NICKEL SULFATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4963372 (Nickel sulfate - copper refinery, crude)
4966368

MOLECULAR FORMULA

O4-S.Ni

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1994; OHM/TADS , 1994; RTECS , 1994)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

It is used as a mordant in dyeing and printing fabrics; blackening zinc and brass; as an electrolyte for nickel electroplating, as an electrolyte for nickel electrorefining; as a metal salt in electrodeless nickel plating; as a chemical intermediate for other nickel compounds; as a catalyst for oxygen generation from peroxides; as a nickel strike solution; as a fungicide, for control of rust and rust-like disease; and for manufacture of nickel ammonium sulfate, coatings, and ceramics (Lewis, 1993; HSDB , 1994).
It is used in plating baths and also as an intermediate in the production of nickel ammonium sulfate and nickel carbonate, which are also used in nickel plating. It is used as an intermediate for depositing nickel carbonate on catalyst substances and as the principal intermediate for manufacture of organic nickel salts (HSDB , 1994).

FORMS

Nickel sulfate forms yellow-green crystals, blue or emerald-green crystals, and green crystals (Lewis, 1993).
Nickel sulfate exists in hydrated and anhydrous forms. The hexahydrate exists in two known phases. The alpha form exists as blue to blue-green tetragonal crystals. Transition to the beta form occurs at 53.3 degrees C. The beta form, green transparent crystals, is stable at 40 degrees C and becomes blue and opaque at room temperature. It loses 5 water molecules at about 100 degrees C. The greenish yellow anhydrous salt is formed at 280 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Metallic nickel and some nickel compounds cause sensitization dermatitis. Nickel refining has been associated with an increased risk of nasal and lung cancer.

Nickel refinery workers chronically inhale high concentrations of soluble nickel compounds (including nickel sulfate), producing severe damage to the nasal mucosa with possible perforations of the nasal septum and loss of the sense of smell.

At lower exposures commonly experienced by workers, irritation of either the upper or lower respiratory tract does not appear to be a problem. Occasional reports of asthma are associated with plating exposures to nickel sulfate mist. Loefler's syndrome has been associated with nickel sensitivity.

The principal concern about occupational nickel exposure is the risk of nasal and lung cancers.

Most studies have looked at refinery workers exposed to complex particulates (insoluble nickel sulfide dust; nickel oxides; soluble nickel sulfate, nitrate, or chloride) and gaseous nickel carbonyl. Studies in several countries have shown an excess risk of lung, paranasal sinus, and laryngeal cancers.
Increased risk of gastric carcinomas and soft-tissue sarcomas has been noted in Russian refinery workers. Excess renal cancers have been reported in Canadian electrolytic refinery workers.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

The treatment of nickel toxicity centers on terminating the exposure and, possibly, chelation of the nickel. Other treatments are symptomatic and supportive.

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Following ingestion, measures to decrease absorption may be useful if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

Experimental CHELATING AGENTS include Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) (the preferred chelating agent in the literature) and Disulfiram. The agents are for hospital therapy and are NOT approved for this use by the FDA. REFER to NICKEL MEDITEXT (TM) Medical Management for more information.
The initial phase of nickel carbonyl poisoning (may be released from nickel sulfate in fires) can be deceptively benign, even with significant inhalation exposure.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Ingestion of water contaminated with nickel sulfate and chloride (1.63 g Ni/L) by thirty-two workers in an electroplating plant resulted in symptoms in twenty of the workers.

The symptoms included nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, giddiness, lassitude, headache, cough, and shortness of breath. Symptoms typically lasted a few hours, but persisted 1 to 2 days in 7 cases.
The Ni doses in workers with symptoms were estimated to range from 0.5 to 2.5 g.
All subjects recovered rapidly, without evident sequelae, and returned to work by the eighth day after exposure (Sunderman et al, 1988).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7786-81-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Nickel sulfate

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: Nickel sulfate

Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1994
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7786-81-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7786-81-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7786-81-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nickel sulfate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7786-81-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7786-81-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7786-81-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7786-81-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage at ambient temperature (CHRIS , 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear protective gloves and clothing and avoid skin contact with nickel sulfate (Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

When working with powders or dust, wear dust-proof goggles unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Use a MSHA/NIOSH approved full facepiece respirator with a high efficiency particulate filter when potential exists for exposures over 0.015 mg/m(3). Powered-air purifying respirators provide greater protection. Check particulate filters daily for physical damage such as rips or tears, and replace as necessary (Sittig, 1991).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7786-81-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Nickel sulfate is not flammable (CHRIS , 1994).
When heated to decomposition, nickel sulfate emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).
Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel (HSDB , 1994).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7786-81-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7786-81-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, nickel sulfate emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).
Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel (HSDB , 1994).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, nickel sulfate emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel (HSDB , 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, nickel sulfate emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel (HSDB , 1994).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7786-81-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7786-81-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nickel sulfate (Nickel(II) sulfate)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.264
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.791
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.32
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 26.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7786-81-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7786-81-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL: Recovery of nickel can be accomplished by ion exchange. Ion exchange treatment requires waste stream segregation, particularly in the presence of cyanide, in order that the nickel regenerant can be recovered by precipitation. Cation/anion exchange has been used to treat nickel sulfate plating. Complete nickel removal was reported (HSDB , 1994).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

IN SITU AMELIORATION: Add lime to precipitate NI(OH)2. Apply cation exchangers. Seek professional environmental engineering assistance through EPA's Environmental Response Team (ERT), Edison, NJ, 24-Hour No. 201-321-6660 (OHM/TADS , 1994).
DISPOSAL METHOD: Add to large volume of water. Stir in light excess soda ash. Add slaked lime in presence of fluoride, decant and neutralize in second container with 6M HCl. Route to sewage plant. Landfill sludge (OHM/TADS , 1994).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

AIR: Nickel salts are considered an industrial health hazard because many nickel compounds are released into the atmosphere during mining, smelting, and refining operations (HSDB , 1994).

WATER: Because of its widespread use in plating baths, nickel sulfate may appear as a water pollutant in industrial areas where such baths are discarded or their parts washed after the plating operation (HSDB , 1994).

AQUATIC FATE: The mobility of nickel in the aquatic environment is controlled largely by the capability of various sorbents to scavenge it from solution. Although data are limited, it appears that in pristine environments, hydrous oxides of iron and manganese control nickel's mobility via coprecipitation and sorption. In polluted environments, the more prevalent organic material will keep nickel soluble. In reducing environments, insoluble nickel sulfide may be formed. Although nickel is bioaccumulated, the concentration factors are such that partitioning into the biota is not a dominant fate process. Nickel is one of the most mobile of the heavy metals in the aquatic environment (HSDB , 1994).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Nickel is bioaccumulated; however, the concentration factors are such that partitioning into biota is not a dominant fate process (HSDB , 1994).
Fish can accumulate nickel from food and water. Levels up to 13 mg/kg were measured in pike and pickerel (HSDB , 1994).
Although aquatic organisms may accumulate nickel from their surroundings, there is little evidence for significant biomagnification of nickel levels along food chains (HSDB , 1994).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Six strains of algae and one Euglena species were tested for their ability to bioaccumulate nickel. The cyanobacteria tested were more sensitive to nickel toxicity than the green algae or the Euglena species. The concentration factor for nickel was determined under a variety of conditions and in the range 0-3.0x10(3). The effect of environmental variables on nickel uptake was examined, and a striking pH effect for bioaccumulation was observed, with most of the algae strains accumulating nickel optimally at approximate pH 8.0 (HSDB , 1994).
- Aquatic plants can extract nickel from water and concentrate it to 10(3) to 10(4) mg/kg dry weight (HSDB , 1994).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Six strains of algae and one Euglena species were tested for their ability to bioaccumulate nickel. The cyanobacteria tested were more sensitive to nickel toxicity than the green algae or the Euglena species. The concentration factor for nickel was determined under a variety of conditions and in the range 0-3.0x10(3). The effect of environmental variables on nickel uptake was examined, and a striking pH effect for bioaccumulation was observed, with most of the algae strains accumulating nickel optimally at approximate pH 8.0 (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

AQUATIC TOXICITY VALUES (OHM/TADS , 1994)

LC50 (96 hr) ACRONEURIA: 33.5 ppm as Ni (Static, sulfate)
TLM (96 hr) RAINBOW TROUT: 160 ppm (Tempcon.)
LC50 (96 hr) EPHEMERELLA: 4 ppm as Ni (Static sulfate)
TLM (48 hr) BROWN TROUT: 270 ppm (Temperature controlled)
LC50 (336 hr) HYDROPSYCHE: 64 ppm as Ni (Static sulfate)
TLM (48 hr) BROOK TROUT: 242 ppm (Temperature controlled)
LC50 (48 hr) RAINBOW TROUT: 302 ppm as Ni (Static)
TLM (48 hr) LAKE TROUT: 75 ppm (Temperature controlled)
LC50 (96 hr) FATHEAD MINNOW: 27 to 32 ppm as Ni (Static chloride, hard)
TLM (48 hr) CHANNEL CATS: 165 ppm (Temperature controlled)
No effect (11 mo) FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.38 ppm as Ni (Flow through, chloride, hard)
TLM (48 hr) BLUEGILL: 495 ppm (Temperature controlled)
TLM (24 hr) BANDED KILLIFISH: 63.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) ACRONEURIA: 33.5 ppm
TLM (24 hr) BANDED KILLIFISH: 50.8 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) EPHEMERELLA: 4.0 ppm as Ni
TLM (96 hr) BANDED KILLIFISH: 46.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (24 hr) STRIPED BASS: 10 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (48 hr) STRIPED BASS: 8.4 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) STRIPED BASS: 6.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (24 hr) PUMPKIN SEED: 16.4 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (48 hr) PUMPKIN SEED: 12 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) PUMPKIN SEED: 8.1 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (24 hr) WHITE PERCH: 18.4 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (48 hr) WHITE PERCH: 16.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) WHITE PERCH: 13.6 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (24 hr) AMERICAN EEL: 14 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (48 hr) AMERICAN EEL: 13.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) AMERICAN EEL: 13 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (24 hr) CARP: 38.2 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (48 hr) CARP: 29.1 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
TLM (96 hr) CARP: 10.6 ppm as Ni (Hudson River)
KILLED (49 hr) STICKLEBACK: 50 ppm

SALTWATER TOXICITY VALUES (OHM/TADS , 1994)

LC50 (48 hr) PRAWN: 13.9 ppm (Aerated)
LC50 (48 hr) SHRIMP: 125 ppm (Aerated)
LC50 (48 hr) COCKLE: Greater than 500 ppm (Aerated)
LC50 (48 hr) CRAB: 255 ppm (Aerated)
LC50 (48 hr) OYSTER: 100 to 150 ppm (Aerated)

OTHER (HSDB , 1994)

LC50 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) 14-day-old Greater than 5000 ppm (5-day diet)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

154.77 (Budavari, 1989)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Nickel sulfate exists in hydrated and anhydrous forms. The hexahydrate exists in two known phases. The alpha form exists as blue to blue-green tetragonal crystals. Transition to the beta form occurs at 53.3 degrees C. The beta form, green transparent crystals, is stable at 40 degrees C and becomes blue and opaque at room temperature. It loses 5 water molecules at about 100 degrees C. The greenish yellow anhydrous salt is formed at 280 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

odorless (CHRIS , 1994)

sweet astringent taste (Budavari, 1989)

approximately 4.5 (aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

Hexahydrate: 103 degrees C (loses 6 H20) (HSDB , 1994)

FLASH POINT

Not Flammable (CHRIS , 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Flammable (CHRIS , 1994)

UPPER

Not Flammable (CHRIS , 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

All of the sulfates are soluble in water (Lewis, 1993).
38.990 lb/100 lb (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 1994)
29.3 g/100 cc (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB , 1994)
83.7 g/100 cc (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 1994)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

NiSO4.6H20 and NiSO4.7H20 are soluble in alcohol (Lewis, 1993).
NiSO4 is insoluble in alcohol and ether (Lewis, 1993).
Methanol: 0.11% (at 35 degrees C) (HSDB , 1994)
Ethanol: 0.02% (at 35 degrees C) (HSDB , 1994)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

Green, rhombic: 1.467, 1.489, 1.492 (HSDB , 1994)
Blue, tetragonal (alpha form): 1.581
Green, monoclinic (beta form): 1.487

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NICKEL SULFATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents