NICOTINE

1654-Nicotine
3144-Nicotine compound, liquid, n.o.s.
1655-Nicotine compound, solid, n.o.s.
3144-Nicotine preparation, liquid, n.o.s.
1655-Nicotine preparation, solid, n.o.s.
1658-Nicotine sulfate, solid
3445-Nicotine sulfate, solid
1658-Nicotine sulfate, solution
1658-Nicotine sulphate, solid
3445-Nicotine sulphate, solid
1658-Nicotine sulphate, solution

STCC NUMBER

4921452 (SOLID)
4921451 (LIQUID)
4921449

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C10-H14-N2
C20-H26-N4.O4-S

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)(for UN/NA Numbers1654,3144,1655,1658and3445)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1991; AAR, 1987; Budavari, 1989; CHRIS , 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1981; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1991; OHM/TADS , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Nicotine is used in medicines, as an insecticide and in tanning (ACGIH, 1991).
Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid that causes stimulation of the autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system. In its free state it is a pale yellow liquid that slowly darkens on exposure to air. Nicotine is derived from the stems and leaves of the tobacco plant and its primary usage is cigarettes.
Nicotine also is encountered in insecticide preparations as a crude 40% solution of the sulfate, which is applied as a spray or dust (Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Morgan, 1993). The pharmaceutical industry manufactures formulations containing nicotine (ITI, 1995). Nicotine has been used in the tanning process (NRC, 1989).
Nicotine is used in veterinary applications as an ectoparasiticide and anthelmintic (EPA, 1985).

FORMS

TOBACCO LEAVES

Tobacco leaves contain about 1% to 6% nicotine and when blended to make cigarettes or cigars, contain about 1% to 2% nicotine (4(6)).

SNUFF/CHEWING TOBACCO

SNUFF is prepared from powdered tobacco leaf and flavorings. Moist snuff contains from 4.6 to 32 mg of nicotine per gram of moist material, and 12.4 to 15.6 mg/g of dry snuff (Hoffmann et al, 1986). Most containers hold 30 g of snuff.
CHEWING TOBACCO (LEAF OR PLUG) contains about 2.5 mg nicotine per gram of dry material, although amounts as high as 8 mg/g have been reported (Gritz et al, 1981).

Betelquid and Pan Masala are popular chewing products that contain tobacco and other ingredients (Babu et al, 1996). It is used primarily in India, Pakistan, and some Asian countries.

CIGARETTES

CIGARETTE TOBACCO contains 13 to 30 mg nicotine per 1 whole cigarette; 1 low-yield cigarette contains 3 to 8 mg nicotine; 1 cigar contains 15 to 40 mg nicotine; 1 cigarette butt contains 5 to 7 mg nicotine (Salomon , 2002).

The actual nicotine "delivered" in smoke is 0.5 to 2.0 mg per 1 whole cigarette; 0.1 to 1.0 mg per 1 low-yield cigarette; 0.2 to 1.0 mg per cigar (Salomon , 2002).

IMPORTED CIGARETTES

BIDI are small, unfiltered, brown, hand-rolled cigarettes (they have the appearance of a marijuana cigarette) primarily produced in India and other southeast Asia countries, which consist of tobacco wrapped in a tendu or temburni leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon)((Anon, 1999)) and estimated to contain 3 times the amount of nicotine as regular cigarettes (BD Montgomery , 1999; Yen et al, 2000).

Bidis come in a wide variety of flavors (eg, vanilla, strawberry, chocolate, mandarin orange, mango, rootbeer) to mask the poor quality of the tobacco and are popular among teenagers for their taste, lower cost, and the potential ease of access over the internet (BD Montgomery , 1999; Yen et al, 2000).
Despite containing less tobacco, a single bidi produces 3 times as much nicotine and carbon monoxide as the standard American cigarette. Also, the tendu leaf wrapper does not burn well; therefore, a smoker has to inhale frequently and deeply, which could result in large amount of tar being deposited into the airways (Yen et al, 2000).
At the time of this review, there has been an attempt by US states to have bidi cigarettes outlawed; a formal letter to the Department of Health and Human Services has been signed by all 50 states (Yen et al, 2000).

KRETEK: A clove-flavored cigarette produced in Indonesia that may be referred to as "rokok kretek." . Traditionally, the cigarettes had cloves crushed and mixed in with tobacco. Today, fragrance and flavors chemicals are predominant, rather than crushed cloves in the cigarettes. Generally, they have higher nicotine levels than traditional cigarettes (Personal Communication, 2000).

NICOTINE LIQUID

Nicotine liquid is used with electronic-cigarettes. Refill cartridges contain liquid nicotine and are available in various strengths ranging from 6 mg/mL (0.6%) to 36 mg/mL (3.6%). It is estimated that 20 drops are equal to 1 mL of solution; 1 drop of 3.6% liquid contains 1.8 mg of nicotine. A potential ingestion of 1 to 2 drops of 3.6% solution (1.8 to 3.6 mg) could produce significant symptoms in a young child (Gupta et al, 2014). In addition, nickel contact allergy has been reported with the use of an electronic cigarette in an adult with a history of contact allergy; a dimethylglyoxime spot test was positive (Maridet et al, 2015).
HOOKAH/SECONDHAND EXPOSURE TO NICOTINE: In a study of the homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers, the levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke), indoor surface nicotine (a measure of third-hand smoke), and a child's uptake of nicotine and other chemicals were measured to assess exposure in children living in the homes of hookah smokers. The findings showed significantly higher nicotine levels in indoor air and on surfaces in a child's bedroom in the homes of daily hookah smokers compared to the homes of nonsmokers. Uptake of nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and acrolein were significantly higher in children living in a home with a daily hookah smoker compared to children living in a nonsmoker home (Kassem et al, 2014).

