NITRIC ACID
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
NITRIC ACID ACIDE NITRIQUE (French) ACIDO NITRICO (Italian) AQUA FORTIS AZOTIC ACID AZOTOWY KWAS (Polish) ENGRAVER'S ACID HYDROGEN NITRATE KYSELINA DUSICNE (Czech) NITAL NITRIC ACID, OVER 40% NITRIC ACID, RED FUMING NITRIC ACID, WHITE FUMING NITROUS FUMES NITRYL HYDROXIDE RED FUMING NITRIC ACID SALPETERSAURE (German) SALPETERZUUROPLOSSINGEN (Dutch) ACID NITRIQUE (FRENCH) NITRIC ACID, FUMING NITRIC ACID, OTHER THAN FUMING, WITH MORE THAN 40% ACID NITRIC ACID, OTHER THAN FUMING, WITH NOT MORE THAN 40% ACID NITRIC ACID, OTHER THAN RED FUMING NITRIC ACID, OTHER THAN RED FUMING, WITH MORE THAN 70% NITRIC ACID NITRIC ACID, OTHER THAN RED FUMING, WITH NOT MORE THAN 70% NITRIC ACID
IDENTIFIERS
2032-Nitric acid, fuming 2031-Nitric acid, other than red fuming 2032-Nitric acid, red fuming
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (RTECS , 1998; Lewis, 1996; EPA, 1985)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate for fertilizer and explosives, organic synthesis (drugs, dyes, explosives, cellulose nitrate, nitrate salts), metallurgy, photoengraving, etching steel, urethanes, rubber chemicals, reprocessing spent nuclear fuel, and for ore flotation (AAR, 1996; Lewis, 2001). The production of nitric acid is the sixth largest chemical industry in the United States (Pohanish, 2002). Nitric acid is used in the production of fertilizers, manufacture of gunpowder and explosives, etching, bright-dipping (metal cleaning), electroplating, photoengraving, production of rocket fuel, manufacture of pesticides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, cellulose nitrate, and manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates (Pohanish, 2002; ITI, 1995; Budavari, 1996). Nitric acid has also been used as a cauterizing agent for warts in veterinary medicine (Budavari, 1996). Nitric acid is formed in photochemical smog from the reaction between nitric oxide and hydrocarbons (Heicklen, 1987). Individuals living in heavily polluted areas may receive chronic inhalation exposure to nitric acid.
Nitric acid is actually a solution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in water and is available commercially in several forms. It is often used in an aqueous solution (Pohanish, 2002). ANHYDROUS nitric acid is prepared by distillation of concentrated nitric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid or by fractional crystallization of concentrated nitric acid (Budavari, 1996). It develops color from nitrogen oxide formation in light (Lewis, 2001; Budavari, 1996). FUMING nitric acid is concentrated nitric acid containing an excess of dissolved nitrogen dioxide. It is prepared from concentrated nitric acid by passing nitrogen dioxide into it or by adding a small amount of a reducing agent such as formaldehyde. Fuming nitric acid is a yellow to brownish-red, clear, strongly fuming, very corrosive liquid (Budavari, 1996). CONCENTRATED nitric acid is greater than 40% nitric acid in water (AAR, 1996). It is available commercially as the 68% and 56% solutions in water (Gosselin et al, 1984).
Nitric acid releases oxides of nitrogen into the air upon exposure to light (Lewis, 1996); therefore exposure to nitric acid potentially involves exposure to oxides of nitrogen (Harbison, 1998; Lederer, 1985), especially nitrogen dioxide (Budavari, 1996). Depending on the conditions, the vapors or fumes of nitric acid may actually be a mixture of nitric acid and various oxides of nitrogen. The composition may vary with temperature, humidity, and contact with other organic materials (Lewis, 1996). Nitric acid is formed in photochemical smog from the reaction between nitric oxide and hydrocarbons (Heicklen, 1987). Individuals living in heavily polluted areas may receive chronic inhalation exposure to nitric acid. Workers in the following professions may be exposed to nitrogen oxides or nitric acid: glassblowing, engraving and electroplating, underground blasting operations and other mining, farming (silage and fertilizers), welding, fire fighting, and industrial chemistry. Nitrogen oxides, found in the exhaust of engines that burn fossil fuels, are a component of the air pollution that contributes to acid rain. Currently, levels in polluted air are probably not high enough to contribute to respiratory disease (Ellenhorn, 1997).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
Nitric acid can be corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, or any tissue with which it comes in contact. Severe burns can occur with necrosis and scarring. Milder exposures can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and respiratory and digestive tracts.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Nitric acid can be an irritant or corrosive, depending upon the dose and concentration. It can be corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, or any tissue coming into contact with it. Severe burns can occur with necrosis and scarring. Milder exposures can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and respiratory and digestive tracts. It can give the tissue it comes into contact with a characteristic yellow to brownish discoloration (Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Virtually all of the toxicology of nitric acid concerns its effects on the respiratory system. Inhalation of nitric acid vapor or mist can produce coughing, dyspnea, chest pain, and pulmonary edema, with onset often DELAYED FOR UP TO 30 HOURS (Hathaway et al, 1996). Chemical pneumonitis, acute pulmonary edema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can occur, which may be fatal (Hathaway et al, 1996; Zenz, 1994).
- Healthy subjects exposed to an airborne concentration of 500 mcg/m(3) of nitric acid for 4 hours while exercising moderately had no changes in pulmonary function tests or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings; ozone did not potentiate the effects of nitric acid in this study (Aris et al, 1993).
- Ingestion of nitric acid can cause serious GI tract irritation or burns, with nausea, vomiting, severe pain, and a "coffee grounds" appearance of the vomitus (Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Exposure to nitric acid by any route may theoretically result in METHEMOGLOBINEMIA. Methemoglobinemia can have an insidious onset and produces signs and symptoms similar to those of hypoxia. At the time of this review, no direct evidence was found to support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to nitric acid can induce methemoglobinemia.
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic exposure to nitric acid can produce changes in pulmonary function and/or chronic bronchitis (ACGIH, 1991). Eye irritation and respiratory tract signs and symptoms resembling those of frequent upper respiratory viral infections have been associated with chronic nitric acid exposure. A yellow discoloration and/or erosion of the dental enamel has been reported (Hathaway, 1996; (Pohanish, 2002).
- Rats, mice, and guinea pigs exposed chronically to nitric acid at an airborne concentration of 4 ppm had no apparent ill effects (Gray et al, 1954).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Due to the potential for esophageal or gastrointestinal tract burns, emesis should not be induced. Immediate dilution with water or milk might be beneficial. Do not give sodium bicarbonate in an attempt to neutralize the acid.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Finkel (1983) related nitrogen dioxide exposure level to effects - 100 ppm (inhalation) is considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health (EPA, 1985). Membrane irritation occurs with exposure to 13 ppm. Exposure to 50 to 150 ppm will cause bronchitis or pneumonia (Haddad et al, 1998). The TLV level of 2 ppm (TWA) was set to be intermediate between those for hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. It is believed to be sufficiently low to prevent irritation and corrosion, but not necessarily potentiation of the effects of nitrogen dioxide (ACGIH, 1998). Induced bronchospasm in asthmatics has been potentiated by the inhalation of as little as 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide (Haddad et al, 1998).
Nitric acid mist at 63 mg/m(3) had no apparent effect on rats in a single exposure (ACGIH, 1998). Rats, mice, and guinea pigs tolerated 4 ppm of nitric acid in a chronic study with no apparent ill effects (Gray et al, 1954).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7697-37-2 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitric acid EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nitric acid MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7697-37-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7697-37-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7697-37-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Nitric acid REL: IDLH: IDLH: 25 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Nitric Acid Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7697-37-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7697-37-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7697-37-2 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2032 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2031 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nitric acid other than red fuming, with more than 70 percent nitric acid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2031 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 5.1 8: Corrosive. 5.1: Oxidizer.
Special Provisions: A3, B47, B53, T10, TP2, TP12, TP13 A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. B47: Each tank may have a reclosing pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure setting of 310 kPa (45 psig). B53: Packagings must be made of either aluminum or steel. T10: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 158 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements: Vessel stowage location: D D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.
Vessel stowage other: 44, 66, 89, 90, 110, 111 44: Stow "away from" oxidizers. 66: Stow "separated from" flammable solids. 89: Segregation same as for oxidizers. 90: Stow "separated from" radioactive materials. 110: Packaging Group II if concentration does not exceed 70 percent acid. 111: If concentration exceeds 50 percent acid, notes 66, 74, 89, and 90 apply.
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nitric acid other than red fuming, with not more than 70 percent nitric acid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2031 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: A6, B2, B47, B53, IB2, T8, TP2, TP12 A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. B47: Each tank may have a reclosing pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure setting of 310 kPa (45 psig). B53: Packagings must be made of either aluminum or steel. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 158 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements: Vessel stowage location: D D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.
Vessel stowage other: 44, 66, 89, 90, 110, 111 44: Stow "away from" oxidizers. 66: Stow "separated from" flammable solids. 89: Segregation same as for oxidizers. 90: Stow "separated from" radioactive materials. 110: Packaging Group II if concentration does not exceed 70 percent acid. 111: If concentration exceeds 50 percent acid, notes 66, 74, 89, and 90 apply.
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2032 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2031 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Nitric acid, other than red fuming, with more than 70% nitric acid UN Number: 2031 Proper Shipping Name: Nitric acid, other than red fuming, with not more than 20% nitric acid UN Number: 2031 Proper Shipping Name: Nitric acid, other than red fuming, with not more than 70% nitric acid UN Number: 2031
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7697-37-2 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Always add acid to water when making dilutions. When working with diluted acid, wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of direct skin contact with solutions of pH less than 2.5, or repeated or prolonged contact with solutions of greater than pH 2.5. Eye protection should be worn; emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (Pohanish, 2002). Rubber apron and gloves and chemical goggles should be used when solutions are handled (CHRIS , 2002). Storage containers should be protected against physical damage and kept in a cool, well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight and separate from metallic powders, carbides, hydrogen sulfide, turpentine, organic acids, and other easily oxidized organic materials and reducing agents (ITI, 1995). Nitric acid in concentrated form should not be used in uncontrolled situations. Normal conditions of use should include handling in a well-ventilated acid fume hood, acid-proof protective clothing, rubber gloves, and full face piece respirator equipped with acid gas canister (CHRIS , 2002). Emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (CHRIS , 2002). For handling large quantities of concentrated nitric acid, wear air mask, rubber acid suit, hood, boots, gloves, and chemical goggles (CHRIS , 2002). Respirators are required if exposure to air levels exceeding allowable workplace concentrations is anticipated (Pohanish, 2002).
Stay upwind and out of low areas, and ventilate closed spaces before entering (DOT, 1990). Chemical protective clothing specifically recommended by the shipper or manufacturer may be worn and may provide little or no thermal protection (DOT, 1990). Structural fire fighters' protective clothing is NOT effective for nitric acid (DOT, 1990). Eye protection should be worn; emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (Pohanish, 2002). Rubber apron and gloves and chemical goggles should be used when solutions are handled (CHRIS , 2002). If material is involved in a fire: Wear chemical protective suit with self-contained breathing apparatus (DOT, 1990).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Storage containers should be protected against physical damage and kept in a cool, well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight and separate from metallic powders, carbides, hydrogen sulfide, turpentine, organic acids, and other easily oxidized organic materials and reducing agents (ITI, 1985).
- Nitric acid in concentrated form should not be used in uncontrolled situations. Normal conditions of use should include handling in a well-ventilated acid fume hood, acid-proof protective clothing, rubber gloves, and full facepiece respirator equipped with acid gas canister (CHRIS, 1985). Emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (CHRIS, 1985).
For handling large quantities of concentrated nitric acid, wear air mask, rubber acid suit, hood, boots, gloves, and chemical goggles (CHRIS, 1985). Respirators are required if exposure to air levels exceeding allowable workplace concentrations is anticipated (Sittig, 1985). Always add acid to water when making dilutions. When working with diluted acid, wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of direct skin contact with solutions of pH less than 2.5, or repeated or prolonged contact with solutions of greater than pH 2.5. Eye protection should be worn; emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (Sittig, 1985). Rubber apron and gloves and chemical goggles should be used when solutions are handled (CHRIS, 1985).
- Wear fully-encapsulated protective clothing and use self-contained breathing apparatus for short periods of exposure (CHRIS, 1985; (AAR, 1987) NFPA, 1986).
- Spilled material must not be touched without proper protective equipment (AAR, 1987).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7697-37-2.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Nitric acid itself is not combustible, but it can cause ignition of other combustible materials and will accelerate their burning (AAR, 1987). It is dangerously reactive with a wide variety of materials (NFPA, 1986; (ITI, 1985). Nitric acid may cause spontaneous combustion if it contacts certain combustible materials (ITI, 1985). Nitric acid is very corrosive to most metals, wood, paper, and cloth and releases toxic oxides of nitrogen (CHRIS, 1985). Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is extinguished. Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1987). Calculations: 1 ppm equals approximately 2.5 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986). DOT-HAZARD: Oxidizer; LABEL: Oxidizer and Poison (RTECS , 1988) DOT-IMO: Corrosive Material; LABEL: Corrosive, Oxidizer, Poison (RTECS , 1988)
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7697-37-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7697-37-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog. Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1987).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Nitric acid itself is nonflammable, but in concentrated form it is a powerful oxidizer (ITI, 1995). It can increase the flammability of organic materials and can cause spontaneous combustion of some materials (ITI, 1995).
It can react explosively with metallic powders, carbides, hydrogen sulfide and turpentine, and can react violently with alcohol, charcoal and organic refuse (ITI, 1995; Windholz, 1983).
- Nitric acid can react violently or is incompatible with (Sax, 1984) NFPA, 1997; (ITI, 1995):
Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone + acetic acid Acetone + sulfuric acid Acetylene Acrolein Acrylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride 2-Amino ethanol Ammonia Ammonium hydroxide Aniline Anion exchange resins Anion exchange resins + dichromate Antimony Arsine Bismuth Boron Boron decahydride Boron phosphide Bromine pentafluoride N-butyraldehyde Calcium hypophosphite Carbon Cesium carbide 4-Chloro-2-nitro aniline Chlorine trifluoride Chlorosulfonic acid Cresol Cumene Cuprous and cupric nitride Cyanides Cyclic ketones Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Diborane 2,6-di-tert-Butylphenol Diisopropyl ether Epichlorohydrin Ethanol M-ethylaniline Ethylenediamine Ethyleneimine 5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline Ethyl phosphine Ferrous oxide Fluorine Furfuryl alcohol Germanium Glyoxal Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen telluride Indane + sulfuric acid Isoprene Ketones + hydrogen peroxide Lactic acid + hydrofluoric acid Lithium Lithium silicide Magnesium Magnesium phosphide Magnesium-titanium alloy Manganese Mesitylene Mesityl oxide 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 4-Methyl-cyclohexanone Neodymium phosphide Nitrobenzene Oleum Phosphine Phosphonium iodide Phosphorus Phosphorus tetratriiodide Phosphorus trichloride Phthalic acid Phthalic anhydride Potassium hypophosphite beta-Propiolactone Propylene oxide Pyridine Rubidium carbide Selenium Selenium iodophosphide Silver + ethanol Sodium Sodium azide Sodium hydroxide Stibine Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid + glycerides Sulfuric acid + toluene Terpenes Tetraboron decahydride Thiocyanates Thiophene Titanium Titanium alloy Titanium-magnesium alloy Toluidine Triazine Uns-dimethylhydrazine Uranium Uranium-neodymium alloy Uranium-neodymium-zirconium alloy Vinyl acetate Vinylidene chloride Zinc Zirconium-uranium alloys
- Nitric acid stains woolen fabrics and animal tissue bright yellow (Windholz, 1983).
- Nitric acid corrodes almost all metals except gold and white gold, forming nitrates (ITI, 1995).
- Contact between nitric acid and organic matter, light, or air produces nitrogen oxides (Harbison, 1998), including nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is potentially more hazardous than nitric acid (Hathaway, 1996).
Depending on the conditions, the vapors or fumes of nitric acid may actually be a mixture of nitric acid and various oxides of nitrogen. The composition may vary with temperature, humidity, and contact with other organic materials (Lewis, 1996).
- Nitric acid and related compounds can react with other substances to form mutagenic products.
Nitric acid and oxides of nitrogen can react with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to form nitroaromatic mutagens (Pitts, 1978) 1985; (Hynds, 1978). Nitric acid can react with alcohols to form mutagenic nitrate esters (pp 34-36; Kononova, 1972). Nitrites formed from nitric acid can react with amines to form mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic N-nitrosamines (Fishbein, 1975).
- Nitric acid evolves large amounts of HEAT when dissolved in water (Windholz, 1983) or when reacting with many other substances (Lewis, 2000).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)
Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used. Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages. Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill. DOT ID No. 2032 - Nitric acid, fuming SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 2032 - Nitric acid, red fuming SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS
DOT ID No. 2031 : Nitric acid, other than red fuming
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- Keep upwind of spills, leaks, and fires and stay out of low-lying areas. Avoid breathing the vapors and any contact with the material (AAR, 1987).
- If nitric acid is leaking but not on fire, evacuation should be considered in a downwind direction with the evacuation area determined by taking into account the amount of material spilled, the weather conditions, and the spill location (AAR, 1987).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7697-37-2 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Nitric Acid WFNA ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 1 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 6 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 78 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS7697-37-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Nitric acid WFNA (White Fuming) TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.53 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.53 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 24 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 92 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS7697-37-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: ppm: 0.5 ppm mg/m3: 1.3 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 0.5 ppm mg/m3: 1.3 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 0.5 ppm mg/m3: 1.3 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 0.5 ppm mg/m3: 1.3 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: ppm: 5 ppm mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 4 ppm mg/m3: 10 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 3 ppm mg/m3: 8 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 2 ppm mg/m3: 5 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: ppm: 15 ppm mg/m3: 39 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 13 ppm mg/m3: 34 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 8 ppm mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 7 ppm mg/m3: 18 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Nitric acid Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7697-37-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 25 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Water spray may be used to knock down or reduce vapor, but DO NOT get WATER INSIDE a CONTAINER (AAR, 1987). Dikes should be constructed to contain the flow of leaking material (AAR, 1987). Spilled material can be neutralized with lime, crushed limestone, or soda ash (AAR, 1987).
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Small amounts of spilled material can be covered with sodium bicarbonate or an equal mixture of slaked lime and soda ash (ITI, 1985). Water may then be added to form a slurry, and the resultant solution can be discharged into a sink lined with chipped marble and a protective matting with a large quantity of water (ITI, 1985).
Land Spills (AAR, 1987) Holding areas for large amounts of spilled liquid may be constructed by digging pits, ponds, or lagoons. Surface flow may be diked with foamed concrete, foamed polyurethane, soil, or sand bags. Bulk liquid may be adsorbed with cement powder or fly ash. Spilled nitric acid can be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), agricultural lime (CaO), or crushed limestone (CaCO3).
Water Spills (AAR, 1987) Air Spills (AAR, 1987)
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- No information found at the time of this review.
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Air: Laboratory data suggest that nucleation and persistence may favor the metastable HNO3.2H2O in polar stratospheric clouds. Sedimentation of HNO3, which has an important roll in polar ozone depletion, may be triggered by vapor phase transfer of HNO3.2H2O to HNO3.3H2O (Worsnop et al, 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Nitric acid is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS, 1985).
- Aquatic Toxicity (CHRIS, 1985)
TLm96 (fresh water, mosquito fish): 72 ppm LC50 (salt water, cockle): 330 to 1000 ppm for 48 hours
- This material should be kept out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1987).
- Nitric acid may be dangerous if it enters water intakes (CHRIS, 1985).
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 63.01 (EPA, 1985) ILO, 1998)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Nitric acid is a colorless to yellow or brownish-red corrosive, nonflammable, fuming liquid with a characteristic choking odor. It is actually a solution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in water and is available commercially in several forms. Fuming nitric acid contains an excess of NO2 which causes its yellow to brownish-red color (Pohanish, 2002) ACGIH, 1998; (Budavari, 1996).
- Depending on the conditions, the vapors or fumes of nitric acid may actually be a mixture of nitric acid and various oxides of nitrogen. The composition may vary with temperature, humidity, and contact with other organic materials (Lewis, 1996).
PH
- Approximately 1 (for a 0.1 M solution) (The pH of unbuffered solutions would be approximately the negative log of its molar concentration.)
- Nitric acid is a strong, monobasic acid (Budavari, 1996).
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
- 83 degrees C; 181 degrees F (EPA, 1985)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
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- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
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