NICKEL CARBONYL

It is used as a catalyst or reagent in organic synthesis and chemical manufacture, used in glass plating, a chemical intermediate for the manufacture and refining of high purity nickel (Mond process), and used for vapor plating in other metallurgical and electronic industries. It is also used in continuous nickel coatings on steel and other metals (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

FORMS

Nickel carbonyl is a colorless, volatile liquid which oxidizes in air; exposure often occurs to the vapor or gas (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

SOURCES

It is formed by passing carbon monoxide over fine, divided nickel (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Nickel carbonyl is a nickel compound used as a chemical reagent that is toxic by inhalation. It is an intermediate in nickel refining. Exposure often occurs to vapor or gas. It is used as a catalyst or reagent in organic synthesis and chemical manufacture, used in glass plating, a chemical intermediate for the manufacture and refining of high purity nickel (Mond process), and used for vapor plating in other metallurgical and electronic industries. It is also used in continuous nickel coatings on steel and other metals.

TOXICOLOGY: Nickel carbonyl is an extremely toxic gas which can produce significant but delayed effects. Most poisonings involve inhalation with or without dermal exposure. Animal studies have found that the pulmonary parenchyma is the target tissue for nickel carbonyl toxicity regardless of route of exposure. Type I alveolar cells are principally affected, but type II alveolar cells are also damaged as a direct effect of nickel carbonyl. The cause of most deaths has been attributed chiefly to impaired gas exchange in the lungs secondary to the parenchymal tissue damage. Nickel carbonyl inhibits numerous enzyme activities and disrupts other pathways involved in RNA synthesis.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure are rare, but fatalities have been reported following inadvertent exposures.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD EXPOSURE: INHALATION: Chronic low dose inhalational exposure can result in asthma. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates or fibrosis can be seen on chest radiograph. DERMAL: Contact of the liquid with the skin may produce adverse effects. There is little information concerning dermal exposure in the absence of inhalational exposure; it is unknown if systemic effects might develop. OCULAR: Severe irritation or damage to the eyes can occur from vapor exposure. INGESTION: Although ingestion reportedly may result in toxicity, no cases of ingestion have been found and ingestion is highly unlikely.
SEVERE EXPOSURE: INHALATION: Nickel carbonyl is a severe pulmonary irritant which is rapidly absorbed following inhalation. Immediate effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, paresthesias, chest tightness, cough and chest pain. These effects usually subside once the victim is in fresh air, although more severe effects may develop over the next few days. Delayed effects generally occur 12 to 36 hours postexposure in patients with severe poisoning, but may be delayed longer to as long as 5 or more days after exposure and can include weakness, myalgias, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, fever, tachypnea, hoarseness, cyanosis, hypoxemia, gastrointestinal disturbances and pneumonitis. In severe cases, delirium, CNS depression, seizures, transaminitis, acute lung injury and seizures may develop. Toxic myocarditis and dysrhythmias occasionally occur. EEG abnormalities have been reported in nickel carbonyl workers. Late changes involve pulmonary edema and interstitial fibrosis. Severe irritation or damage to the eyes can occur from exposure. In fatal exposures, death has occurred within 3 to 13 days of exposure. Recovery from acute exposure may require several months.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Nickel carbonyl is a nickel compound used as a chemical reagent that is toxic by inhalation. It is an intermediate in nickel refining.Exposure often occurs to vapor or gas. It is used as a catalyst or reagent in organic synthesis and chemical manufacture, used in glass plating, a chemical intermediate for the manufacture and refining of high purity nickel (Mond process), and used for vapor plating in other metallurgical and electronic industries. It is also used in continuous nickel coatings on steel and other metals.
TOXICOLOGY: Nickel carbonyl is an extremely toxic gas which can produce significant but delayed effects. Most poisonings involve inhalation with or without dermal exposure. Animal studies have found that the pulmonary parenchyma is the target tissue for nickel carbonyl toxicity regardless of route of exposure. Type I alveolar cells are principally affected, but type II alveolar cells are also damaged as a direct effect of nickel carbonyl. The cause of most deaths has been attributed chiefly to impaired gas exchange in the lungs secondary to the parenchymal tissue damage. Nickel carbonyl inhibits numerous enzyme activities and disrupts other pathways involved in RNA synthesis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure are rare, but fatalities have been reported following inadvertent exposures.
MILD EXPOSURE: INHALATION: Chronic low dose inhalational exposure can result in asthma. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates or fibrosis can be seen on chest radiograph. DERMAL: Contact of the liquid with the skin may produce adverse effects. There is little information concerning dermal exposure in the absence of inhalational exposure; it is unknown if systemic effects might develop. OCULAR: Severe irritation or damage to the eyes can occur from vapor exposure. INGESTION: Although ingestion reportedly may result in toxicity, no cases of ingestion have been found and ingestion is highly unlikely.
SEVERE EXPOSURE: INHALATION: Nickel carbonyl is a severe pulmonary irritant which is rapidly absorbed following inhalation. Immediate effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, paresthesias, chest tightness, cough and chest pain. These effects usually subside once the victim is in fresh air, although more severe effects may develop over the next few days. Delayed effects generally occur 12 to 36 hours postexposure in patients with severe poisoning, but may be delayed longer to as long as 5 or more days after exposure and can include weakness, myalgias, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, fever, tachypnea, hoarseness, cyanosis, hypoxemia, gastrointestinal disturbances and pneumonitis. In severe cases, delirium, CNS depression, seizures, transaminitis, acute lung injury and seizures may develop. Toxic myocarditis and dysrhythmias occasionally occur. EEG abnormalities have been reported in nickel carbonyl workers. Late changes involve pulmonary edema and interstitial fibrosis. Severe irritation or damage to the eyes can occur from exposure. In fatal exposures, death has occurred within 3 to 13 days of exposure. Recovery from acute exposure may require several months.

PHASES OF POISONING

Nickel carbonyl poisoning proceeds in three phases. In the early stage there are headache, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, and a feeling of chest constriction. Up to 5 days after exposure to high doses, serious delayed effects become apparent, which include chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, cyanosis, enlarged liver, decreased liver function, and fever. The final stage is characterized by delirium and convulsions; death can occur from pneumonitis or cerebral hemorrhage or edema (Kotzing, 1933; ILO, 1983).
Paralysis of the diaphragm and abnormal lung X-ray findings were noted in one case of acute occupational exposure. While the diaphragmatic paralysis eventually resolved, the lungs were still abnormal as much as 7 years after exposure (Zhdaneyeva, 1970).
Lethal overexposures have resulted in damage to the lungs, liver, brain, kidney, adrenals, and spleen (ACGIH, 1986). The pattern of acute poisoning is similar to that seen with CARBON MONOXIDE, although there may also be a NICKEL component. Carbon monoxide tenaciously binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells, forming carboxyhemoglobin.
Nickel carbonyl can damage the LUNGS in rats, regardless of the route of exposure (Sunderman & Hackett, 1966).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Nickel is a dermal sensitizer, with about 5% to 10% of the population being capable of developing contact allergic dermatitis to nickel.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Ingestion of nickel carbonyl is UNLIKELY, because exposures are usually to the gas. Ingestion would most likely occur in persons having direct access to cylinders of condensed nickel carbonyl.

DILUTION

If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).

INHALATION

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

DERMAL

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims.
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Initial symptoms of nausea, vertigo, headache, and dyspnea may improve once the patient is moved to fresh air or receives oxygen. Do not be deceived; significant or even fatal effects may develop within 12 hours to 5 days.
All patients with significant exposure should be admitted to a hospital and carefully observed and treated for possible delayed effects.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Administer 100% oxygen to counteract carbon monoxide formed in the body.
Initial symptoms of nausea, vertigo, headache, and dyspnea may improve once the patient is moved to fresh air or receives oxygen. Do not be deceived; significant or even fatal effects may develop within 12 hours to 5 days.
All patients with significant exposure should be admitted to a hospital and carefully observed and treated for possible delayed effects.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Nickel carbonyl can be systemically absorbed through the eye.
Initial symptoms of nausea, vertigo, headache, and dyspnea may improve once the patient is moved to fresh air or receives oxygen. Do not be deceived; significant or even fatal effects may develop within 12 hours to 5 days.
All patients with significant exposure should be admitted to a hospital and carefully observed and treated for possible delayed effects.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Ingestion of nickel carbonyl is unlikely, because exposures are usually to the gas. Ingestion would be most likely to occur in persons having direct access to cylinders of condensed nickel carbonyl.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Administer 100% oxygen to counteract carbon monoxide formed in the body.
Initial symptoms of nausea, vertigo, headache, and dyspnea may improve once the patient is moved to fresh air or receives oxygen. Do not be deceived; significant or even fatal effects may develop within 12 hours to 5 days.
All patients with significant exposure should be admitted to a hospital and carefully observed and treated for possible delayed effects.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

INHALATION: It has been estimated that inhalation of 30 ppm may be lethal to humans exposed for 30 minutes (AIHA, 1968; Vuopala et al, 1970; Hathaway et al, 1996; Harbison, 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13463-39-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Nickel carbonyl, as Ni
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Nickel carbonyl

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Nickel carbonyl

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Nickel carbonyl

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13463-39-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Under Study

Nickel carbonyl

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Nickel carbonyl, as Ni

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Lung and nasal cancer
Molecular Weight: 170.73

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS13463-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13463-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
REL:

TWA: 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl (as Ni)
Table Z-1 for Nickel carbonyl (as Ni):

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.001

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.007

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:150

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4, (T-4)-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
P or U series number: P073
Footnote:
Listed as: Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4, (T-4)-
P or U series number: P073
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Nickel Carbonyl
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS13463-39-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS13463-39-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Nickel carbonyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Nickel tetracarbonyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS13463-39-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), (T-4)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1259 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Nickel carbonyl

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1259
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 1

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 198
Bulk packaging: None

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 18, 40

18: Prohibited on any vessel carrying explosives (except explosives in Division 1.4, Compatibility group S).
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1259 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Nickel carbonyl
UN Number: 1259

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS13463-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nickel Carbonyl
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 3

(3) Materials which in themselves are capable of detonation but which require a strong initiating source, or which must be heated first. This rating includes materials which are shock sensitive at elevated temperatures, and which react explosively with water without requiring heat.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and special protective clothing designed for this chemical (NFPA, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 13463-39-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.04
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Nickel carbonyl is flammable over a wide range of vapor-air concentrations (AAR, 1987).
- Nickel carbonyl burns with a yellow flame (HSDB , 1991).
Lower explosive limit: 2% (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Flash point: less than minus 4 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)
If fire becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third mile radius (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS13463-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nickel Carbonyl
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS13463-39-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Nickel Carbonyl
Extinguishing Method(s): 4

4: "Water may ineffective, except as a blanket" applies if a liquid has a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), the specific gravity is 1.1 or greater, and the liquid is not water soluble. In this case, water should be gently applied as a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Nickel carbonyl oxidizes in the air and explodes at about 60 degrees C (Budavari, 1989).

Air mixtures may explode at 20 degrees C and at partial pressures of 15 mmHg (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Nickel carbonyl forms an explosive reaction with liquid bromine; mercury + oxygen; oxygen + butane (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Nickel carbonyl forms a violent reaction with either dinitrogen tetraoxide or air or oxygen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Nickel carbonyl reacts with tetrachloropropadiene to form the extremely sensitive explosive dicarbonyl trichloropropenyl dinickel chloride dimer (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Nickel carbonyl forms an explosive reaction with oxygen + silver; and oxygen + sodium (ITI, 1988).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air (HSDB , 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Nickel carbonyl can react with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 1996).

Nickel carbonyl rapidly volatilizes at room temperature (HSDB , 2000).

Nickel carbonyl emits highly toxic fumes of carbon monoxide when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes (Lewis, 1996).

Nickel carbonyl oxidizes in the air and explodes at about 60 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

Air mixtures may explode at 20 degrees C and at partial pressures of 15 mmHg (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

Liquid bromine; mercury + oxygen; and oxygen + butane will cause an explosive reaction when mixed with nickel carbonyl (Lewis, 1996).

A violent reaction will occur when dinitrogen tetraoxide, air, or oxygen is mixed with nickel carbonyl (Lewis, 1996).

Nickel carbonyl reacts with tetrachloropropadiene to form the extremely sensitive explosive dicarbonyl trichloropropenyl dinickel chloride dimer (Lewis, 1996).

Nickel carbonyl forms an explosive reaction with oxygen + silver; and oxygen + sodium (ITI, 1988).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1259 - Nickel carbonyl

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 500 meters (1600 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.7 kilometers (2.9 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 9.8 kilometers (6.1 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third mile radius (AAR, 1987).

If material is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS13463-39-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS13463-39-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Nickel carbonyl
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.003
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.005
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.036
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.16
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS13463-39-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of the lack of available data. Absence of an AEGL-1 does not imply that exposure below the AEGL-2 is without adverse effects.
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of the lack of available data. Absence of an AEGL-1 does not imply that exposure below the AEGL-2 is without adverse effects.
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of the lack of available data. Absence of an AEGL-1 does not imply that exposure below the AEGL-2 is without adverse effects.
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of the lack of available data. Absence of an AEGL-1 does not imply that exposure below the AEGL-2 is without adverse effects.
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.1 ppm
mg/m3: 0.69 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.072 ppm
mg/m3: 0.5 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.036 ppm
mg/m3: 0.25 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.009 ppm
mg/m3: 0.063 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0045 ppm
mg/m3: 0.031 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Nickel carbonyl
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.46 ppm
mg/m3: 3.2 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.32 ppm
mg/m3: 2.2 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.16 ppm
mg/m3: 1.1 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.04 ppm
mg/m3: 0.27 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS13463-39-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1991)
Nickel carbonyl is a poor candidate for incineration (HSDB , 1991).
For small quantities of nickel carbonyl, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device (HSDB , 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Nickel carbonyl is generally encountered in industry as a vapor (boiling point of the liquid is 43 degrees C) that is rapidly absorbed after inhalation. Exposure also occurs from tobacco smoke, which has been found to contain an average of approximately 3.5 ppm of nickel carbonyl (Baselt, 1988).

Nickel carbonyl is generated and released into the atmosphere as a product of fossil fuel. Inadvertent formation of nickel carbonyl can occur in various industrial processes that use nickel catalysts, such as coal gasification, petroleum refining and hydrogenation of fats and oils (HSDB , 1991).

The occupational hazards from nickel can be grouped into those leading to dermatitis, those from acute exposure to nickel carbonyl, and the problems of lung and sinus cancer from inhalation of nickel dusts and compounds (Finkel, 1983).

Nickel carbonyl is the most toxic of all the nickel compounds encountered, but because of its relatively short half-life it does not seem to represent any actual biohazard from the standpoint of environmental pollution (Bencko, 1983).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- TERRESTRIAL FATE: The removal of nickel carbonyl by precipitation or by adsorption on surfaces has not been documented. Since this compound is soluble in water, precipitation scavenging is possible. Nothing is known about its reaction with natural surfaces or its uptake by vegetation. Thus, dry deposition rates cannot be predicted until some experimental investigations have been conducted (HSDB , 1991).
- ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The only gaseous nickel compound of environmental importance is nickel carbonyl. Optimum conditions for its formation occur when carbon monoxide, under high partial pressure, contacts an active form of nickel in the temperature range of 50 to 150 degrees C. Under ambient conditions in moist air, it decomposes to form nickel carbonate. Thus, in the atmosphere at concentrations near the part-per-billion level, it has a half-life of about 30 minutes (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information on the environmental toxicity of nickel carbonyl was found in available references at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

170.75

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Nickel carbonyl is a volatile, colorless to yellow liquid or gas with a characteristic odor described as musty or sooty (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996) AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 2000).

Nickel carbonyl can be found as colorless needles (HSDB , 2000).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

400 mmHg (at 25.8 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989; EPA, 1985)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.318 g/mL (at 17 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-19.3 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989)
-25 degrees C (NFPA, 1991)
-13 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

BOILING POINT

43 degrees C (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

FLASH POINT

< -4 degrees C (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

< -24 degrees C; < -4 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

60 degrees C; 140 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2% (at 20 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989; NFPA, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Nickel carbonyl is soluble in about 5000 parts water free from air (Budavari, 1996).
0.018 g/100 cc (at 9.8 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Nickel carbonyl is soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

OTHER

Nickel carbonyl is soluble in concentrated nitric acid (Lewis, 1997).
It is insoluble in dilute acids and dilute alkalies (HSDB , 2000).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.5 atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1-3 ppm (CHRIS , 2000; ACGIH, 1991)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

approximately 30 atm (Budavari, 1996)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

approximately 200 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

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NICKEL CARBONYL

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents