NAPHTHALENE

Naphthalene is used as a chemical intermediate for production of indigo and other dyes as well as in naphthyl and naphthol derivatives, hydrogenated and halogenated naphthalenes, chlorinated naphthalene, "Tertalin," "Decalin," phthalic anhydride, and anthroquinone. It is also used in the manufacture of insecticides, fungicides, wood preservatives, tanning chemicals, synthetic resins, lubricants, lampblack, annointing oils, celluloid, and smokeless powder. It has been used commonly as a moth repellent and as an ingredient in air fresheners and toilet bowl deodorizers (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).
Naphthalene is also used in scintillation counters, as emulsion breakers, and in explosives. It has been used in veterinary medicine as a dusting powder, intestinal antiseptic, vermicide, and for lice control in poultry and livestock. Pharmaceutical uses for naphthalene include: a topical and intestinal antiseptic, a dusting powder for skin diseases, and a antihelminthic. Naphthalene is also used to make salicyclic acid in microbial production (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002; Ostlere et al, 1988).

FORMS

Naphthalene is sold in the following forms: scales, powder, balls, cubes, cakes, spheres, and flakes (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997).
Grades are determined by melting point.

95% Pure: 176 degrees F (CHRIS, 2002)
Crude grade: 74 degrees C (minimum) (Lewis, 1997); 165-176 degrees F (CHRIS, 2002)
Refined grade: less than 79 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
Scintillation grade: 80-81 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

SOURCES

Naphthalene occurs naturally in the essential oils of the roots of Radix and Herba ononidis and crude oil (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998).
It can be manufactured by crystallizing and separating the naphthalene fraction (Ashford, 1994).
Naphthalene can also be formed by boiling coal tar oils at temperatures between 200-250 degrees C, followed by crystallization and distillation (Lewis, 1997).
Naphthalene is derived from catalytic processing of petroleum or is isolated from cracked petroleum. Naphthalene may also be formed from coke-oven emissions and from high-temperature carbonization of bituminous coal (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997).
Naphthalene is formed in cigarette smoke by pyrolysis, and is also a photodecomposition product of carbaryl, an agricultural pesticide (Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Naphthalene is found in mothballs and coal tar. It is also used as a component of petroleum and in the manufacturing of dyes, resins, fuels, and solvents.

TOXICOLOGY: Naphthalene is metabolized in the liver to alpha-naphthol, which causes oxidant stress. Oxidant stress causes hemoglobin iron to go from ferrous (2+) to ferric (3+) state. This results in methemoglobinemia. Oxidant stress can also cause heme groups and globin groups to dissociate, precipitating in the erythrocytes thus forming Heinz bodies and producing hemolysis.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Adult and pediatric exposures are uncommon and deaths or severe toxicity due to exposure are extraordinarily rare.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

TOXICITY: LOCAL EFFECTS: Naphthalene exposure may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Eye contact with the solid material may result in conjunctivitis, superficial injury to the cornea, and diminished visual acuity. Skin exposure may cause hypersensitivity dermatitis.
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS: MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Mild toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Restlessness may also develop.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe toxicity may cause lethargy, hemolysis, hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, hyperkalemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dysuria, hematuria. Hemoglobinuria can also develop. In the most severe cases, seizures, coma, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and acute lung injury may occur.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Naphthalene is metabolized in the liver to alpha-naphthol, which causes oxidant stress. Oxidant stress causes hemoglobin iron to go from ferrous (2+) to ferric (3+) state. This results in methemoglobinemia. Oxidant stress can also cause heme groups and globin groups to dissociate, precipitating in the erythrocytes thus forming Heinz bodies and producing hemolysis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Adult and pediatric exposures are uncommon and deaths or severe toxicity due to exposure are extraordinarily rare.
TOXICITY: LOCAL EFFECTS: Naphthalene exposure may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Eye contact with the solid material may result in conjunctivitis, superficial injury to the cornea, and diminished visual acuity. Skin exposure may cause hypersensitivity dermatitis.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Mild toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Restlessness may also develop.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe toxicity may cause lethargy, hemolysis, hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, hyperkalemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dysuria, hematuria. Hemoglobinuria can also develop. In the most severe cases, seizures, coma, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and acute lung injury may occur.

ACID-BASE

ACIDOSIS: Metabolic acidosis may develop in patients with acute renal failure secondary to hemolysis (Kurz, 1987; Kouri et al, 1993).

CARDIOVASCULAR

TACHYCARDIA: Tachycardia and flow murmurs secondary to acute hemolysis have been reported (Zuelzer & Apt, 1949).
CONDUCTION DISORDER OF THE HEART: Dysrhythmias secondary to hyperkalemia from hemolysis and acute renal failure have been reported in severe poisoning cases (Kurz, 1987)
HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE: Hypovolemic shock developed in a 3-year-old child with a partial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency who ingested an unknown quantity of naphthalene (Kouri et al, 1993).

DERMATOLOGIC

DERMATITIS: Erythema and dermatitis have been described and attributed to a hypersensitivity reaction (Key et al, 1977; Gosselin et al, 1984; Hathaway et al, 1996).
PALLOR: Pallor may be seen secondary to hemolytic anemia (Siegal & Wason, 1986)

FLUID ELECTROLYTE

HYPERKALEMIA: Severe toxicity has resulted in marked intravascular hemolysis and fatal hyperkalemia (Gidron & Leurer, 1956; Am Ind Hyg Assoc, 1967).
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA: Severe hemolysis and renal failure accompanied by hyperphosphatemia and mild hypocalcemia were reported in a 3-year-old child with a partial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency who ingested an unknown amount of naphthalene (Kouri et al, 1993).

GASTROINTESTINAL

NAUSEA AND VOMITING: Nausea is common after ingestion. Nausea with vomiting has been reported after ingestion and inhalational exposure (Gidron & Leurer, 1956; Zuelzer & Apt, 1949; ACGIH, 1986).
DIARRHEA: Diarrhea may occur after acute ingestion (Gidron & Leurer, 1956).
ABDOMINAL PAIN: Abdominal pain may occur after acute ingestion (Gidron & Leurer, 1956).
LOSS OF APPETITE: Anorexia has been reported after ingestion and inhalational exposure (ACGIH, 1986).

GENITOURINARY

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: Hemolysis may cause acute tubular necrosis and renal failure (Chugh et al, 1977; Schafer, 1951; Kurz, 1987).
ABNORMAL URINE: Dark brown, red, or pink urine is seen when significant hemolysis occurs (Ostrele et al, 1988);(Zuelzer & Apt, 1949).
DYSURIA: Dysuria and urinary frequency may rarely occur (Nash, 1903) (Gosselin et al, 1984).

HEENT

HEAD

FLUSHING of the face has been described following acute ingestion (Gidron & Leurer, 1956).

EYES

EXTERNAL/VAPOR EXPOSURE

IRRITATION: Irritation from naphthalene vapor occurs at airborne concentrations of 15 ppm (Robbins, 1951; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE

CATARACT: A pharmacist was given 5 g of unpurified naphthalene over 13 hours in 1900. On awakening 8 to 9 hours later, he was nearly blind. A year later, he had non-progressive zonular cataracts (Lezenius, 1902).

HEMATOLOGIC

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA: Severe hemolytic anemia has been reported following acute ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption. Development of clinically recognized hemolysis may be delayed 1 to 5 days following exposure and is typically preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms (Newns, 1949; Mackell et al, 1951; Zuelzer & Apt, 1949). Hemolysis is more common in infants and patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, sickle cell anemia, or sickle cell trait (Zuelzer & Apt, 1949; Shannon & Buchanan, 1982; Zinkham & Childs, 1958).

GLUCOSE -6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD) DEFICIENCY: Hemolytic anemia is most severe in individuals with G6PD deficiency. It may even occur after exposure to very small amounts of naphthalene (Dawson et al, 1958; Gross et al, 1958; Valaes et al, 1963).
SICKLE CELL: Patients with sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait appear to be at increased risk for developing hemolysis (Zuelzer & Apt, 1949).
BLOOD SMEAR: The typical presentation of self-limiting naphthalene-induced hemolysis includes anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, reticulocytosis, severe anemia, leukocytosis, and icterus (Anziulewicz et al, 1959; Kumar & Mohan, 1986).
Severe reactions may include Heinz body formation (Zuelzer & Apt, 1949; Valaes et al, 1963; Hanssler, 1964) and hemoglobinuria (Abelson & Henderson, 1951; Gidron & Leurer, 1956; Valaes et al, 1963).

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methemoglobinemia has been reported in infants and occurs more commonly in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient individuals (Valaes et al, 1963).
LEUKOCYTOSIS: Leukocytosis commonly develops in patients with hemolysis (Zuelzer & Apt, 1949; Abelson & Henderson, 1951).

HEPATIC

HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA: Bilirubinemia has been described in newborns exposed to naphthalene (Cock, 1957; Schafer, 1951; Valaes et al, 1963).
JAUNDICE: Jaundice has been reported in cases of inhalation and ingested exposure to naphthalene (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1983; Chusid & Fried, 1955).
HEPATOMEGALY: Hepatomegaly and jaundice are rare, but have been reported following acute exposure (Abelson & Henderson, 1951; MacGregor, 1954; Dawson et al, 1958).
HEPATIC NECROSIS: Centrilobular necrosis was reported in one case (Siegal & Wason, 1986).

NEUROLOGIC

COMA: Coma is a rare finding in patients with severe multiorgan toxicity. Coma may develop several days after the onset of illness (Kurz, 1987; Siegal & Wason, 1986; Gidron & Leurer, 1956).
SEIZURE: Seizures are rare, but have been reported in patients with severe multiorgan toxicity. Seizures may develop several days after the onset of illness (Kurz, 1987; Gidron & Leurer, 1956; Zuelzer & Apt, 1949).
HEADACHE: Headache has been described following acute oral and inhalational exposure to naphthalene (ACGIH, 1986)
CONFUSION: Confusion has been reported with inhalation exposure to mothballs (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1983).
SLURRED SPEECH: Slurred speech was observed in a 21-year-old pregnant woman with a history of nearly-daily mothball inhalation for recreational purposes prior to and during the past 3 months of pregnancy. She presented to the emergency department in early labor at 39 weeks gestation. She was treated with supportive therapy followed by an epidural anesthesia for labor and delivery, which proceeded without issue. No abnormal events were reported in the newborn (Kuczkowski, 2006).

RESPIRATORY

APNEA: Respiratory distress developed in a 3-year-old child with a partial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency who ingested an unknown quantity of naphthalene. Apnea and severe hypoxemia followed and he ultimately required mechanical ventilation (Kouri et al, 1993). Shortness of breath was also observed in a 21-year-old pregnant woman with a history of nearly-daily mothball inhalation for recreational purposes prior to and during the past 3 months of pregnancy. She presented to the emergency department in early labor at 39 weeks gestation. She was treated with supportive therapy followed by an epidural anesthesia for labor and delivery, which proceeded without issue. No abnormal events were reported in the newborn (Kuczkowski, 2006).
HYPOXIA: Hypoxia in association with methemoglobinemia and hemolysis occurred after an ingestion of 12 mothballs. Initial findings at presentation to the emergency department included SpO2 of 82% with O2 at 100% via face mask; the patient appeared pale and cyanotic (Lim et al, 2009).
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: PEDIATRIC: Acute lung injury (pulmonary edema) and severe hypoxemia developed in a 3-year-old child with a partial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency who ingested an unknown quantity of naphthalene (Kouri et al, 1993).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

HEENT

EXTERNAL/VAPOR EXPOSURE

BILATERAL OPTIC NEURITIS was described by Koelsch (1926) in a patient who worked with naphthalene for a prolonged period.
CHORIORETINITIS has been reported in exposed workers who had cataracts but no other symptoms (van der Hoeve, 1906).
LENS OPACITIES: Some industrial surveys revealed no eye abnormalities among workers exposed to naphthalene for years, but one study found 8 of 21 employees who were exposed to naphthalene fumes for 5 years developed lens opacities (Axenfeld, 1915)(Pika, 1944).