NICOTINE GUM

Nicorette(R) contains 2 mg of nicotine in the form of a natural tobacco plant extract in an ion-exchange resin gum base. The gum is buffered to a pH of 8.5 to enhance buccal absorption.

NICOTINE TRANSDERMAL SYSTEMS

Habitrol(R) contains 17.5 mg, 35 mg, or 52.5 mg and releases 7 mg, 14 mg, and 21 mg daily, respectively.
Nicoderm(R) releases 7 mg, 14 mg, or 21 mg daily.
Prostep(R) contains 15 mg or 30 mg and releases 10 mg and 21 mg daily, respectively.
Nicotrol-16(R) contains 16.6 mg.

NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY

Nicotrol NS contains 10 mg/mL, and each actuation releases a metered 50 mL spray containing 0.5 mg nicotine. One spray in each nostril delivers a total of 1 mg nicotine (Prod Info Nicotrol NS(R), nicotine nasal spray, 1996).

AEROSOL RODS

Aerosol nicotine rods were evaluated as a substitute cigarette. Manufacturers of these rods are required to file a New Drug Application with the FDA (Slade & Connolly, 1987). Nicotine uptake by test subjects has been variable, limiting the aerosol rod's usefulness (deBethizy et al, 1988; Sepkovic et al, 1986).

Nicotine is available in the following forms: dihydrochloride, salicylate, sulfate, and bitartrate (Lewis, 1993).
POSSIBLE ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

Exposure to nicotine occurs during:

The mixing, storage, and application of insecticides.
The processing and extracting of tobacco.
Ingestion of cigarettes, snuff, or cigars.
Ingestion of nicotine liquid used in electronic-cigarettes (ie, refill cartridges containing nicotine liquid)
Administration of tobacco enemas to treat intestinal parasites.
Chewing of nicotine chewing gum used to aid in smoking cessation.
Contact with plants containing nicotine.
Usage or ingestion of nicotine-containing transdermal patches.

Little or no nicotine is now produced in the US, and limited supplies are imported from India (HSDB, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

SOURCES: Found primarily in tobacco-containing products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and chewing tobacco and also in nicotine replacement products such as gum, nasal sprays, patches, and electronic cigarettes. Also, found in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) and some other plant species; occupational exposures may result from the harvesting or processing of tobacco plants (SEE Plants-Nicotinic Management). Nicotine may also be found in some insecticides (used in the developing world).

PHARMACOLOGY: Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are found throughout the body, most notably in the autonomic nervous system (preganglionic sympathetic synapses and pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses).

TOXICOLOGY: Toxic effects are dose-related and result from overstimulation of nicotinic receptors, often causing inhibition of receptor action following initial stimulatory effects.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Very common exposure that can rarely result in significant morbidity and death, especially in children. May be an occupational exposure, commonly known as green tobacco sickness, from working with tobacco plants .

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: GI upset, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, tremor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, pallor, and hypertension are common events.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Seizures, confusion, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory muscle paralysis can develop.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

ADVERSE EFFECTS: NICOTINE REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS: Symptoms may include local irritation from the gum, spray, or transdermal patch or systemic signs (eg, nausea and vomiting, sleep disturbances, headache, and chest pain) of nicotine toxicity. Absorption may occur after ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or rectal exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

SOURCES: Found primarily in tobacco-containing products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and chewing tobacco and also in nicotine replacement products such as gum, nasal sprays, patches, and electronic cigarettes. Also, found in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) and some other plant species; occupational exposures may result from the harvesting or processing of tobacco plants (SEE Plants-Nicotinic Management). Nicotine may also be found in some insecticides (used in the developing world).
PHARMACOLOGY: Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are found throughout the body, most notably in the autonomic nervous system (preganglionic sympathetic synapses and pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses).
TOXICOLOGY: Toxic effects are dose-related and result from overstimulation of nicotinic receptors, often causing inhibition of receptor action following initial stimulatory effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Very common exposure that can rarely result in significant morbidity and death, especially in children. May be an occupational exposure, commonly known as green tobacco sickness, from working with tobacco plants.
ADVERSE EFFECTS

NICOTINE REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS: Symptoms may include local irritation from the gum, spray, or transdermal patch or systemic signs (eg, nausea and vomiting, sleep disturbances, headache, and chest pain) of nicotine toxicity. Absorption may occur after ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or rectal exposure.

EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: GI upset, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, tremor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, pallor, and hypertension are common events.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Seizures, confusion, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory muscle paralysis can develop.

CARDIOVASCULAR

INCREASED HEART RATE: Acute effects of nicotine include an increased heart rate (up to 10 to 15 beats per minute) (Benowitz & Gourlay, 1997).
DECREASED HEART RATE: Cases of decreased heart rate have been reported following multiple nicotine patch use (Sanchez et al, 1996; Wain & Martin, 2004).
INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE: Increases in blood pressure (up to 5 to 10 mmHg) can result following acute exposure (Benowitz & Gourlay, 1997).
DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE: In larger doses, decreases in blood pressure can result (Wain & Martin, 2004), and in one case, death resulted after refractory shock (Sanchez et al, 1996).
INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT: Increases in cardiac output secondary to increased heart rate and myocardial contractility can result following acute exposure (Benowitz & Gourlay, 1997).
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS: Conduction disorders of the heart have been observed following elevated nicotine exposure. These disorders included atrial fibrillation and QT prolongation (Woolf et al, 1996; Rigotti & Eagle, 1986; Stewart & Catterall, 1985).
CARDIAC ARREST: Cases of a cardiac arrest have been reported following abnormally high levels of nicotine exposure, one from multiple nicotine patch use that resulted in death (Sanchez et al, 1996) and another from ingestion of a 40% solution of nicotine sulfate that led to irreversible cognitive dysfunction (Rogers et al, 2004).
CHEST PAIN: Chest pain has been reported following the therapeutic use of patches (Henningfield, 1995).

DERMATOLOGIC

SWEATING, CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old man was reported to have pallor and sweating 2 hours after application of 12 nicotine patches (Woolf et al, 1996).
DERMATOSES: Nicotine and its derivatives have shown positive reactions in human skin patch tests and dermatoses have been reported by workers processing tobacco or working in nicotine production (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
SKIN RASH: Skin rash has been reported following the therapeutic use of patches (Henningfield, 1995).

FLUID ELECTROLYTE

HYPOKALEMIA, CASE REPORT: Hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis developed in a 32-year-old man who developed profuse diarrhea and sustained a cardiac arrest after suspected nicotine overdose (Sanchez et al, 1996).

GASTROINTESTINAL

NAUSEA AND VOMITING: Nausea and vomiting have been reported following the therapeutic use of patches (Henningfield, 1995). Vomiting may occur very early (within minutes) after tobacco ingestion, minimizing absorption and other toxic manifestations (Lavoie & Harris, 1991), and it occurs in 16% to 63% of tobacco and nicotine chewing gum ingestions in children (Smolinske et al, 1988; Bonadio & Anderson, 1989).
DIARRHEA: Diarrhea has been reported with low doses, and a delayed (4 to 24 hours) symptom occurs in 14% of pediatric tobacco ingestions (Smolinske et al, 1988).
MILD POISONING: A mild form of nicotine poisoning has been reported in both adults and children, smokers and nonsmokers, working on tobacco farms(Ross et al, 1994b; McKnight et al, 1994; Gehlbach et al, 1975). Symptoms can include nausea and vomiting.

GENITOURINARY

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, CASE REPORT: Acute renal failure attributed to rhabdomyolysis (myoglobin 18700 mcg/L, CPK 7007 IU/L) developed in a 32-year-old man who sustained a cardiac arrest following suspected nicotine overdose (plasma nicotine concentration 11 hours after arrest was 3.7 mcg/mL) (Sanchez et al, 1996).

HEENT

AUDITORY DISTURBANCE: Auditory disturbances may occur with nicotine poisoning (HSDB, 1997).
MIOSIS: Miosis has been reported with small doses (Rosenweig et al, 1989; Haruda, 1989).
MYDRIASIS: Mydriasis may occur with larger doses (Rosenweig et al, 1989; Haruda, 1989).
NYSTAGMUS: Nicotine-induced nystagmus (NIN) is relatively common and can be produced after smoking a cigarette and also after chewing nicotine gum. It appears that nicotine induces an imbalance in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (Pereira et al, 2000).
LEUKOPLAKIA: Leukoplakia has been observed in chronic users of smokeless oral snuff along with gingival recession (Belonger and Paulson, 1983), and leukoplakia is considered a premalignant lesion (Moore et al, 1986).

IMMUNOLOGIC

ALLERGIC REACTION: Allergic skin reactions have been reported following the therapeutic use of patches (Henningfield, 1995).

METABOLIC

INCREASED SERUM CHOLESTEROL: Increased serum cholesterol levels may occur with chronic use (Dawber et al, 1959) (Dousett et al, 1986).

MUSCULOSKELETAL

RHABDOMYOLYSIS, CASE REPORT: Rhabdomyolysis may result from severe overdoses. In one case, probable rhabdomyolysis (myoglobin 18700 mcg/L, creatine kinase 7007 IU/L) was reported in a 32-year-old man who sustained cardiac arrest after suspected nicotine overdose (Sanchez et al, 1996).

NEUROLOGIC

LETHARGY, CASE REPORT: Lethargy and respiratory depression was reported in an 8-month-old infant after ingestion of 2 cigarette butts. Lethargy progressed to obtundation with minimal responsiveness. Gradual improvement occurred, with recovery by the third day (Borys et al, 1988).
STUPOR, CASE REPORT: Stupor, confusion, and dizziness were reported in 2 patients following suicide attempts with nicotine dermal patches. No coingestants were involved (Woolf et al, 1996).
DIZZINESS: Dizziness has been reported following abnormally high levels of nicotine exposure (Metzler et al, 2005; Woolf et al, 1996).
HEADACHE: Headache may occur after oral or dermal exposure to small amounts of nicotine (Haruda, 1989).
PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION: Agitation is common in young children with tobacco ingestion (Smolinske et al, 1988).
HAND TREMOR: Increases in the amplitude, but not the frequency, of hand tremors is associated with habitual smokers (Shiffman et al, 1983).
SEIZURE: Seizures have been reported in infants and young children who were exposed to nicotine through various routes including enema, oral ingestion, and transdermal patch (Oberst & McIntyre, 1953; Malizia et al, 1983; Ryan et al, 1999).

RESPIRATORY

AIRWAY IRRITATION: Airway irritation in the lower neck and upper chest region with associated cough has been shown to be directly correlated to nicotine content in cigarette smoke (Lee et al, 1993).
RESPIRATORY FAILURE: Respiratory failure may occur rapidly (5 minutes postingestion), especially with large ingestions, and may be fatal (Singer & Janz, 1990).
ASPIRATION PNEUMONITIS, CASE REPORT: Aspiration pneumonitis developed in a 32-year-old man who sustained a cardiac arrest after suspected nicotine overdose (Sanchez et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Long-term use of "smokeless" snuff orally has been shown to be habituating and may result in gingival recession and a typical white and filmy lesion without elevation from the surrounding oral mucosa (Belonger & Paulson, 1983). Leukoplakia is considered a premalignant lesion (Moore et al, 1986). Oropharyngeal cancer has been reported after chronic use of "smokeless" tobacco.

Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia (thought to be due primarily to CYANIDE released in tobacco smoke) has been seen in heavy smokers who also have malnutrition and excessive alcohol consumption. It is characterized by progressive bilateral visual deterioration and loss of color vision (Kermode et al, 1989).

Mild poisonings involving vomiting and diarrhea have frequently occurred with chronic occupational exposure (ACGIH, 1992). An occupational disease in tobacco field workers, green tobacco sickness is a self-limiting syndrome characterized by pallor, vomiting, and prostration (Hathaway et al, 1991). Green tobacco sickness had a crude incidence of 10/1000 in 1992 and 14/1000 exposed field workers in 1993 in Kentucky. Risk factors were age younger than 16 years and working with tobacco under wet conditions (Ballard et al, 1995). Nicotine is probably the etiologic agent of green tobacco sickness (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Hypercholesterolemia may be seen with chronic nicotine use (Dawber et al, 1959) Dousett et al, 1986).

Nicotine, but not cotinine, inhibited antibody-forming cell response in mice and rats treated with 14 mcg/hr for 3 to 4 weeks by means of intradermally implanted mini-osmotic pumps. This dose regimen produced serum cotinine levels comparable to those seen in cigarette smokers (Geng et al, 1995).

Nicotine has addiction potential, which appears to be less than that of cocaine or the opiates (Collins, 1990). Withdrawal symptoms include nervousness, drowsiness, anxiety, headache, lethargy, sweating, cramps, tremor, palpitations, sleep disturbances, increased appetite, and inability to concentrate.

Smokeless nicotine-containing products can cause withdrawal symptoms upon cessation (Hughes et al, 1986). Symptoms are fewer and less severe than those seen with smoked cigarettes (Hatsukami et al, 1987), depending on amount and length of use.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Onset of symptoms may be rapid (Malizia et al, 1983). Emesis is usually spontaneous. Since seizures or lethargy may occur within 15 minutes, IPECAC-INDUCED EMESIS OR ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IS NOT ADVISED IN THE PREHOSPITAL SETTING. Remove transdermal patches and wash exposed skin.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

ORAL EXPOSURE

Onset of symptoms may be rapid. Emesis is usually spontaneous. Because seizures or CNS depression may occur, DO NOT induce emesis or administer activated charcoal in the prehospital setting. Remove transdermal patches and wash exposed skin.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

Nicotine is highly toxic. About 2 to 5 mg can cause nausea. The lethal oral dose for adults has been estimated to be approximately 40 to 60 mg (Malizia et al, 1983) or 0.8 to 1.0 mg/kg in an adult (Salomon, 2006). Survival has been reported after ingestion of 1 to 4 g (Franke & Thomas, 1936).

LIQUID NICOTINE

CASE REPORTS

A 24-year-old woman was found in pulseless electrical activity and had a return of spontaneous circulation after 10 minutes of CPR only (no medications administered) following the intentional ingestion (time of ingestion unknown) of liquid nicotine and whiskey. Two empty 15 mL vials of concentrated nicotine (100 mg/mL) were found near the patient and a suicide note. She was intubated in the field and arrived in the ED about 10 minutes later with fixed and dilated pupils, incontinence, hypotension (74/53 mmHg) and a pulse rate of 106 beats/min. The endotracheal tube required adjustment due to right mainstem intubation. The patient responded slightly to painful stimuli only. A comprehensive drug screen was positive for only nicotine, cotinine, and her previously prescribed medications (ie, trazodone, fluoxetine, and olanzapine). Her nicotine level obtained shortly after arrival was greater than 1000 ng/mL (measured by LC/MS/MS). She continued to have myoclonic jerking despite drug therapy and was noted to have an absence of corneal, gag or cough reflexes. An EEG was consistent with poor cerebral dysfunction. On day 2, a MRI of the brain showed multiple acute infarcts consistent with anoxic brain injury. Due to her poor prognosis, intensive treatment was stopped and the patient died 3 days after ingestion (Chen et al, 2015).
A 29-year-old man with a history of depression was found unresponsive after purportedly injecting himself (a suicide note was found) with an unknown amount of liquid nicotine used with an electronic delivery system. Initially, he was found pulseless and CPR was started by EMS and he was intubated in the field. Upon arrival he was in normal sinus rhythm but remained unresponsive. A short time later he developed tonic-clonic seizures and required fosphenytoin and levetiracetam to finally control the seizures. By day 5, he was diagnosed with anoxic encephalopathy and declared brain dead. A blood examination collected on the day of arrival showed a serum nicotine level of 2000 ng/mL (normal, 5 to 90 ng/mL) and cotinine was 2100 ng/mL (normal, 100 to 1200 ng/mL). Based on these blood levels, it was estimated that the patient could have injected over 400 mg of nicotine. Although an injection site was never found, the authors suggested the patient may have ingested the liquid nicotine (Thornton et al, 2014).
A 34-year-old man, with a history of psychosis, was found dead by his family with 3 empty vials of liquid nicotine found in his room. There was no evidence of trauma and his postmortem exam was positive for nicotine. A remaining vial (brand Titanum Ice) was tested and found to contain a nicotine concentration of 74 mg/mL. The lethal dose calculated (based on 1 mg/kg body weight) for this patient was 72.5 mg nicotine, thus the patient could have ingested a single vial (containing 50 mL of 72 mg/mL) and would have ingested approximately 50 times as high as the estimated lethal dose (Bartschat et al, 2015).

NICOTINE SULFATE

HUMAN EXPOSURE: Nicotine sulfate is classified as super toxic. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg (less than 7 drops) for a 70 kg (150 pound) person (EPA, 1985).

Five adults who swallowed 20 to 25 g nicotine sulfate solution died within 1 hour (Baselt & Cravey, 1995).

ANIMAL DATA

Amounts of 10 mg/kg administered buccally in dogs is considered potentially fatal (Franke, 1932).
Twenty-one of 32 chicks died when 0.07 mg/egg nicotine sulfate was administered to chick embryos at stage 11 of development (HSDB, 1997).
Albino rats were unable to survive on diets containing more than 0.05% nicotine sulfate (Wilson & DeEds, 1936).
Mortalities in bird species (eg, mallards, pheasants, coturnix, pigeons) occurred as soon as 6 minutes or as late as 2 days following treatment (HSDB, 1997).
The lethal dose for 18-month-old lambs has been estimated at 0.2 to 0.3 g. Toxic dose for adult sheep is 0.7 to 1 g. Poisoning in bulls and heifers from 1 year to 18 months of age occurred at a 1 g dose level (HSDB, 1997).
An attempt to use 1.2% solution of nicotine sulfate as tsetse-fly repellent by spraying over cattle led to deaths within 1 hour (HSDB, 1997).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

One regular cigarette contains 15 to 30 mg nicotine
One low nicotine cigarette contains 3 to 8 mg nicotine
One cigarette butt contains 3.75 to 7 mg nicotine
One cigar contains 15 to 40 mg nicotine
One gram snuff (wet) contains 12 to 16 mg nicotine
One gram chewing tobacco contains 6 to 8 mg nicotine
One piece of nicotine chewing gum contains 2 or 4 mg nicotine
One nicotine patch contains 8.3 to 22 mg nicotine
One nicotine nasal spray contains 0.5 mg nicotine
Nicotine refill cartridges used in electronic-cigarettes are available in various strengths ranging from 6 mg/mL (0.6%) to 36 mg/mL (3.6%)

NICOTINE CONTENT

One regular cigarette contains 15 to 30 mg nicotine
One low nicotine cigarette contains 3 to 8 mg nicotine
One cigarette butt contains 3.75 to 7 mg nicotine
One cigar contains 15 to 40 mg nicotine
One gram snuff (wet) contains 12 to 16 mg nicotine
One gram chewing tobacco contains 6 to 8 mg nicotine
One piece of nicotine chewing gum contains 2 or 4 mg nicotine
One nicotine patch contains 8.3 to 22 mg nicotine
One nicotine nasal spray contains 0.5 mg nicotine
Nicotine refill cartridges used in electronic-cigarettes are available in various strengths ranging from 6 mg/mL (0.6%) to 36 mg/mL (3.6%)

(Gupta et al, 2014; Salomon, 2006; McGee et al, 1995; Armitage et al, 1975).
BIDI cigarettes, imported from India, contain cured flakes and dust of dark tobacco leaves rolled in dried tendu leaves. Despite containing less tobacco, a single bidi produces 3 times as much nicotine and carbon monoxide as the standard American cigarette. Also, the tendu leaf wrapper does not burn well; therefore, a smoker has to inhale frequently and deeply, which could result in large amount of tar being deposited into the airways (Yen et al, 2000).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INGESTION

SUMMARY

Survival has been reported after ingestion of 1 to 4 g (Franke & Thomas, 1936).

ADULT

CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old man, with a history of cerebral infarct of the right hemisphere, intentionally ingested a nicotine extract (prepared by extracting 300 g tobacco, producing an estimated 6780 mg nicotine). The "recipe" was found on an Internet site. The patient drank the extract and immediately felt ill and vomited. Upon admission, the patient was somnolent and showed marked hyperextension of the neck and slurred speech. Tachycardia was observed, which normalized on the second day. The patient gradually improved with supportive care, and returned to baseline within 4 days (Schneider et al, 2009).
CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old patient developed agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, dizziness, and nausea after ingesting 7 to 20 cigarettes on 7 different occasions within 15 months. Following supportive care, he recovered and was transferred to the psychiatry department within 24 hours (Metzler et al, 2005).

PEDIATRIC

CHILDREN: More severe symptoms occur in infants (younger than 1 year) than in older children. In young children, as little as 1 mg of nicotine can produce symptoms (Salomon, 2006).
Studies have been conducted to quantify the amount of nicotine responsible for producing symptoms following the ingestion of cigarettes or cigarette butts in children less than 6 years of age. In one series, assuming a cigarette contains a minimum of 13 mg of nicotine, severe toxicity was reported in 3 children ingesting 1.4 to 1.9 mg/kg of nicotine (brief periods of limb twitching or unresponsiveness); children ingesting a mean of 0.8 mg/kg (range: 0.2 to 1.8 mg/kg) developed mild symptoms and children ingesting a mean of 0.5 mg/kg (range: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg) remained asymptomatic (Smolinske et al, 1988).

In another study, the number of cigarettes or cigarette butts reportedly ingested was found to be a poor predictor of toxicity, due in part to the difficulty in determining the actual number of cigarettes ingested or the amount of nicotine absorbed. During 1988 and 1991, a total of 700 children exposed to tobacco products were followed by the Delaware Valley Regional Poison Control Center. Of the 700 children enrolled, 44 patients ingested 2 cigarettes or 6 cigarette butts, 20 became symptomatic and all vomited. Of the remaining 24 children that were initially asymptomatic, 23 (1 was lost to follow-up) remained asymptomatic during their ED admission. Of the 656 children ingesting less than 2 cigarettes or 6 cigarette butts, 123 (18%) became symptomatic. Vomiting was observed in 89 (74.2%) of the 120 (3 were lost to follow-up) patients. Irritability and lethargy were observed in 4 children. There were no reports of seizures, coma or respiratory difficulties in any child. Children that were initially asymptomatic did not develop symptoms. The lack of early symptoms (ie, onset of vomiting within 20 minutes or less {observed in 97.9% of symptomatic children}) appeared to be a likely predictor of no subsequent toxicity (McGee et al, 1995).
During January 1994 to July 1996, the Rode Island Poison Control Center received 146 reports of nicotine ingestion by children less than 6 years of age, follow-up was available for 90 children (mean age: 11.7 months) with no reports of severe toxicity. Of the 50 children ingesting cigarettes, 36 ingested less than 1 cigarette, and of the 40 children ingesting a cigarette butt, 22 ingested less than 1 cigarette butt. Thirty children developed minor symptoms which included: vomiting (n=26), nausea (n=2), pallor (n=2), lethargy (n=1) and gagging (n=3). All 30 children recovered within 12 hours (None Listed, 1997).

LIQUID NICOTINE

SUMMARY

Electronic cigarette solutions have mean nicotine concentration of 8.5 to 22.2 mg/mL. Refills are available in 5, 10 or 20 mL vials. Based on social media sites, it has been suggested that a typical e-cigarette smoker uses on average 2 nicotine cartridges a day which is equivalent to 40 traditional cigarettes (Lowry, 2014).
Electronic-cigarette users frequently use refill cartridges containing liquid nicotine that are available in various strengths ranging from 6 mg/mL (0.6%) to 36 mg/mL (3.6%). It is estimated that 20 drops are equal to 1 mL of solution; 1 drop of 3.6% liquid contains 1.8 mg of nicotine. A potential ingestion of 1 to 2 drops of 3.6% solution (1.8 to 3.6 mg) could produce significant symptoms in a young child (Gupta et al, 2014).

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

A 24-year-old man intentionally ingested 180 mg of liquid nicotine (one capsule) used in electronic cigarettes and developed vomiting within 10 minutes of exposure. He immediately contacted an ambulance and was admitted within 30 minutes and received 3 g of activated charcoal. The patient also reported dizziness and he had slight hypertension and tachycardia. All symptoms resolved over the next 3 hours (Eberlein et al, 2014).
A 24-year-old man was admitted with chest pain of 4 hours duration while using liquid nicotine. He had a 1-month history of using liquid tobacco containing 16 mg of nicotine daily (approximately equivalent to 1 pack of cigarettes) and prior to that he had a 4-year history of smoking one pack of cigarettes daily. An ECG showed ST segment elevation on leads DI, aVL and V1-6 with reciprocal ST segment depression and T-wave inversion on leads a VF, DII and DIII. An echocardiogram was consistent with anterior wall hypokinesis with an ejection fraction of 50%. A troponin level was 223 pg/mL (normal range: 0 to 14 pg/mL). A thrombus in the proximal left anterior descending artery was found on cardiac catheterization. Due to his age and no underlying health conditions, the patient was treated with tissue plasminogen activator which relieved his chest pain and the ECG showed a 70% resolution of ST elevation (Kivrak et al, 2014).

TODDLER

A 30-month old child was found with a nicotine refill cartridge (strength unknown) by her mother and it was uncertain if she had ingested any of the liquid. The child vomited a short time later. Upon admission, the child was asymptomatic and was observed for 6 hours and then discharged to home with no further reported symptoms (Gupta et al, 2014).

CASE SERIES

PEDIATRIC

A retrospective review was conducted to assess the clinical outcomes of children 6 years of age and less that were exposed to liquid nicotine. A total of 181 cases were identified between 2009 and 2015. Symptoms developed in 47 (26%) children. Vomiting (n=39) was the most common event, followed by drowsiness (n=8), pallor (n=6), tachycardia (n=5), hypertension (n=3), coughing/choking (n=3), agitation (n=3), oral irritation (n=2), and diaphoresis (n=2). Coma was reported in one case. In 41 cases, the onset of symptoms occurred with a mean time of 18 minutes (median time, 15 minutes). One child unexpectedly vomited 2 hours after having no symptoms. Of the 31 cases that documented the duration of symptoms, 7 were defined as brief, 13 had a duration of less than 60 minutes and 11 had symptoms for 60 minutes or longer (Wilcox & Elko, 2015).

NICOTINE GUM

Nicotine chewing gum has produced toxicity following chewing of one-half to 30 pieces in children or adults (Smolinske et al, 1988; Mensch & Holden, 1984; Rigotti & Eagle, 1986; Stewart & Catterall, 1985).

NICOTINE TRANSDERMAL PATCH

BUCCAL ABSORPTION: Severe toxicity (eg, hypertension, tachycardia, vasoconstriction) has occurred via buccal absorption of a single transdermal nicotine patch, Prostep(R); volunteers bit into the patch and retained it in their mouths for 60 seconds (Harchelroad et al, 1992).
ADULT: Simultaneous application of 12 nicotine patches (21 mg per patch) in an adult resulted in sweating, pallor, nausea, dizziness, stupor, and obtundation within 2 hours (Woolf et al, 1996).
PEDIATRIC: An 11-year-old boy placed 2 transdermal nicotine patches on his skin. He became symptomatic and recovered following a fluid bolus and atropine; he was asymptomatic within 4 hours. Children are unlikely to develop symptoms with an estimated absorbed dose of less than 0.1 mg/kg (Wain & Martin, 2004).

NICOTINE SULFATE MIST

0.2 mg/cubic meter of nicotine sulfate mist is considered the minimal concentration for poisoning (ACGIH, 1986).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS54-11-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nicotine
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nicotine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

NICOTINE
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)CATTLE:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)HORSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)PRIMATE:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRADUODENAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (RECTAL)HUMAN:
Nicotine sulfate
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS54-11-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Nicotine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): GI dam; CNS impair; card impair
Molecular Weight: 162.23

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS54-11-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS54-11-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Nicotine
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Nicotine
Table Z-1 for Nicotine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nicotine, & salts
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-, & salts
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Nicotine, & salts
P or U series number: P075
Footnote:
Listed as: Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-, & salts
P or U series number: P075
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nicotine
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS54-11-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Nicotine and salts
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS54-11-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS54-11-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Pyridine, 3-[(2S)-1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1654 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1654
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3144 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, liquid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, liquid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3144
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: A4

A4: Liquids having an inhalation toxicity of Packing Group I are not permitted on aircraft.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, liquid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, liquid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3144
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, liquid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, liquid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3144
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1655 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, solid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1655
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB7, IP1, T6, TP33

IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, solid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1655
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine compounds, solid, n.o.s. or Nicotine preparations, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1655
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1658 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine sulfate, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1658
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nicotine sulfate, solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1658
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3445 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1654 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine
UN Number: 1654

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3144 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine compound, liquid, n.o.s.
UN Number: 3144
Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine preparation, liquid, n.o.s.
UN Number: 3144

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1655 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine compound, solid, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1655
Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine preparation, solid, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1655

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1658 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine sulphate, solid
UN Number: 1658
Proper Shipping Name: Nicotine sulphate solution
UN Number: 1658

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3445 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS54-11-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nicotine
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1991)
Inert Atmosphere: No requirement (CHRIS , 1991)
Venting: Pressure-vacuum (CHRIS , 1991)
Storage: Keep in well-ventilated area (CHRIS , 1991)
Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 1987).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing designed for this chemical. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 54-11-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 2

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 110
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 312
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 450
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.14
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 450
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.14
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >420
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Nicotine has a LOW fire potential when exposed to heat and flame (HSDB , 1991).
- Normal fire fighting procedures may be used (HSDB , 1991).
- When nicotine is heated, highly toxic gases and particulates are emitted (HSDB , 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS54-11-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nicotine
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS54-11-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nicotine
Extinguishing Method(s): 2, 5

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

NFPA Flammability Hazard Identification: 1 (NFPA, 1991)

Materials have to be preheated before ignition can occur (HSDB , 1991).

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for Nicotine: 2 & 5 (NFPA, 1991)

WATER may be ineffective on fire (CHRIS , 1991). Use water in flooding quantities as a fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective (AAR, 1987).

Apply water from as far a distance as possible, and use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 1987). Water can be used to cool exposed containers (CHRIS , 1991).

If material is not on fire, keep away from sparks, flames and other sources of ignition (AAR, 1987).

Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Fire may produce NOx gases, carbon monoxide and other toxic vapors and particulates. Runoff from fire control water may give off poisonous gas (AAR, 1987; HSDB , 1991).
- HIGHLY toxic gases and particulates are imminent (EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1991).
- EXTREMELY Hazardous. DO NOT ENTER (OHM/TADS , 1991).
- Smoke may contain toxic vapors of unburned nicotine (CHRIS , 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

There is a MODERATE explosion hazard when nicotine is exposed to heat or flame (EPA, 1985).

Cool exposed containers with water (CHRIS , 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

With a vapor pressure of 1 mmHg at 61 degrees F (Sax & Lewis, 1989), nicotine is not very volatile, so exposure via inhalation would be minimal. However, the material will become volatile when heated. Nicotine is available as a dust and would be available for absorption through the skin and as an inhalation hazard.

Smoke may contain toxic vapors of unburned nicotine (CHRIS , 1991).
NFPA Health Hazard Identification: 4 (NFPA, 1991)

REACTIVITY HAZARD

NFPA Reactivity Hazard Identification = 0 (NFPA, 1991)

Materials which in themselves are normally stable even under fire conditions and which are not reactive with water.

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, strong acids (Sittig, 1985)

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Notify local air authority and national agricultural chemicals association for more specific emergency handling information (OHM/TADS , 1991).

If material is leaking and not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind area based on the amount spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS54-11-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS54-11-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nicotine (Pyridine, (S)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 3.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS54-11-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS54-11-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Ventilate area (HSDB , 1991).
For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a vapor hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear hood ductwork (HSDB , 1991).
Mix into sand-soda ash mixture in paper box, add quantities of waste paper, wood or excelsior, burn in incinerator (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Dissolve in flammable solvent and spray into firebox of incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber (OHM/TADS , 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Spread over with a 9:1 mixture of sand and soda ash. After mixing, transfer into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in furnace and stand or position oneself on upwind side (ITI, 1988).
Carbon or peat may be used as sorbents (OHM/TADS , 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Spread over with a 9:1 mixture of sand and soda ash. After mixing, transfer into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in furnace and stand or position oneself on upwind side (ITI, 1988).
Carbon or peat may be used as sorbents (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Seek professional environmental engineering assistance through EPA's Environmental Response Team, Edison, NJ; 24-hour NO. 201-321-6660 (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Dissolve nicotine in a combustible solvent as alcohol. Spray (atomize) the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber (HSDB , 1991; ITI, 1988).
- INCINERATION:
At the time of the review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

AIR POLLUTION: High (OHM/TADS , 1991)

WATER POLLUTION: Harmful To Aquatic Life In Low Concentrations (CHRIS , 1991).

FOOD CHAIN: BIOCONCENTRATION POTENTIAL - None (CHRIS , 1991)

A total of 92 randomly selected airline flights were monitored during 1989 for levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and other pollutants in cabin environments. These included 69 smoking flights and 23 nonsmoking flights. Particle and nicotine concentrations were highest in the smoking section and slightly higher in the boundary region. CO2 levels were sufficiently high and humidity levels were sufficiently low to pose potential comfort problems to passengers (Nagda et al, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- FOOD CHAIN: BIOCONCENTRATION POTENTIAL - NONE (CHRIS , 1991)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

AQUATIC TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY (OHM/TADS , 1991):

LC - (WATER) Labeo rohita: 4 ppm for 168H
TC - (WATER) Labeo rohita: 1 ppm for 168H -- Toxic; narcotic
TC - (WATER) Pontius soohore: 1 ppm for 168H -- Narcotic
NOEL - (WATER) Renatra filiformis: 40 ppm for 168H
NOEL - (WATER) Dytiscus sp.: 400 ppm for 168H

WATERFOWL TOXICITY: LD50 = 587 mg/kg

HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS (CHRIS , 1991).

NAS Hazard Rating for Bulk Water Transportation - 3 (HIGH) (CHRIS , 1991)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

162.23

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

TASTE: Sharp, burning taste (Lewis, 1996)

ODOR: Develops odor of pyridine (Budvari, 1996).

COLOR: Nicotine is a colorless liquid that browns on contact with air and with age (OHM/TADS, 1997; Lewis, 1996).

Thick, waterwhite alkaloid (pale yellow to dark brown) from tobacco, levorotatory oil turning brown on exposure to air (Lewis, 1996).

Nicotine sulfate is a six-sided non-medicinal tablet or a white to light brown, odorless, crystalline solid. Liquid nicotine sulfate is a colorless, tobacco-odored solution of the crystals. Nicotine sulfate has a burning taste (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1997; OHM/TADS, 1997).

Nicotine is also available as medicinal gum, trans-dermal patches, and nasal spray and is readily absorbed from the tobacco leaf by agricultural workers and by users of tobacco and snuff.

Physical state at 15 degrees C and 1 ATM: Solid (CHRIS, 1997).

SNUFF: 7.8 to 8.2

NICOTINE GUM: 8.5

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 61.8 degrees F) (Lewis, 1996)

0.0425 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997)

0.08 mmHg (NIOSH, 1997)

100 mmHg (at 169.5 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 1997)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 1.00924 (Lewis, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-79 degrees C (-110 degrees F) (EPA, 1985)

BOILING POINT

250 degrees C (at 1 atm) (CHRIS, 1997)

246.7 degrees C (at 745 mmHg) (HSDB, 1997)

FLASH POINT

203 degrees F (NIOSH, 1997)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

244 degrees C (NFPA, 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.7% (NIOSH, 1997)

UPPER

4.0% (NIOSH, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Miscible with water below 60 degrees C (HSDB, 1997; NIOSH, 1997)
On mixing nicotine with water the volume contracts (HSDB, 1997).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

VERY SOLUBLE in alcohol, chloroform ether, pertoleum ether, and kerosene oils (HSDB, 1997; (Lewis, 1993).

OTHER

Nicotine forms salts in mineral acids (OHM/TADS, 1997).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.6 X 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.01 eV (NIOSH, 1997)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

20 dynes/cm = 0.020 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (est) (CHRIS, 1997)

VISCOSITY

Nicotine becomes viscous on exposure to air (HSDB, 1997)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents