 1990; HSDB , 1995).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nitroethane can cause narcosis in experimental animals exposed to high concentrations, but there are no reports of this effect in humans.
    B) NARCOSIS has occurred in animals exposed to high concentrations (ACGIH, 1991).
    C) CEREBRAL EDEMA and congestion were seen in rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to nitroethane by inhalation (Snyder et al, 1990).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Ingestion of the liquid may cause nausea and vomiting.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
    1) Ingestion of the liquid may cause nausea and vomiting (CHRIS , 1995).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Liver damage characterized by necrosis and fatty degeneration was seen in experimental animals.
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATIC NECROSIS
    a) Liver damage was seen in rabbits and guinea pigs at high acute doses, irrespective of route of exposure. Necrosis and fatty degeneration occurred frequently (Snyder et al, 1990; HSDB , 1995).
    2) LIVER FATTY
    a) Rats given a single IP dose of 200 mg/kg showed diffuse accumulation of lipid in the livers (Snyder et al, 1990).
    3) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) VACUOLIZATION - Hepatocellular vacuolization was seen in rats exposed to 1000 ppm nitroethane for 13 weeks (HSDB , 1995).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Renal edema, pallor and cloudy swelling were seen in experimental animals.
    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) EDEMA
    a) Renal edema, pallor, and cloudy swelling were seen in rabbits and guinea pigs (HSDB , 1995).

Hematologic

    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) Methemoglobinemia developed in two children who ingested nitroethane-containing artificial nail removing compounds (Osterhoudt et al, 1995; Hornfeldt & Rabe, 1994).
    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) Methemoglobinemia was induced in rats and mice exposed to 1000 ppm nitroethane for 13 weeks. Heinz bodies, reticulocytosis, and cyanosis were seen in rats (Snyder et al, 1990; HSDB , 1995).
    b) Methemoglobinemia was not present in rats exposed to nitroethane by inhalation (ACGIH, 1991).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nitroethane may cause dermatitis.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) Nitroethane vapors may be irritating to the skin (Sittig, 1985; AAR, 1992).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nitroethane was not teratogenic or embryotoxic in Swiss mice in both 1- and 3-generation studies, when exposures were mixed with diethylhydroxylamine and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Multinucleated spermatids have been seen in mice.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Nitroethane did not affect fertility and was not teratogenic or embryotoxic in a 3-generation study in ICR Swiss mice exposed to 8.6 to 14.3 ppm for 8 hours/day (with 7.8 ppm diethylhydroxylamine and continuous exposure to diethylamine hydrogen sulfite) (Heicklen et al, 1979).
    b) Nitroethane was not teratogenic or fetotoxic in Swiss mice exposed to approximately 10 ppm 8 hours/day from day 6 to 17 of gestation (with 8.9 ppm diethylhydroxylamine and continuous exposure to diethylamine hydrogen sulfite of unspecified concentration) (Beliles et al, 1978; Schardein, 1993).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) LACK OF INFORMATION
    a) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) LACK OF INFORMATION
    a) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-24-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Nitroethane was not carcinogenic in Long-Evans rats exposed to 100 or 200 ppm for 7 hours a day, 5 days per week for 2 years (Griffin et al, 1988).
    b) Nitroethane was not carcinogenic in Long-Evans rats exposed to 10 ppm for 2 years (together with 10 ppm diethylhydroxylamine and an unspecified concentration of diethylamine hydrogen sulfite) (Heicklen et al, 1981).

Genotoxicity

    A) Nitroethane was inactive in a variety of genetic tests, including mutagenicity in S. typhimurium, dominant lethal mutations in male rats, and micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor urinalysis and liver and renal function tests. Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should have arterial blood gases and chest x-ray monitored. Methemoglobin levels should be obtained in cyanotic patients.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Patients with significant exposure should have baseline liver and renal function tests with followup as indicated.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Patients with significant exposure to thermal decomposition products, or with symptoms of respiratory tract irritation, should have baseline arterial blood gases.
    C) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) If cyanosis is present following nitroethane exposure, methemoglobinemia should be suspected and methemoglobin levels obtained.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Patients with significant exposure should have baseline urinalysis with followup as indicated.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor chest x-ray.

Methods

    A) MULTIPLE ANALYTICAL METHODS
    1) Quantitation is by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
    2) A gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detector has been used for nitroethane (Andersson et al, 1983).
    3) Nitroethane was collected from air by absorption onto Amberlite XAD-7 resin and desorption with 5% methanol in diethyl ether. Recoveries were in the range of 85 to 91 percent (Andersson et al, 1983).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients with significant exposure should probably be admitted and observed for possible delayed development of methemoglobinemia.
    B) Symptomatic patients should probably be admitted for evaluation.
    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients with signs of respiratory tract irritation following inhalation of evolved oxides of nitrogen are at risk for delayed development (up to 72 hours) of pulmonary edema and should probably be admitted.
    B) Patients with systemic symptoms following nitroethane exposure should probably be admitted for evaluation.
    6.3.3.2) HOME CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients discharged home following inhalation exposure to evolved oxides of nitrogen should be warned about the possibility for delayed onset of serious respiratory illnesses and advised to seek medical care immediately should such occur.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor urinalysis and liver and renal function tests. Patients with significant inhalation exposure or respiratory tract irritation should have arterial blood gases and chest x-ray monitored. Methemoglobin levels should be obtained in cyanotic patients.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) FIRST AID
    1) EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
    2) DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
    3) INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
    4) ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
    5) TARGET ORGANS - Skin, respiratory system, CNS, kidneys, and liver (NIOSH , 1997).
    B) SUPPORT
    1) Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
    C) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    1) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    2) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
    3) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    D) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    E) EYE EXPOSURE
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    F) ORAL EXPOSURE
    1) Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, do NOT induce emesis.
    2) Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
    3) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    a) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    4) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    5) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    6) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    7) METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
    8) Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    2) METHYLENE BLUE
    a) INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules (Prod Info PROVAYBLUE(TM) intravenous injection, 2016) and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011). REPEAT DOSES: Additional doses may be required, especially for substances with prolonged absorption, slow elimination, or those that form metabolites that produce methemoglobin. NOTE: Large doses of methylene blue may cause methemoglobinemia or hemolysis (Howland, 2006). Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011; Herman et al, 1999). NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg (Hjelt et al, 1995).
    b) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency (methylene blue may cause hemolysis), known hypersensitivity to methylene blue, methemoglobin reductase deficiency (Shepherd & Keyes, 2004)
    c) FAILURE: Failure of methylene blue therapy suggests: inadequate dose of methylene blue, inadequate decontamination, NADPH dependent methemoglobin reductase deficiency, hemoglobin M disease, sulfhemoglobinemia, or G-6-PD deficiency. Methylene blue is reduced by methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to leukomethylene blue. This in turn reduces methemoglobin. Red blood cells of patients with G-6-PD deficiency do not produce enough NADPH to convert methylene blue to leukomethylene blue (do Nascimento et al, 2008).
    d) DRUG INTERACTION: Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2011; Stanford et al, 2010; Prod Info methylene blue 1% IV injection, 2011).
    3) TOLUIDINE BLUE OR TOLONIUM CHLORIDE (GERMANY)
    a) DOSE: 2 to 4 mg/kg intravenously over 5 minutes. Dose may be repeated in 30 minutes (Nemec, 2011; Lindenmann et al, 2006; Kiese et al, 1972).
    b) SIDE EFFECTS: Hypotension with rapid intravenous administration. Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hypotension, dysrhythmias, hemolysis, agranulocytosis and acute renal insufficiency after overdose (Dunipace et al, 1992; Hix & Wilson, 1987; Winek et al, 1969; Teunis et al, 1970; Marquez & Todd, 1959).
    c) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency; may cause hemolysis.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
    2) METHYLENE BLUE
    a) INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules (Prod Info PROVAYBLUE(TM) intravenous injection, 2016) and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011). REPEAT DOSES: Additional doses may be required, especially for substances with prolonged absorption, slow elimination, or those that form metabolites that produce methemoglobin. NOTE: Large doses of methylene blue may cause methemoglobinemia or hemolysis (Howland, 2006). Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection (Prod Info methylene blue 1% intravenous injection, 2011; Herman et al, 1999). NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg (Hjelt et al, 1995).
    b) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency (methylene blue may cause hemolysis), known hypersensitivity to methylene blue, methemoglobin reductase deficiency (Shepherd & Keyes, 2004)
    c) FAILURE: Failure of methylene blue therapy suggests: inadequate dose of methylene blue, inadequate decontamination, NADPH dependent methemoglobin reductase deficiency, hemoglobin M disease, sulfhemoglobinemia, or G-6-PD deficiency. Methylene blue is reduced by methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to leukomethylene blue. This in turn reduces methemoglobin. Red blood cells of patients with G-6-PD deficiency do not produce enough NADPH to convert methylene blue to leukomethylene blue (do Nascimento et al, 2008).
    d) DRUG INTERACTION: Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2011; Stanford et al, 2010; Prod Info methylene blue 1% IV injection, 2011).
    3) TOLUIDINE BLUE OR TOLONIUM CHLORIDE (GERMANY)
    a) DOSE: 2 to 4 mg/kg intravenously over 5 minutes. Dose may be repeated in 30 minutes (Nemec, 2011; Lindenmann et al, 2006; Kiese et al, 1972).
    b) SIDE EFFECTS: Hypotension with rapid intravenous administration. Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hypotension, dysrhythmias, hemolysis, agranulocytosis and acute renal insufficiency after overdose (Dunipace et al, 1992; Hix & Wilson, 1987; Winek et al, 1969; Teunis et al, 1970; Marquez & Todd, 1959).
    c) CONTRAINDICATIONS: G-6-PD deficiency; may cause hemolysis.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EFFICACY
    1) No form of extracorporeal elimination has been shown to be effective against nitroethane.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The maximum tolerated and minimum lethal human exposures are not known.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) CASE REPORTS
    1) A 20-month-old child accidentally ingested less than 1 oz of an artificial fingernail remover (100% nitroethane); life-threatening methemoglobinemia resulted. The child eventually recovered (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    C) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Rats exposed to 2200 ppm for 6 hours demonstrated no noticeable problems (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) Rabbits exposed to 2500 ppm for 3 hours survived, but at a level of 5000 ppm for 3 hours fatalities were universal (Hathaway et al, 1996).
    3) In one study, guinea pigs, monkeys, and rabbits were exposed to nitroethane levels of 500-30,000 ppm for durations of from 30 minutes to 140 total hours. In these three species, a level of 500 ppm was generally safe and well-tolerated. A level of 1000 ppm was often lethal (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-24-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Nitroethane
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 100 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; CNS impair; liver dam
    d) Molecular Weight: 75.07
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-24-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Nitroethane
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 100 ppm (310 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 1000 ppm
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-24-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitroethane
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitroethane
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-24-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Nitroethane
    2) Table Z-1 for Nitroethane:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 100
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 310
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1997 Snyder et al., 1990)
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 310 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 860 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 1100 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Nitroethane can induce methemoglobinemia by metabolism to the methemoglobin-inducing species, nitrate and nitrite.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Nitroethane is a colorless, oily liquid which possesses a pleasant yet slightly irritating "fruity" odor (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1997).

Molecular Weight

    A) 75.07

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) 163 ppm (CHRIS , 1997) Hathaway et al, 1996)
    2) 2.1 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)

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