NEUROLOGIC

SECONDARY PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY: In one case involving a 54-year-old woman, long-term ingestion and inhalation of mothballs (more than 3 decades) may have contributed to the development of peripheral neuropathy and weakness in all four extremities. She also had a history of diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease (Weintraub et al, 2000).
LETHARGY: A 2-year-old child who ingested naphthalene sporadically for over a year presented with lethargy (Chusid & Fried, 1955).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended because of the risk of seizures and subsequent aspiration.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE: If this molten chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the skin with large amounts of water. Get medical attention immediately. If this chemical (or liquids containing this chemical) contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical or liquids containing this chemical penetrate the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, blood, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended because of the risk for seizures and subsequent aspiration.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The acute lethal dose for humans is estimated between to be 5 g to 15 g (ACGIH, 1991; OHM/TADS, 2002; Sittig, 1991).
One source reported 2 g to 15 g as lethal for adults (Clayton and Clayton, 1981).
There have been recorded instances where some individuals died after ingesting 2 g (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002).
The lowest recorded lethal dose for a man is 74 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991).

PEDIATRIC

100 mg/kg is a lethal dose for children (Snyder, 1987). As little as 1 moth ball can cause serious toxicity, including methemoglobinemia and death, particularly in patients with glucose-6-phosphate (G6PD) dehydrogenase deficiency (Lim, 2006).
CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old child died after ingesting 2 g of naphthalene over a 2-day period (Bingham et al, 2001).
CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old boy died after taking seven 250 mg/kg powders. The total dosage was about 80 mg/kg, over 2 days (Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

ENVIRONMENTAL BURDEN

Naphthalene is released primarily into the air (90%) with small amounts being released into water (5%) and soil (3%). Consequently, inhalation is the primary route of exposure in the general population. Naphthalene is released into the atmosphere from combustion fuels, cigarette smoke, and moth repellants (Preuss et al, 2003).
AVERAGE DAILY NAPHTHALENE INTAKE FROM AIR: 1.127 mcg/kg/day for an adult weighing 70 kg and 4.515 mcg/kg/day for a child weighing 10 kg (Preuss et al, 2003).
AVERAGE DAILY NAPHTHALENE INTAKE FROM FOOD: 0.041 to 0.237 mcg/kg/day for adults and 0.204 to 0.940 mcg/kg/day for children (Preuss et al, 2003).
AVERAGE DAILY NAPHTHALENE INTAKE FROM SOIL: 0.235 mcg/kg/day for adults and 3.3 mcg/kg/day for children (Preuss et al, 2003).

INGESTION

A 33-year-old woman became seriously ill after ingesting 47 mg/kg within 2 days, but recovered (Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982).
Some individuals have survived after ingesting 6 g of naphthalene (ACGIH, 1991).
Two individuals attempted suicide by taking 6000 mg and 10,000 mg of naphthalene. Both people completely recovered (Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982).
PEDIATRIC: 250 mg to 500 mg of pure naphthalene (less than one mothball) may cause toxicity in a child with glucose-6-phosphate (G6PD) dehydrogenase deficiency (Gross et al, 1958; Haggerty, 1956).

INHALATION

CASE REPORTS: A 26-year-old woman living with her 4-year-old daughter used 300 to 500 mothballs in their home as a pesticide and to manage foul odors. Analysis of air samples collected from their apartment showed detectable levels of naphthalene at 20 parts per billion. Headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, malaise, and abdominal pain were included in symptoms reported by the woman, her daughter, 7 other family members living in 2 other households (also using moth balls), and visitors. Symptoms ceased in all family members and visitors when mothball use was discontinued (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1983).

OCULAR

Airborne concentrations of 15 ppm may produce eye irritation (ACGIH, 1991; Grant & Schuman, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002; Robbins, 1951; Sittig, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

A few hours after feeding rabbits one g/kg of naphthalene, mild toxicity was observed and a variety of changes occurred in the eye (Bingham et al, 2001; Grant & Schuman, 1993).
Subcutaneous doses of naphthalene at 820 mg/kg/day, did not have a tumorigenic effect on rats after more than 1000 days of observation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
There were no mortalities in a group of rats administered 2.5 g/kg of naphthalene (Bingham et al, 2001).
OCULAR (ACGIH, 1991):

Rabbits fed doses of 1 g/kg/day for up to 20 days showed browning of the lenses and eye humors, degeneration of the retina and cataract formation.
Cataracts developed in rabbits given oral doses of 2000 mg/kg/day for 5 days.

LACK OF EFFECT

Rats feed 10 g of naphthalene once a day for 6 days/week for over 700 days showed no signs of toxicity or carcinogenic activity (ACGIH, 1991).
Male mice exhibited no adverse effects in the testes after a diet of naphthalene at 133 mg/kg/day or 267 mg/kg day for 90 days (ACGIH, 1991). Female rats had reduced spleen weights at 133 mg/kg, otherwise, no ill effects were noted (Hayes & Laws, 1991).
Mice administered 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days/week for 13 weeks by gavage had no observed effects (HSDB , 2002).
Fifty mg/kg of naphthalene for 5 days/week for 13 weeks dispensed to rats by gavage did not cause any observed effects (HSDB , 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS91-20-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Naphthalene

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Naphthalene
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Naphthalene

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Naphthalene

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Naphthalene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Naphthalene

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Naphthalene

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 3x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

ACGIH, 1991 CHRIS, 2002 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Bingham et al, 2001 Hayes & Laws, 1991 Hayes, 1982 HSDB, 2002 ILO, 1998 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (GAVAGE)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 5.24 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)
1 ppm = 5.24 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2002)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.191 ppm (Verschueren, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS91-20-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Naphthalene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL: 15 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Hematologic eff; URT and eye irr; eye dam
Molecular Weight: 128.19

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Naphthalene

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS91-20-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS91-20-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Naphthalene
REL:

TWA: 10 ppm (50 mg/m(3))
STEL: 15 ppm (75 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Table Z-1 for Naphthalene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 10

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 50

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Naphthalene
P or U series number: U165
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS91-20-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS91-20-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS91-20-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Naphthalene

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1334 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Naphthalene, crude or Naphthalene, refined

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1334
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: A1, IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2304 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Naphthalene, molten

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2304
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: A1, IB1, T1, TP3

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
IB1: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1334 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Naphthalene, crude
UN Number: 1334
Proper Shipping Name: Naphthalene, refined
UN Number: 1334

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2304 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Naphthalene, molten
UN Number: 2304

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS91-20-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Naphthalene solids and vapors are flammable; therefore, storage area should be a cool, well-ventilated location away from strong oxidizing materials and sources of ignition. Keep naphthalene liquid away from water. Personnel handling naphthalene should be equipped with appropriate protective equipment to prevent skin and eye contact (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2002; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Protect packages of naphthalene from physical damage. It should be handled and stored in such a manner to prevent exposure to heat, open flames, or other ignition sources, since both the solid and vapor forms will burn. Personnel handling naphthalene should be equipped with appropriate protective equipment to prevent skin and eye contact (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Storage containers for naphthalene should be kept tightly closed and cool. Containers should be protected from damage (NFPA, 1997).
Naphthalene can be stored in tins, burlap bags, barrels, bottles, boxes, cans, kegs, and drums. Molten forms can be kept in tank barges (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).
Drums should have flame arresters, self-closing valves and pressure vacuum bungs. Metal containers, five gallons or larger, should be grounded or bonded (Sittig, 1991).
Tanks used for molten naphthalene must have vents adequately heated and insulated to prevent the substance from solidifying and accumulating vapors as it sublimes. A plugged vent could cause a tank to collapse as it is pumped (HSDB , 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage of naphthalene should be in a cool, well-ventilated location away from strong oxidizing materials or ignition sources. Liquid naphthalene should not come in contact with water (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Molten naphthalene may be stored, but vapors over the liquid may reach flammable limits unless an inert-gas blanket, such as nitrogen, is used. Eliminate ignition sources around storage areas (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Naphthalene is incompatible with strong oxidizers and chromic anhydride (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
An explosive reaction may occur when dinitrogen pentoxide is mixed with naphthalene (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).
Naphthalene will attack rubber, some plastics, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

When handling naphthalene, personnel need protective equipment to prevent skin and eye contact. Such equipment may include goggles, face shields, rubber gloves, coveralls and/or rubber apron, rubber shoes or boots, and organic vapor respiratory protection. If workers become contaminated, remove contaminated clothing, wash affected area immediately, and change into uncontaminated clothing (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

Safety goggles and rubber shoes are sufficient, except in severe cases. In an emergency or if working in enclosed areas, personnel should be equipped with a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus in addition to other protective clothing (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Use a face shield to protect the face and eyes (ITI, 1995).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Only respirators approved by NIOSH and by the Mine Safety and Health Administration should be used (HSDB , 2002).

ITI (1995) recommends an all-purpose canister respirator and CHRIS (2002) recommends an approved organic vapor canister respirator.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 91-20-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in toluene
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Neoprene

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Nitrile

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Wells Lamont Industrial 6640 W. Touhy Ave. Niles, IL 60714 USA Fax: (847) 647-6943 Toll-Free: (800) 247-3295 Website: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com Email: kmeger@wellslamont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust ventilation at the point of dispersion is recommended (HSDB , 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect.
- Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless the flow of naphthalene can be stopped (HSDB , 2002).
Naphthalene and its vapors are flammable, especially if heated. Naphthalene dust may explode in air if there is an ignition source present (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).
Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog, but solid streams of water may be ineffective for extinguishing fires. Foaming may occur if water or foam is applied to molten naphthalene. Keep containers cool with water spray. Run-off from fires should not be allowed to enter sewers or other bodies of water (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997) OHM/TADS, 1998).
Personnel should fight fires from as far away as possible, and be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment including self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 1997).
Naphthalene can accumulate static electrical charges and may ignite its own vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS91-20-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS91-20-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Naphthalene
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

If naphthalene is involved in a fire, appropriate extinguishing agents include dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Water may be used to keep containers cool and in flooding quantities as fog, but solid streams of water may be ineffective in extinguishing fires (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Frothing/Foaming may occur with the use of water or foam on molten naphthalene over 230 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).

OHM/TADS (2002) states water is the "best extinguishing agent."

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

If naphthalene is involved in a fire, it will produce irritating fumes and toxic gases (e.g, dense acrid smoke and carbon monoxide) (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Naphthalene dust and vapors may be explosive in air if exposed to an ignition source. Naphthalene can also react explosively with dinitrogen pentaoxide (Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Naphthalene dust and vapors may explode in air, if exposed to an ignition source (Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002).

Vapors are irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat and personnel will find it unpleasant at high concentrations. The irritating symptoms are temporary (CHRIS , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Naphthalene will react with strong oxidizers and can react explosively with dinitrogen pentaoxide and chromic anhydride (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

A violent reaction occurred when aluminum chloride was added to benzoyl chloride and naphthalene. Violent reactions can be avoided if the temperature is kept above the boiling point (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

Some types of rubber, plastic, or other coatings may be attacked by naphthalene (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Molten naphthalene will splatter and foam on contact with water (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995).

Naphthalene dust and vapors may form explosive mixtures when mixed with air due to its flammability properties (Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2002).

Loose naphthalene will volatilize in water at room temperature and emit a moth ball odor (OHM/TADS, 2002).

The oxidation of naphthalene has been blamed for fires in the benzene scrubbers of coke oven gas plants (Lewis, 2000).

Naphthalene will volatilize at room temperature (NFPA, 1997).

Naphthalene can accumulate static electrical charges and may ignite its own vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Keep people upwind and away from the spill area. Take measures to prevent persons coming in contact with naphthalene vapors, solid, and liquid (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS91-20-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS91-20-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Naphthalene
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 15
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 15
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS91-20-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS91-20-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Avoid contact with naphthalene vapors, solid, or liquid. Keep people away from the area. Notify the fire department, local health, wildlife officials, and pollution control agencies. Notify the local water intake operators, if the spill enters the water intake system; it could be dangerous. If it does enter the water, salvage the waterfowl and clean the shoreline (CHRIS , 2002).
OHM/TADS (2002) states that naphthalene should never be washed into a sewer; it may be dangerous if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.
If solid or molten naphthalene is spilled, the area should be isolated and ventilated to prevent accumulation of flammable vapors. Only persons with proper personal protective equipment should be allowed to enter the spill area. Ignition sources should be eliminated. All forms of naphthalene should be kept away from confined spaces, such as sewers where the build-up of vapors could pose a fire or explosion hazard. Solid naphthalene may be collected and put in appropriate sealed containers (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
Small amounts of naphthalene can be disposed of by incineration. Brush the spill onto a piece of paper. Place in an iron pan in the hood and burn the paper (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS, 2002).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
If solid or molten naphthalene is spilled, the area should be isolated and ventilated to prevent accumulation of flammable vapors. Only persons with proper personal protective equipment should be allowed to enter the spill area. Ignition sources should be eliminated. All forms of naphthalene should be prevented from entering confined spaces such as sewers where the build-up of vapors could pose a fire or explosion hazard. Solid naphthalene may be collected and put in appropriate sealed containers (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
The release of naphthalene should be stopped if it is safe to do so. Such spills should be diked to confine the flow and to prevent it from entering sewers or water sources. The spill may also be contained in a pit, soak hole, or lagoon. If time permits, the holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner. Cover the spill with a plastic sheet to prevent it from dissolving in rain or water from fighting fires (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; NIOSH , 2002).
If naphthalene is spilled in water, it will solidify and may either sink or float. Sand bag barriers or natural deep-water pockets may be used to confine the material at the bottom. Dredging or suction hoses can be used to remove immobilized precipitates. If the spill has dissolved, apply activated charcoal at 10 times the spilled amount in the area of 10 ppm or greater concentration (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Naphthalene can be skimmed or dredged from water surfaces (CHRIS , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Activated sludge biodegraded naphthalene (concentrations between 5 and 25 mg/L). From the initial material, metabolic products accounted for 4%, carbon dioxide accounted for 27%, and the remainder was converted to biomass (Buitron & Capdeville, 1993).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Naphthalene may be disposed of by controlled incineration. Liquid naphthalene can be dissolved in a flammable solvent, sprayed into the incinerator, and burned. A non-liquid package can be stuffed with paper or other combustibles and burned in the paper packaging (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS, 2002; Sittig, 1991).
- Naphthalene is a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at 820-1600 degrees C, or fluidized bed incineration at 450-980 degrees C. Both require a residence time of seconds for liquid and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB , 2002).
Dredges can be used to remove solids. Carbon or peat can be used on the dissolved portions (OHM/TADS, 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Naphthalene is found naturally in crude oil, smoke from forest fires and other types of natural combustion. It is released into the environment from petroleum refining and coal tar distillation, vehicle emissions, storage or spill of petroleum and petroleum products, use as a chemical intermediate, and from combustion processes, including tobacco smoke. The largest emission sources are from burning wood and fossil fuels and production of coal tar. Another large source is from moth repellents (HSDB, 2004; Harbison, 1998; Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, naphthalene is largely removed through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The estimated half-life for this photochemical reaction is 2.96 - 29.6 hours. Naphthalene may also be broken down by photolysis in the atmosphere, but this probably is not a significant removal process. This compound may also react with ozone and NO3 radicals, which may account for some loss in polluted atmospheres (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, photolysis, volatilization, biodegradation, and adsorption may remove naphthalene. The removal mechanism(s) that predominates will depend on the water conditions. Biodegradation occurs more quickly in oil-polluted water than in unpolluted water. Sediment sorption will occur in water that moves slowly, or where there may be a higher concentration of suspended solids (Howard, 1989).
- The photolytic half-life for air and water is the same, ranging from 71-550 days. The photolysis half-life in near-surface water is about three days. In deep, slow moving, contaminated water, naphthalene has a half-life of 1-9 days (Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1989).
- The presence of algae may increase naphthalene's rate of degradation by photolysis. Naphthalene has a longer half-life in deeper water than in surface water. Hydrolysis in natural waters and reaction of napthalene with oxidizing agents are not considered important environmental fate processes (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Volatilization may be the most important removal factor in shallow, fast-moving water. Decreased wind speed and current velocity will increase the half-life (Howard, 1989).
- Nineteen percent of naphthalene is evaporated with the first 0.01% of water. The estimated half-life (in less than saturated solution in the top 1 meter of water) is 2.9 hours (OHM/TADS, 2004).
- Naphthalene (0.7%) is adsorbed to particles in estuarine waters after 3 hours at 30 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001).
GROUND WATER
- In ground waters, naphthalene has a calculated half-life ranging from 24 to 6192 hours (1 to 258 days) (Howard et al, 1991). At a depth of 5 meters, the photolysis half-life is estimated at about 550 days (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Naphthalene undergoes low to moderate adsorption to soil depending on the amount of organic carbon present. This substance has a tendency to move quickly through sandy soils. The mean Koc in a sandy loam soil and silt loams is 2400, while in sediments, the Koc is estimated at 843. In soils with various carbon content, Koc's range from 400-1000 (Howard, 1989).
- At shallow depths, naphthalene evaporates from soil; this will be an important removal process, but its significance decreases as the soil depth increases (Howard, 1989). Soil half-lives reportedly range from 16.6-48 days (Howard et al, 1991).
- Reported degradation half-lives for soil with 7 mg/kg naphthalene range from 0.1-125 days (Verschueren, 2001).
- Depending on soil conditions, naphthalene's half-life can range from hours to more than 80 days. Degradation in soil tends to be slow unless other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are present (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Naphthalene is largely removed from the atmosphere through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Naphthalene is also subject to direct photolysis in the atmosphere, with a half-life range for this process estimated at 2.96 to 29.6 hours. Negligible amounts of naphthalene are lost through reactions with photochemically generated ozone and nitrogen trioxide (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1989).

In water, naphthalene may be broken down by photolysis. Naphthalene has a shorter half-life in surface water versus deeper water, although the presence of algae may increase this rate. Naphthalene's biodegradation rate in surface water is slow to moderate. Its reaction with oxidizing species and hydrolysis in natural waters is not a significant environmental fate process (Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

Naphthalene's mobility in soil is slow to moderate. Its rate of mobility and biodegradation are largely dependent on the soils' organic carbon content and soil type. Naphthalene can move quickly through sandy soils. Naphthalene will biodegrade in soil, although this rate is oftentimes slow unless other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present. Estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values for naphthalene range from 400-1000 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Naphthalene has a slow to moderate biodegradation rate in surface water. The biodegradation products are salicylic acid, catechol, and b-ketoadipic acid. 1,2-Naphthoquinone is also produced by a second degradation route (OHM/TADS, 2004).

The half-life for biodegradation in water under aerobic conditions is estimated from 12 hours to 20 days, and in anaerobic conditions it ranges from 25-258 days (Howard et al, 1991).

Biodegradation will occur in groundwater under aerobic conditions. Naphthalene in gas-oil contaminated groundwater was completely degraded in 8 days after the sample had been filtered through sand and inoculated with groundwater under aerobic conditions (Howard, 1989).

Reported biodegradation half-lives for naphthalene in non-adapted aerobic subsoil were 2 days for Texas groundwater and 7 days for Florida groundwater (Verschueren, 2001).

The biodegradation half-life in microbe-supplemented filtered Lake Superior harbor water was 43 days. Samples with a nutrient and microbe-supplement had a reduced half-life, 39 days (Howard, 1989).

Biodegradation is an important removal process from soil. The process can be rapid if other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are currently or previously present; otherwise biodegradation may be slow. Depending on soil conditions, the half-life can range from hours to more than 80 days. Biodegradation at solid waste sites can be longer than in typical soil samples; the estimated half-life at one solid waste site was 3.6 months (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

In water, the degradation rate is enhanced in oil-polluted water with high concentrations of naphthalene (Howard, 1989).

Degradation rates in sediment can be 8 to 20 times higher than in the water column above the sediment. Reported half-lives include 4.9 hours in oil-contaminated sediments and more than 88 days in uncontaminated sediment (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

The reported rate for biodegradation of 50 mcg/L naphthalene (in seawater) to CO2 was 0.10 mcg/L/d (24 hours incubation at 12 degrees C in dark; 500 days turnover time) (Verschueren, 2001).

Addition of an aqueous extract of fuel oil #2 to 50 mcg/L naphthalene (in seawater) increased the microbial degradation rate from 1.0 to 5.0 mcg/L/d (12 degrees C; 10-22 days turnover time) (Verschueren, 2001).

Reported biodegradation rates for napthalene (at various concentrations) to CO2 (at sites sampled near oil storage tanks and the Skidway River) included the following (Verschueren, 2001):

control station: 730 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 30 mcg/L (turnover time 41 days)
near tanks: 2,800 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 30 mcg/L (turnover time 11 days).
near tanks: 4,700 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 60 mcg/L (turnover time 13 days).
near tanks: 840 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 30 mcg/L (turnover time 36 days).
Skidaway River: 70 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 30 mcg/L (24H incubation time in Jan; turnover time 430 days).
Skidaway River: 820 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 30 mcg/L (24H incubation time in May; turnover time 37 days).
Skidaway River : 420 x 10(3) mcg/L/day -- concentration 15 mcg/L (24H incubation time in August; turnover time 36 days).

In soil, naphthalene will moderately adsorb and biodegrade (Howard, 1989).

Reported biodegradation half-lives for naphthalene in non-adapted aerobic subsoil were > 485 days for Texas sand and 3,000 days for Oklahoma sand (Verschueren, 2001).

Initial oxidation products for naphthalene by two soil microorganisms include the following (Verschueren, 2001):

from Cunninghamella elegans -- trans-naphthalene diol; 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone; 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone; 1- and 2-naphthol.
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- trans-napththalene diol; 1- and 2-naphthol.

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

Moeschlin (1965) described naphthalene ingestion with no ill effects and unchanged fecal excretion of the ingested material. This benign course was thought to be due to lack of fatty material in the diet, which might have increased systemic absorption (Moeschlin, 1965)

FISH

Fish are able to metabolize naphthalene. Organisms quickly eliminate this compound once they are placed in water free of naphthalene (Howard, 1989).
- When animals were transferred to fresh seawater, the accumulated chemical was eliminated in 2-60 days (Bingham et al, 2001).
The longjaw mudsucker, Gillichthys mirabilis, and the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus. maculosus, metabolized naphthalene and excreted it in the urine as 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydro-xynaphthalene (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rainbow trout had tissue concentration 20-100 times higher than the water levels after an 8 hour exposure at 0.005 mg/L. The liver had the highest retention (Bingham et al, 2001).
The gall bladder of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisuth) accumulated the highest percentage of metabolites after intraperitoneal injection of napthalene. The identified metabolites included: 1-naphthol; 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1-naphthylglycoside; 1-naphthylsulfate; N-acetyl-S-(1-naphthyl)-cysteine (mercapturic acid); and 1-naphthyl-B-glucuronic acid.(Verschueren, 2001).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Mytilus edulis, a common marine mussel, absorbed naphthalene and excreted it in unchanged form (Bingham et al, 2001).
- After a depuration period of 14 days in clean water (0 mcg/L naphthalene), oyster residue levels declined as follows(Verschueren, 2001):
- After 24 hours, Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) accumulated 3.6 pg of radioactive labeled naphthalene from a seawater solution with 0.1 mcg/L or less napthalene. After 24 hours, C. helgolandicus also accumulated up to 5,000 pg naphthalene from seawater with an initial concentration of 1,000 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration of naphthalene in fish and aquatic invertebrates is relatively moderate, given a log bioconcentration factor (BCF) range of 1.6 to 3.0 (Howard, 1989).
Algae (Chlorella fusca): 130 (BCF, wet weight) (Verschueren, 2001)
Atlantic salmon eggs: 82 (BCF) -- after 168H(Verschueren, 2001)
Coho salmon: 12 (BCF) -- exposure to 0.02 ppm at 10 degrees C for 5 weeks (Verschueren, 2001)
Coho salmon: 20 (BCF after 2 weeks); 50 (BCF after 3 weeks); 80 (BCF after 5 weeks); and 40 (BCF after 6 weeks); 1.90 (log BCF)(Verschueren, 2001)
Fathead Minnow: 2.63 (log BCF)(Verschueren, 2001)
Mussels (Mytilus edulis): 37-41 (BCF)(Verschueren, 2001)
Oysters (Crassostrea virginica): 6,000 (BCF) -- 2 days in water with 5 mcg/L naphthalene; residue level of 30 mcg/g naphthalene; reported depuration half-life of 2 days(Verschueren, 2001)
Oysters (Crassostrea virginica): 4,000 (BCF) -- 8 days in water with 3 mcg/L naphthalene; residue level of 12 mcg/g naphthalene; reported depuration half-life of 2 days(Verschueren, 2001)
Rainbow trout: 13,000 (BCF in bile); 40-300 (BCF, other tissues) -- exposed for 4 weeks (Verschueren, 2001)
Starry Flounder (muscle): 700 (BCF after 1 week); 240 (BCF after 2 weeks). After 1 week of depuration, the muscle BCF was 100, and 270 after 2 weeks (Verschueren, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

At low concentrations, naphthalene is harmful and highly toxic to aquatic life (OHM/TADS, 2004; CHRIS , 2002).
Sunfish and perch died after an hour exposure at 4 ppm and less than 20 ppm, respectively (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Naphthalene had a critical effect on saltwater salmon fingerlings exposed to doses at 1.8 ppm for 72 hours (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Genotoxicity test results using an Ames fluctuation assay (Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100) revealed a good qualitative correlation between mutagenic PAH levels in sewage sludge and gene mutation induction. Individual PAH concentrations (mcg/kg) in the two sludge extracts tested (#1, #2, respectively) were: naphthalene (814, 89); pyrene (19, 234); total PAH (1305, 1501); total mutagenic PAH (112, 314) (Perez et al, 2003).
At 2500 ppm, naphthalene is toxic to sewage organisms (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Naphthalene is toxic to microorganisms at concentrations greater than 30 mg/L (EC50 concentration for OECD 209 closed system inhibition) (Verschueren, 2001).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

ALGAE:

EC50 - Chlorella vulgaris: 33 mg/L for 48H; 50% reduction in cell numbers after 1 day incubation at 20 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Nitzschia palea: 15 mg/L for 1H; 2.8 mg/L for 4H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Phytoplankton (natural populations): 10 mg/L for 2H; +/- 5 mg/L for 2H; (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Phaeodactylum tricornutum: +/- 10 mg/L for 2H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - Selenastrum capricornutum: 3.0 mg/L for 4H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Champa parvula: 1.0 mg/L for 2 weeks (growth, survivability) (Verschueren, 2001)

AMPHIBIANS:

LC50 - LEOPARD FROG (Rana pipiens): >6.7 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CLAWED FROG (Xenopis laevis): 2.1 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

ANNELIDS:

LC50 - ANNELID (Neanthes arenaceodentata): 3.8 mg/L for 96H -- seawater at 22 degrees C; static bioassay(Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEANS:

EC50 - SHRIMP (Artemis salina): 2.1, and 2.9 mg/L for 24H; 10.6 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 4 ppm for 24H open bowl, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 1 ppm for 24H closed bottle, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - AMPHIPOD (Gammarus minus): 3.9 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 15 ppm for 24H open bowl, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 6.5 ppm for 24H closed bottle, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 6.2 and 17.5 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ARTHROPOD (Calanus finmarchicus): +/- 2.5 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLUE CRAB (Callinectes sapidus): 2.3 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BROWN SHRIMP (Penaeus aztecus): 2.5 mg/L for 24H; 2.5 mg/L for 96H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 3.4-4.1 mg/L for 48H; 4.7, 8.6, 16.6 mg/L for 48H; >6.7 mg/L for 2H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - DAPHNID (Daphnia pulex): 3.4 mg/L for 48H; 1.0 mg/L for 96H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - DUNGENESS CRAB (Cancer magister dana): >2.0 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Elasmopus pectenicrus: 2.7 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Eurytemora affinis: 3.8 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugio): 2.6 mg/L for 24H; 2.3 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Hemigrapsus nudus: 1.8 mg/L for 96H; +/- 1.0 mg/L for 1 week (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Metapenaeus monoceros: 5.0 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Neomysis americana: 0.8 and 1.0 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHRIMP (Artemis salina): 3.2 mg/L for 24H; >6.7 mg/L for 3H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHRIMP (Pandalus goniurus): +/- 1.6 mg/L for 96H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC80 - AMPHIPOD (Parhyale hawaiensis): 7.5 ppm for 24H closed bottle, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LD - CRAB: 8-12 ppb (Bingham et al, 2001)
NOEC - DAPHNID (Daphnia magna): 0.6 mg/L for 48H(Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - DAPHNID (Daphnia pulex neonates): 0.33 mg/L -- lifetime reproduction (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - DUNGENESS CRAB (Cancer magister dana): >0.17 mg/L for 8 weeks -- survival, growth of newly hatched 1st zoeal stage (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Eurytemora affinis: 0.01 mg/L for 4 weeks -- mature female survival, reproduction (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Rhithropanopeus harrisi: 0.3 mg/L for 1 week -- growth of xoeal stage 1 to megalops (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Scylla serrata: 1.25 mg/L for 6 weeks -- intermoult stage behavior (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - Rhithropanopeus harrisi: >0.5 mg/L for 1 week (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - Scylla serrata: 2.5 mg/L for 2 weeks -- different moulting stages (Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - SHRIMP (Pandalus goniurus): 2.16 ppm for 96H ( 4 degrees C); 1.02 ppm for 96H (8 degrees C); 0.971 ppm for 96H (12 degrees C) -- static bioassay(HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

ECHINODERMS:

LC50 - SAND DOLLAR (Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis): 2.0 mg/L for 96H; 1.8-2.7 mg/L for 96H(Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

LC50 - COD (Gadus morhua): 2.0 mg/L for 96H; >2.7 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch): 3.2-5.6 mg/L for 72H; +/- 2.5 mg/L for 72H; 2.1 and 3.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 8 mg/L for 24H; 2.0, 4.9, 6.1, 7.9, and 8.9 mg/L for 96H(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - LARGEMOUTH BASS (Micropterus salmoides): 0.51 mg/L for 1 week -- eggs to 4 days post hatching(Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 220-150 mg/L for 24-96H; 150 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MUMMICHOG (Fundulus heteroclitus):5.0 mg/L for 30H; 4.0-8.0 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - PINK SALMON (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): 0.9 mg/L for 24H; 1.2 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 1.6 mg/L for 96H; 0.11 for 4 weeks (eggs to 4 days post hatching) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 2.4 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - TILAPIA (Sarotherodon mossambica): 7.9 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LD - SUNFISH: 4-5 ppm for 1H (OHM/TADS, 2004)
NOEC - COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch): 0.37 mg/L for 6 weeks -- fry growth (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 0.45 mg/L for 30D -- growth, hatchability for eggs to 30D post hatching (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - PINK SALMON (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): 0.12 mg/L for 6 weeks -- juvenile growth(Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): +/-0.04 mg/L (hatchability, survival) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - TILAPIA (Sarotherodon mossambica): <0.9 mg/L for 120 weeks (biochemistry); 2.3 mg/L for 12 weeks (feeding behavior, growth) (Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: 220 ppm for 24H (22-24 degrees C, turbid); 165 ppm for 48H (22-24 degrees C, turbid); 150 ppm for 96H (22-24 degrees C, turbid) (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - PINK SALMON (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): 1.37 ppm for 96H (4 degrees C); 1.84 ppm for 96H (8 degrees C); 1.24 ppm for 96H (12 degrees C) -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - SUNFISH: 150 mg/L for 96H (CHRIS, 2002)

INSECTS:

LC50 - DRAGONFLY (Somatochlora cingulata): +/- 2.0 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MIDGE (Chironomus tentans): 2.8 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOSQUITO (Aedes aegypti): 0>6.7 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)

MOLLUSCS:

LC50 - SNAIL (Physa gyrina): 5 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOLLUSC (Crassostrea gigas): 199 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

PROTOZOA

EC50 - Tetrahymena elliotti: >sat. for 60H(Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Colpidium colpoda: >sat. for 18H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEA - Tetrahymena elliotti: >sat. for >24H(Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

128.17

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Naphthalene is a white or brown, crystalline powder (or scales, flakes, balls, or solid). It has also been described as a colorless to brown solid and a dark colored liquid. This compound is volatile in solid form and sublimes at room temperature, with a characteristic "moth ball" or strong coal tar odor. When mixed with water, it solidifies and will either float or sink. At 15 degrees C and 1 atm naphthalene is a solid. It will sublime at temperatures above its melting point and is noncorrosive. Monoclinic prismatic plates are formed as it sublimes, or from contact with ether or alcohol (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB, 2004; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; OHM/TADS, 2002).

This compound, in a petroleum ether solution, will give off purple fluorescence under mercury light (Budavari, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 52.6 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2002)

0.054 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

0.08 mmHg (at 68 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2002)

0.082 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

0.05 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

1.0 mmHg (at 53 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997; Verschueren, 2001)

0.23 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2002)

0.0492 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982)

1 mmHg (ILO , 1998)

0.085 kPa (HSDB, 2004)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.162 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2002)
0.9628 (at 100/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
1.145 (at 20/4 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)
1.0253 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.15 (at 68/39.2 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2002)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.0253 (ILO , 1998)
1.16 (NFPA, 1997)
1.1 (NFPA, 1997)
1.15 (Bingham et al, 2001; Verschueren, 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.16 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.162 kg/L (Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982; Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

80.2 degrees C; 176.4 degrees F; 353.4 K (CHRIS , 2002)
176 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

MELTING POINT

80.2 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
80.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
80.1 degrees C; 176 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001)
80.55 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
TECHNICAL GRADE: 76 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
REFINED GRADE: 80 degrees C; 176 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982; NFPA, 1997)
79-80 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
74-80 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

BOILING POINT

217.9 degrees C; 424 degrees F (at 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Verschueren, 2001)

193.2 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

167.7 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

145.5 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

130.2 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

119.3 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

101.7 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

85.8 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

218 degrees C; 424 degrees F; 491 K (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2002; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

217.96 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)

424 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)

217.9 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002)

FLASH POINT

79 degrees C; 174 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

88 degrees C; 190 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000)

80 degrees C; 176 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

87.8 degrees C; 190 degrees F (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

88 degrees C (open cup); 79 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

88 degrees C (closed cup); 79 degrees C (open cup) (ITI, 1995; Hayes, 1982)

174 degrees F (closed cup); 190 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2002)

79 degrees C; 174 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

100-200 degrees F (AAR, 2000)

79 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002)

87.8 degrees C; 174 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001)

80 degrees C (open cup); 79 degrees C (closed cup) (Hayes & Laws, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

567 degrees C; 1053 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2002)

526 degrees C; 979 degrees F (HSDB, 2004; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 1997; CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.9% (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991)
0.9 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002)

UPPER

5.9% (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991)
5.9 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Naphthalene is insoluble in water (AAR, 2000; (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).
Slightly soluble in water (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
31 mg/L (Hayes, 1982; HSDB, 2004)
31.7 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
31.7 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)
0.003% solubility in water (Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2002)
0.30 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2002)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Naphthalene is readily or very soluble in ether, hydronaphthalenes, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, 1,2-dichloromethane, as well as fixed and volatile oils (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Hayes, 1982; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).
Naphthalene is soluble in acetone, ether, benzene, alcohol, acetate, and ethylene dichloride (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2004; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
One gram of naphthalene dissolves in the following (Budavari, 2000):

3.5 mL benzene or toluene
1.2 mL carbon disulfide
2 mL chloroform or carbon tetrachloride
13 mL methanol or ethanol
8 mL olive oil or turpentine

Naphthalene is soluble in oxygenated and aromatic solvents (Ashford, 1994).
Slightly soluble in ethanol (Hayes, 1982).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.30 (Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.83x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

5.53x10(-4) atm m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5547 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

In n-hexane, there are several characteristic bands between 217.5 and 320 nm (Budavari, 2000).
265 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

MASS

2250 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2004)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Koc = 1300 (Dragun, 1988)
Koc = 960 (Fullerton soil, 0.06% organic carbon) (Verschueren, 2001)
Koc = 1000 (Apison soil, 0.11% organic carbon) (Verschueren, 2001)
Koc = 400 (Dormont soil, 1.2% organic carbon) (Verschueren, 2001)

SURFACE TENSION

31.8 dynes/cm; 0.0318 N/m (at 100 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

588 psia; 40.0 atm; 4.05 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

475.2 degrees C; 887.4 degrees F; 748.4 K (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-16,720 Btu/lb; -9287 cal/g; -388.8x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

35.06 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.58212 (at 100 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2004; ITI, 1995)
1.4003 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.4003 (at 24 degrees C/D) (HSDB, 2004)
1.5898 (at 85 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2002)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.12 eV (NIOSH , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

62 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

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NAPHTHALENE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents