MUSTARD GAS

Mustard gas is used in organic synthesis and medicine and as a vesicant agent in chemical warfare (Borak & Sidell, 1992; Dacre & Goldman, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Mustard gas has been tested as an antineoplastic agent, but the tests have been minimal ((HSDB, 2002); Sittig, 1991).
It was formerly used as a topical medication for the treatment of psoriasis ((HSDB, 2002)).
Mustard gas is used as a model compound in biological studies on alkylating agents, in organic synthesis, and in medicine (Hathaway et al, 1996; (HSDB, 2002); Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
"Yellow rain," a mixture of mycotoxins, mustard gas, and nerve agents (tabun, sarin, and soman), was used in the Iran-Iraq war in 1984. A case fatality rate of 20% was reported (Balali-Mood & Gorji, 1993; Drasch et al, 1987; Eisenmenger et al, 1991; Heyndrickx & Heyndrickx, 1990; Momeni et al, 1992; Pour-Jafari & Moushtaghi, 1992).

FORMS

Mustard is available in a pure and technical grade which contains excess sulfur as polysulfide (Lewis, 1997).
Lewisite is added to some types of mustard ammunition (2:3 ratio) to increase the effectiveness at lower temperatures (OPCW , 1997).
An additional copolymer, styrene-butyl acrylate, added to mustard raises the viscosity known as Thickened HD (THD). It is not hazardous except in a fine powder form (OPCW , 1997; SBCCOM , 2001).

SOURCES

The mustard agent, H, is a mixture of 70% bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and 30% sulfur impurities produced by an unstable Levinstein process ((HSDB, 2002); USACHPPM , 2001).
Mustard is prepared by bubbling ethylene through sulfur chloride, or from hydrogen sulfide and thiodiglycol (Lewis, 1997).
The German process to produce mustard treats beta, beta-dihydroxyethyl sulfide with hydrochloric acid gas (Budavari, 2000).
Mustard gas is stored in artillery shells, ton containers, and other munitions. Stockpiles in the United States are located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD; Anniston Army Depot, AL; Blue Grass Army Depot, KY; Pine Bluff, AR; Pueblo Depot Activity, CO, Tooele Army Depot, UT; and Umatilla Depot Activity, OR (USACHPPM , 2001a).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

HD (distilled mustard) is H that has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation to reduce the sulfur impurities (USACHPPM , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Mustard gas is used primarily as a vesicant agent in chemical warfare. It may also be used in organic synthesis.

TOXICOLOGY: Mustard gas crosslinks DNA and prevents normal cell division. The skin is the major target; once inside the skin, mustard gas damages the cells separating the epidermis (upper layer) from the dermis (lower layer). The two layers separate with the space between them becoming a blister. Similar effects occur in the airways and eyes, except blisters do not appear. Mustard gas may also induce long-term mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Mustard gas has historically been used as a chemical warfare agent. Its use is prohibited by the Geneva Protocol (1925) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). It has a potential use as a terrorist weapon of mass destruction. From July 1917 to the end of World War I, British causalities from mustard gas amounted to at least 125,000 with approximately 1859 deaths. Following World War II (1945 to 1948), large stockpiles of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, were dumped into the Baltic sea, leading to mustard gas poisoning of 23 fishermen in 1984. It was also used by Iraqi forces during the Iran-Iraq conflict.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

INGESTION: It produces nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and prostration resulting in dehydration.
DERMAL: Signs and symptoms occur within 2 to 24 hours of exposure. Itching and erythema occur 2 to 3 hours after dermal exposure to the gas or liquid; erythema spreads over the next 24 hours and yellowish blisters appear and can become ulcerated, which heal in 4 to 6 weeks after a transitory melanoderma. Thinner skin (neck, axillae, and groin) is more susceptible than thicker skin (soles and palms).
INHALATION: Cough, dyspnea, and possibly pulmonary edema may occur up to 24 hours after inhalation of the gas. Ulceration of airway mucosa may occur. Mild pulmonary exposure produces rhinorrhea, sneezing, epistaxis, hoarseness, and cough within 12 to 24 hours of exposure. Severe exposure produces additional symptoms of productive cough and shortness of breath (mild to severe) 2 to 4 hours after exposure.
EYES: Lacrimation, itching, burning, and dryness (gritty feeling) may occur with usual onset of 4 to 12 hours after exposure. Conjunctivitis appears early, developing 4 to 6 hours after exposure. Moderate exposure produces the above plus redness, eyelid swelling, and moderate pain. These symptoms usually begin 3 to 6 hours postexposure. Severe exposure produces marked swelling of lids, photophobia, corneal ulceration, and severe pain with onset of 1 to 2 hours after exposure. Loss of vision may occur. Visual disturbance may persist for up to 10 days.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Mustard gas crosslinks DNA and prevents normal cell division. The skin is the major target; once inside the skin, mustard gas damages the cells separating the epidermis (upper layer) from the dermis (lower layer). The two layers separate with the space between them becoming a blister. Similar effects occur in the airways and eyes, except blisters do not appear. Mustard gas may also induce long-term mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Mustard gas has historically been used as a chemical warfare agent. Its use is prohibited by the Geneva Protocol (1925) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). It has a potential use as a terrorist weapon of mass destruction. From July 1917 to the end of World War I, British causalities from mustard gas amounted to at least 125,000 with approximately 1859 deaths. Following World War II (1945 to 1948), large stockpiles of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, were dumped into the Baltic sea, leading to mustard gas poisoning of 23 fishermen in 1984. It was also used by Iraqi forces during the Iran-Iraq conflict.
EXPOSURE

INGESTION: It produces nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and prostration resulting in dehydration.
DERMAL: Signs and symptoms occur within 2 to 24 hours of exposure. Itching and erythema occur 2 to 3 hours after dermal exposure to the gas or liquid; erythema spreads over the next 24 hours and yellowish blisters appear and can become ulcerated, which heal in 4 to 6 weeks after a transitory melanoderma. Thinner skin (neck, axillae, and groin) is more susceptible than thicker skin (soles and palms).
INHALATION: Cough, dyspnea, and possibly pulmonary edema may occur up to 24 hours after inhalation of the gas. Ulceration of airway mucosa may occur. Mild pulmonary exposure produces rhinorrhea, sneezing, epistaxis, hoarseness, and cough within 12 to 24 hours of exposure. Severe exposure produces additional symptoms of productive cough and shortness of breath (mild to severe) 2 to 4 hours after exposure.
EYES: Lacrimation, itching, burning, and dryness (gritty feeling) may occur with usual onset of 4 to 12 hours after exposure. Conjunctivitis appears early, developing 4 to 6 hours after exposure. Moderate exposure produces the above plus redness, eyelid swelling, and moderate pain. These symptoms usually begin 3 to 6 hours postexposure. Severe exposure produces marked swelling of lids, photophobia, corneal ulceration, and severe pain with onset of 1 to 2 hours after exposure. Loss of vision may occur. Visual disturbance may persist for up to 10 days.

CARDIOVASCULAR

Sinus dysrhythmias, first- and second-degree heart block, premature ventricular contractions, and premature atrial contractions, and possibly cardiac arrest have been reported following exposure to mustard gas. These symptoms were observed within the first week after exposure but all resolved within 6 months. In studies, 30% of exposed patients experienced nonspecific ST-segment changes (Geraci, 2008). Cardiac irregularities appear to occur only following extremely acute, high doses (generally attainable only in laboratory settings) ((Sidell, 2000); NATO, 1973).

DERMATOLOGIC

SEVERE SKIN IRRITATION was produced at 2000 mg/m(3)/1 hour in humans using the standard Draize test; irritation was produced at 65 mcg in humans ((RTECS, 2002)). The median incapacitating dose for skin absorption was 2000 mg/min/m(3) (EPA, 1985). Mustard gas has more severe vesicant and irritant properties than its nitrogen analogue, nitrogen mustard. The first effect on the skin is often pallor, followed within a few hours by erythema, which is similar to that of a sunburn, with burning and itching. Over the next few hours small blisters (vesicles) appear that gradually combine to form large blisters. Clinical effects may progress for several days. Four to 6 days after exposure, necrosis is complete and separation of the necrotic slough begins; edema and erythema may persist. Approximately 16 to 20 days postexposure, separation is complete and reepithelialization has begun; healing may take 3 to 8 weeks (Rice, 2003; Sidell et al, 1998).
The order of dermal effects is as follows (from initial to last effects): No evidence of injury will be evident for several hours after exposure; itching with or without dryness and pallor; erythema; vesicles; bullae; necrosis and ulceration; hypo- or hyperpigmentation((Garigan, 1996)).
Healing and other effects that may be noted are as follows: Healing of erythema: 3 to 7 days; healing of ulcers: 6 to 8 weeks and occurs much more slowly in human as compared with animals; skin injuries more severe in humid and warm climates; most severe at warm and moist sites (eg, genitalia, perineal regions, groin, lower back and axillae, underarms, neck ) (Geraci, 2008; Sidell et al, 1998; (Garigan, 1996); Sidell et al, 1998; (Garigan, 1996)).
In studies, the most common skin diagnosed disorders in patients exposed to sulfur mustard were eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, cherry angioma, and urticaria. Genitalia, face, and axilla are the most frequently involved areas (Shohrati et al, 2007). In a cross-sectional descriptive study evaluating 800 men with latent cutaneous effects 14 to 20 years after wartime exposure to sulfur mustard gas, more common symptoms or disorders included: xerosis (39.6%), hyperpigmentation (19%), cherry angioma (17.3%), seborrheic dermatitis (12.7%), and eczema (12.2%) (Emadi et al, 2008).
SEQUELA: Long-term sequelae reported following mustard exposure includes pigmentation abnormalities of the skin, chronic skin ulceration and scar formation, alopecia, xerosis, keloids and skin cancer ((Sidell, 2000); Dowlati & Pierard, 1993).

GASTROINTESTINAL

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (or bloody diarrhea) and dehydration can be caused by ingestion or systemic absorption (Geraci, 2008; (Garigan, 1996); Ruhl et al, 1994).
ABDOMINAL PAIN: Epigastric pain may occur following exposure to mustard gas (Geraci, 2008; Dacre & Goldman, 1996).
LOSS OF APPETITE: Loss of appetite and cachexia may occur during the first week after exposure (Geraci, 2008; Pierard et al, 1990).

HEENT

The eye is the most sensitive target organ for effects of mustard gas vapor (Dacre & Goldman, 1996; Borak & Sidell, 1992). All of the following ocular effects may occur following exposure to mustard gas: pain, lacrimation, photophobia, swelling, blepharospasm, ulceration, delayed healing of cornea, and opacification (Geraci, 2008; (Garigan, 1996)).
ITCHING: Itching of the eye has been reported in subjects after mustard gas exposure (Balali-Mood et al, 2005; Shohrati et al, 2007).
CONJUNCTIVITIS, ACUTE AND DELAYED: Conjunctivitis is the first ocular effect seen after acute exposure (Shohrati et al, 2007). Additionally, chronic conjunctivitis may occur, and generally precedes onset of delayed keratopathy (Blodi, 1971).
EDEMA: Edema of the eyelids may occur and can be delayed by several hours after exposure (Sidell et al, 1998).
CORNEAL ULCERATION: Corneal ulceration/opacity with burning discomfort may occur at a later stage of poisoning (Shohrati et al, 2007; Sidell et al, 1998).
PHOTOPHOBIA: Photophobia has been produced (Shohrati et al, 2007; Grant & Schuman, 1993). In one study of 40 sulfur mustard-exposed patients, photophobia was reported in 30% of patients (Windholz et al, 1983). In another cohort study of 367 chemical war victims, photophobia was reported in 36.8% of subjects 20 years after exposure to mustard gas compared with 20.3% in the control group (p less than or equal to 0.001) (Ghasemi et al, 2008).
LOCAL THROMBOSIS/ISCHEMIA: Thrombosis and ischemia has been reported following exposure, and delayed hemorrhage due to leakage through vessel walls may follow (Grant & Schuman, 1993).
BLINDNESS: Loss of vision and/or permanent eye damage can occur (Geraci, 2008; Lewis, 1993).
RECURRENT KERATITIS: Keratitis of previously damaged areas of ulceration and deterioration may occur up to 40 years after exposure. Corneal irregularity and/or infiltration have developed with impairment of vision (Geraci, 2008; (Sidell, 2000)).
MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH: Patients previously exposed to mustard gas with signs of chronic blepharitis were compared to unexposed patients with chronic blepharitis. Isolations of the eyelid margin flora revealed higher rates of Staphylococcus epidermidis (78% vs 57%; p less than 0.01) and Staphylococcus aureus (30% vs 3%; p less than 0.001) in the exposed group compared with the control group. In addition, greater resistance to common antibiotics was noted in the exposed group compared with the control group. Positive fungal cultures were also observed more frequently in the exposed group compared with the control group (Karimian et al, 2011).

HEMATOLOGIC

MYELOSUPPRESSION: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia have occurred because of depressed myelopoiesis. Destruction of precursor cells of the bone marrow results in pancytopenia (Geraci, 2008; (Sidell, 2000); Dacre & Goldman, 1996). Effects are usually not evident for 3 to 5 days after exposure, but several studies have reported that bone marrow suppression may become evident about 4 hours after exposure to mustard gas (Geraci, 2008; (Garigan, 1996)).
EOSINOPHILIA: Among 14 children exposed in the Irag-Iran war, eosinophilia was the most commonly seen laboratory finding (Momeni & Aminjavaheri, 1994).

IMMUNOLOGIC

CUTANEOUS SENSITIZATION: Cutaneous sensitization may occur with repeated exposure of 1 to 3 weeks (NATO, 1973). Characteristic sensitization reactions are a morbilliform rash and eczematoid dermatitis around old skin lesions (NATO, 1973).
INFECTION: Following absorption of a large amount of mustard, bone marrow damage resulting in decreased white and red blood cells may occur, with overwhelming infection often resulting (Sidell et al, 1998). Death may occur despite antibiotic use in these cases.

NEUROLOGIC

Dizziness, generalized malaise, anorexia, and lethargy can occur after acute exposure (Aasted et al, 1987). Mental or intellectual dullness is common following an acute mustard gas exposure ((Garigan, 1996)).
CNS EXCITATION: CNS excitation with seizures may occur, followed by CNS DEPRESSION (Dacre & Goldman, 1996; NATO, 1973), and this excitation appears to occur only following extremely acute, high doses ((Sidell, 2000)).
SENSORY LOSS: Sensory loss and motor nerve disorders were reported in veterans who were evaluated 16 to 20 years after exposure. Reported areas of dysfunction included the tibial and peroneal nerves (Balali-Mood et al, 2005).
HEADACHE: Headache may occur following exposure (Weibrecht et al, 2012; NATO, 1973).
NEUROPATHY: Patients may experience neuropathic pain for years after exposure to mustard gas. Allodynia, paresthesias, stinging, burning, and itching have been reported in patients exposed to mustard gas. Sunlight and shifts in temperature may aggravate these symptoms (Geraci, 2008).

PSYCHIATRIC

PERSONALITY DISORDER: Long-term sequelae of mustard exposure has been reported in a study sponsored by the Veterans Administration. Psychological disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and traumatic stress disorders, with a causal relationship to mustard exposure are reported ((Sidell, 2000)).

RESPIRATORY

EARLY EFFECTS: Mild to moderate immediate symptoms include dyspnea, chest tightness, sneezing, rhinorrhea, hoarseness, aphonia, epistaxis, hacking coughs, and tachypnea. Serious respiratory problems (eg, tracheobronchitis, bronchopneumonitis, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis) may occur hours to days after exposure (Weibrecht et al, 2012; Geraci, 2008). Respiratory dysfunction is the most common cause of death ((Garigan, 1996)), and if a large amount is inhaled, the prognosis is more ominous if there is shorter onset of time to the lower airway effects (shortness of breath and severe productive cough) (Sidell et al, 1998).
LATE EFFECTS: Possible chronic effects for those exposed to mustard gas include: asthma, chronic bronchitis, airway narrowing, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, and bronchiectasis (Emad & Rezaian, 1997; Hefazi et al, 2005; Zojaji et al, 2009).
ULCERATION: Irritation or ulceration of the respiratory tract can occur from acute exposure, and concomitant symptoms may include rhinitis, laryngitis, cough, dyspnea, inflammation, and bronchopneumonia (Dacre & Goldman, 1996; ITI, 1995).
DYSPNEA: Dyspnea is a common effect following exposure. In one study evaluating 1428 patients exposed to mustard gas during the Iran-Iraq war, dyspnea occurred in 83% of patients (Balali-Mood & Gorji, 1993).
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Pulmonary edema and hemorrhage can occur, although it is uncommon except in the terminal stages ((Sidell, 2000); (Garigan, 1996)).
PNEUMONITIS: Bronchopneumonitis may commonly occur following acute mustard gas exposures ((Garigan, 1996)). Occupationally exposed patients may be at a higher risk of mortality due to influenza, pneumonia, and chronic respiratory disease (Easton et al, 1988).

VITAL SIGNS

FEVER: Fever may occur following exposure (ITI, 1985).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dermal sensitization may occur from repeated exposure over 1 to 3 weeks (NATO, 1973).

Chronic exposure may increase the risk of developing nonmalignant pulmonary disease. Risk of mortality from influenza, pneumonia, and chronic respiratory disease was higher than expected in persons occupationally exposed to mustard gas (Easton et al, 1988).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

PREHOSPITAL: Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. As soon as possible, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area extremely thoroughly with soap and water. Cut away and discard contaminated hair. Dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (prepared by a 10:1 dilution of 5% chlorine bleach with water) may also be used for skin decontamination. Irrigate eyes with water or saline.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Rescue personnel must wear protective clothing, eye protection, and lung protection respirator or air pack. Initial treatment of victims should include immediate removal of the victim from the contaminated area, stabilization of general and hemodynamic status, maintenance of the airway, and oxygenation. Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water as soon as possible (ideally within 2 minutes as mustard fixes to the skin within minutes). Cut away and discard contaminated hair. In a mass casualty situation, if water is in short supply, adsorbent powders such as flour, talcum powder or Fuller's earth may be applied to the skin and then wiped off with a damp cloth. Dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (prepared by a 10:1 dilution of 5% chlorine bleach with water) may also be used for skin decontamination.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Administer inhaled beta agonists for bronchospasm or persistent cough. Administer supplemental oxygen. Inhaled sodium thiosulfate (2.5% solution nebulized) may help prevent injury.

EYE EXPOSURE

Irrigate eyes with water or saline.

ORAL EXPOSURE

The role of gastrointestinal decontamination is not clear for mustard ingestion. Most patients will have severe vomiting and gastrointestinal irritation. Activated charcoal is unlikely to be of utility since the toxic effects occur rapidly upon contact with tissue.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

1% mortality at 150 mg-min/m(3) (USACHPPM , 2001a).
The median lethal dose of mustard by inhalation is 1500 mg-min/m(3) and 10,000 mg-min/m(3) for skin absorption (Sittig, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

One ppm in air is a lethal concentration of mustard for dogs (OHM/TADS , 2001).
0.650 ppm mustard results in a 33% mortality rate in rabbits (OHM/TADS , 2001).
In mice, sulfur mustard was more toxic when administered percutaneously than subcutaneously (percutaneous LD50 5.7 mg/kg in female and 2.4 mg/kg in male mice, subcutaneous LD50 23 mg/kg in female and 3.4 mg/kg in male mice) (Vijayaraghavan et al, 2004).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

To date, OSHA has not promulgated permissible exposure concentrations for mustard gas (SBCCOM , 2001).

Sidell & Hurst (2000) reported that a Ct (concentration x time) of 50 mg-min/m(3) or a droplet of 10 mcg of mustard on the skin is adequate to produce vesication ((Sidell, 2000)).

No fatalities occurred at an exposure level of 100 mg-min/m(3) (USACHPPM , 2001a).

DERMAL - Doses up to 50 mcg/cm(2) on the skin cause erythema, edema, and small vesicles. Exposures at 50 to 150 mcg/cm(2) may produce bullous-type vesicles and larger doses may cause necrosis and ulceration with vesication (Vogt et al, 1984). The smallest blister-causing dose on the skin is 0.02 mg of mustard (OPCW , 1997). Another source reported that a 0.1 mL drop of pure sulfur mustard contains 20,000 times the dose required to blister skin (Shohrati et al, 2007).

OCULAR: Ocular lesions may be produced by exposure for two hours at concentrations barely detectable by smell (NATO, 1973). Eye lesions have been reported at a Ct of 10 mg-min/m(3) ((Sidell, 2000)).

OTHER: Olfactory fatigue may occur (NATO, 1973); therefore ODOR IS NOT AN ADEQUATE WARNING SIGN FOR OVEREXPOSURE.

Biologically effective amounts in humans from mustard vapor are (Sidell et al, 1998; (Sidell, 2000)):

Ct50: 12-200 mg-min/m(3) (eye injuries)
Ct50: 100-200 mg-min/m(3) (pulmonary injuries)
Ct50: 200-1000 mg-min/m(3) (erythema)

LACK OF EFFECT

Exposure to mustard at 1.4 mg-min/m(3) via inhalation caused no adverse effects (USACHPPM , 2001a).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS505-60-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: Bis(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide (mustard gas)

Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Mustard Gas

K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 OPCW, 1997 RRIS, 2001 RTECS, 2002 SBCCOM, 2001 USACHPPM, 2001a
- ICt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (SKIN)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS505-60-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS505-60-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS505-60-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Mustard Gas
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 500

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): d

d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS505-60-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Mustard gas [Ethane, 1,1'-thiobis[2-chloro-]
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS505-60-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS505-60-2 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): D, G

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.
G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Toxic liquid, organic, n.o.s.
UN Number: 2810

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS505-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

"Locations where chemical agents and munitions are stored, handled, used, and processed require the use of chemical hazard symbols. These symbols shall be used by themselves or in conjunction with fire symbols as appropriate" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"When equipment, tools, or others items or materials come into contact with liquid agent they will be marked, tagged or segregated to indicate the degree of contamination" (U.S. Army, 1997).
For additional information refer to AR 385-61, the "Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Program," DA Pam 385-61, "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards", and DA Pam 40-173, Occupational Health Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Occupational Exposure to HD Agents H, HD, and HT" (SBCCOM , 2001).

PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

Use the buddy system when handling chemical agents. No smoking, eating, or drinking is permitted in areas where the chemical is present (SBCCOM , 2001).

HANDLING

Decontamination equipment should be readily available and marked (SBCCOM , 2001).

Hands should be washed before meals. Personnel should shower thoroughly with special attention to hair, face, neck, and hands using plenty of soap and water before leaving at the end of the work day (SBCCOM , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers should be inspected periodically (visual or detector kit inspection) (SBCCOM , 2001).
- Ton containers should be kept painted and free from rust to enhance visual detection of leakage at the valves and plugs. Some agents (Mustard, Lewisite, GB, VX) act as a solvent on most paints. This may cause peeling, dissolution, blistering, and discoloring at the leak area (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory agent containers should be stored in a single containment system within an approved laboratory hood (SBCCOM , 2001).
Storage of larger quantities should be in a double containment system (SBCCOM , 2001).
Large quantities should be stored in one ton steel containers, or other approved containers (SBCCOM , 2001) U.S.Army, 1997).
"Ton containers of bulk agents will be stored in a horizontal position with the container oriented so that the valves are in vertical alignment" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Glass is appropriate for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDTE) quantities (SBCCOM , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

HD is stable at ambient temperatures for days to weeks and has a low volatility. It decomposes at temperatures between 149 to 177 degrees C (100 to 351 degrees F). Store in dry areas away from heat and ignition sources, and strong oxidizers (OPCW , 1997; SBCCOM , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a).
Exits must be clearly marked to allow for rapid evacuation (SBCCOM , 2001).
Chemical showers and eye wash stations must be provided (SBCCOM , 2001).
"Structures used for the storage of agent-filled items will have floors and floor surfacing which can de decontaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Sites should be selected that are not in proximity to surface water sources and which are not located over underground water sources that could become contaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Construction materials such as wood or other porous materials that absorb agent are difficult to decontaminate and should not be used in the construction of buildings where agent is to be stored, handled, or processed" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Buildings and/or equipment will be arranged according to the sequence of operations. Such an arrangement will make it possible to keep handling of agents at a minimum and will minimize the necessity for transferring of agents through nonagent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

At 65 degrees C, mustard will corrode steel at a rate of 0.0001 inches/month and causes brass to rapidly corrode (RRIS , 2001; SBCCOM , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a).
Pure undiluted calcium hypochlorite will burn on contact when mixed with mustard (RRIS , 2001).
Mustard is slowly hydrolyzed in water and will react with water and steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes (Lewis, 2000) Sittig, 1991; (USACHPPM , 2001a).
Strong oxidizers can destroy mustard and cause a vigorous reaction (Lewis, 2000) Sittig, 1991; (USACHPPM , 2001a).
Mustard is incompatible with bleaching powder and sodium hypochlorite; these materials can neutralize and inactivate the agent (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001; SBCCOM , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Mustard gas may penetrate leather and clothing (Aasted et al, 1987; NATO, 1973).

Fully encapsulating chemical resistant suits, inner chemical-resistant gloves, chemical resistant boots/shoes and a positive pressure-demand, full facepiece self contained breathing apparatus will protect the body against vapor, liquid, and aerosol forms of chemical agents (RRIS , 2001).

When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM , 2001).

Laboratory operations require lab coats and gloves be worn. An approved respirator should be readily available. If handling contaminated animals, wear foot and head covers and clean smocks (SBCCOM , 2001).

"The use of personnel protective clothing and equipment (PCE) is the least desirable method of complying with airborne exposure limits. Efforts will be made to reduce dependence upon PCE in agent operating environments through the increased use of engineering and administrative controls such as ventilation, isolation, remote operations, remove monitoring, and elimination of a nonessential entries into agent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

"Do not allow an individual to reenter the area to conduct the operation after the maximum wear time has been reached. However, the local medical authority may use discretion to vary the wear time" (U.S. Army, 1997).

Real-time, low-level monitors with an alarm are required. If a monitor is not present, it should be assumed the atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (SBCCOM , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Chemical goggles are minimal protection and should be worn. If there is a potential situation for splash hazards, use goggles and a face shield (SBCCOM , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection is required (SBCCOM , 2001).

When there is a potential danger of oxygen deficiency, and when directed by a chemical accident/incident operations officer or by a fire chief, a NIOSH- approved positive-pressure, full face piece self-contained breathing apparatus will be worn (SBCCOM , 2001).

"The protective mask canister/filter will not be used for more than two hours when the mask has been worn in an area known to be above the Airborne Exposure Limit" (U.S. Army, 1997).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 505-60-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >400
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Tested using Military Standard, Method T-208(HD), for 12 hours at 100 g/m(2) (total coverage).
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 8 x 10(-4)
Notes: Tested using Mil-Std-282, Method T-208 (HD), for 12 hours at 100 g/m(2) (total coverage) at 22 degrees C
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.2 x 10(-7)
Notes: Tested using Mil-Std-282, Method T-208 (HD), for 12 hours at 10 g/m(2) at 22 degrees C
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.10000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1440
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1440
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust is mandatory. It must to filtered and scrubbed to limit excessive concentrations, and meet local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM , 2001).

Laboratory hoods need to have an average inward face velocity of 100 linear feet per minute plus or minus 20% with the velocity at any point not deviating from the average face velocity by more than 20% (SBCCOM , 2001).

Existing laboratory hoods should have an inward face velocity of 150 linear feet per minute, plus or minus 20% (SBCCOM , 2001).

Cross-drafts should not exceed 20% of the inward face velocity (SBCCOM , 2001).

Laboratory operations should be performed at least 20 cm inside the hood face (SBCCOM , 2001).

Visual smoke tests can be administered to evaluate the performance of the hood. Hood performance tests should be conducted semiannually, after any maintenance procedures, or after modifications have been installed (SBCCOM , 2001).

Recirculation of exhaust air from chemical areas is prohibited. Connection between areas through the ventilation system is also prohibited (SBCCOM , 2001).

Emergency back up power must be provided (SBCCOM , 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
HD can be ignited by large explosive charges (SBCCOM , 2001).
Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 2001).
Contain warfare agent fires to prevent spreading to uncontrolled areas (SBCCOM , 2001).
When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM , 2001).
Respiratory protection is required when fighting fires. A positive pressure, full facepiece, self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH-approved) will be worn when oxygen deficiency is a danger and when directed by the fire chief or chemical accident/incident officer (SBCCOM , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS505-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS505-60-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fog, foam, water mist, and CO2 are effective fire extinguishing agents. Do not use any fire-fighting methods that may cause the agent to splash or spread (SBCCOM , 2001).

Fire may destroy most of the agent but measures must be taken to prevent the agent or contaminated liquids from entering the sewers and other areas (SBCCOM , 2001).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

It emits highly toxic sulfide and chloride fumes when heated to decomposition, or in contact with acid or acid fumes (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Mustard containers exposed to extreme heat for prolonged periods may violently rupture and rocket (AAR, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Do not breathe the fumes. Vapors attack the skin, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and can be fatal (OPCW , 1997; SBCCOM , 2001).

When contaminated surfaces are decontaminated, enough HD vapor may be produced to cause a physiological response (SBCCOM , 2001).

Mustard agent vaporizes slowly at ordinary temperatures (USACHPPM , 2001).

Mustard is slowly hydrolyzed in water, and will react with water and steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) Sittig, 1991; (OHM/TADS , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Mustard forms hydrochloric acid and thiodiglycol when hydrolyzed. Alkali is a catalyst in aqueous solutions (IARC, 1975; OPCW , 1997; SBCCOM , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a).

Mustard and nitric acid can form a vigorous oxidation reaction on glass surfaces (SBCCOM , 2001).

Bleaching powder mixed with mustard forms a very exothermic reaction. Ignition is possible, particularly in the presence of water (Urben, 2000).

Bleaching powder and chloramines react violently with mustard agent (OPCW , 1997).

Never mix dry super tropical bleach or calcium hypochlorite; a violent reaction will occur and the mixture may burst into flames (RRIS , 2001).

Mustard will burn on contact with pure, undiluted calcium hypochlorite (SBCCOM , 2001).

Mustard is slowly hydrolyzed in water, and will react with water and steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) Sittig, 1991; (OHM/TADS , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a).

Strong oxidizers can destroy mustard and cause a vigorous reaction (Lewis, 2000) Sittig, 1991; (USACHPPM , 2001a).

It emits highly toxic sulfide and chloride fumes when heated to decomposition, or in contact with acid or acid fumes (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 2810 - HD

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.2 kilometers (0.7 miles).

DOT ID No. 2810 - HN-1

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles).

DOT ID No. 2810 - Mustard

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.2 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 2001).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS505-60-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS505-60-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; (HD; Sulfur mustard)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.0035
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.01
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.02
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.32
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS505-60-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Sulfur mustard
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.06 ppm
mg/m3: 0.4 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.13 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.01 ppm
mg/m3: 0.067 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.003 ppm
mg/m3: 0.017 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.001 ppm
mg/m3: 0.008 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Sulfur mustard
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.09 ppm
mg/m3: 0.6 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.2 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.1 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.004 ppm
mg/m3: 0.025 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.002 ppm
mg/m3: 0.013 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Sulfur mustard
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.59 ppm
mg/m3: 3.9 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.41 ppm
mg/m3: 2.7 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.32 ppm
mg/m3: 2.1 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.08 ppm
mg/m3: 0.53 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.04 ppm
mg/m3: 0.27 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS505-60-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Laboratory Spill: Use a decontamination solution for each gram of HD spilled (SBCCOM , 2001). Recommended decontamination solutions in order of preference are 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution, calcium hypochlorite, contamination Solution No. 2 (DS2), and Super Tropical Bleach Slurry (STB). Agitate the solution and HD for the first hour. After the first hour, agitation is not necessary. Allow 24 hours for decontamination (SBCCOM , 2001).
Test for active chlorine by adding several crystals potassium iodine to three mL of decontaminated solution and allow it to dissolve. Add 3 mL of 50 wt% sulfuric acid and look for immediate iodine color. If active chlorine exists, adjust the pH to between 10 and 11. If the test is negative, add more decontaminate solution and wait two hours before retesting for active chlorine again. This test is appropriate for 5.5% sodium hypochlorite and 10% calcium hypochlorite decontaminant (SBCCOM , 2001).
Laboratory Spill: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spill: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM , 2001).
Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the Airborne Exposure Limit" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spill: Place the neutralized substance and contaminated clothing into a DOT- approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM , 2001).
Laboratory Spill: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM , 2001).
Laboratory Spill: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM , 2001).
Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the Airborne Exposure Limit" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Field Procedures: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Field Procedures: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM , 2001).
Field Procedures: "Personnel who have been in areas of possible chemical agent exposure (normally, personnel downwind of an agent release or personnel who were in areas of known agent contamination) will remain at the installation for at least 30 minutes after leaving the area. They will then be observed for signs of agent exposure, and agent-related symptoms by the supervisor or his designated representative before departing the installation. If signs of possible exposure are noted the worker will be referred immediately to the medical family" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Field Procedures: Cover spills with diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, clay, or fine sand (SBCCOM , 2001).
Field Procedures: Use copious amounts of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution to decontaminate the area (SBCCOM , 2001).
If 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution is not available, the following decontaminants may be substituted, and are listed in order of preference: Calcium Hypochlorite, Decontaminating Agent (DS2), and Supertropical Bleach Slurry (STB) (SBCCOM , 2001).
DS2 is a combination of diethylenetriamine (70%), ethylene glcol monomethyl ether (28%), and sodium hydroxide (2%) (SBCCOM , 2001).
Dry calcium hypochlorite and super tropical bleach reacts violently with mustard and may burst into flames (RRIS , 2001).
Field Procedures: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM , 2001).
Field Procedures: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM , 2001).
Field Procedures: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM , 2001).
Field Procedures: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the Airborne Exposure Limit" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Sulfur mustard [HD, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide], or mustard gas as it's commonly referred to, may have entered the environment from the chemical facility waste streams and stockpiles that existed during its production and use as a chemical warfare agent (CWA) in World Wars I and II (HSDB, 2005).

During and after the world wars, sulfur mustard was customarily dumped into coastal waters around Japan, Italy and the United States (ATSDR, 2003).

Between 1945 and 1948, approximately 50,000 tons of stockpiled sulfur mustard were dumped into the sea near Christianso (an island belonging to Denmark). Another 2000 tons were dumped near the Swedish island of Gotland. Fishermen working these areas were exposed to mustard gas from corroded containers (Vena et al, 1994; Aasted et al, 1987).

Soil and sheep's wool from the mountain regions in northern Iraq, where chemical agents were reportedly used in 1988, had detectable HD concentrations at 10.8 ppm and 27 ppb, respectively (HSDB, 2005).

Leaking containers stockpiled at some U.S. Army bases released sulfur mustard into soil, groundwater and surface water. No known releases to the atmosphere occurred at these bases (ATSDR, 2003).

Sulfur mustard may currently enter waste streams at facilities where small amounts are used in medicine (as tumor cell inhibitors) and in organic chemical production (HSDB, 2005).

A chemical agent's stability in the environment mainly determines its human or environmental exposure potential. The stability of military chemical vesicants (blister agents) like mustard gas, largely depends on weather variables such as wind speed and direction, temperature gradients, humidity, and precipitation. The magnitude of the effect of each variable on downwind hazards and exposure are further influenced by local topography, vegetation, and soil conditions (U.S. Army, 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Atmospheric conditions including temperature, temperature gradient, wind speed, and direction strongly influence the effectiveness and persistency of chemical agents like mustard gas (U.S. Army, 2002).
- Increases in temperature and high winds tend to increase evaporation rates and dissipation of liquid chemical agents (U.S. Army, 2002).
- High winds increase the evaporative rate of liquid chemical agents and dissipate chemical clouds more rapidly than low winds (U.S. Army, 2002).
- Wind speed and direction along with surface terrain features control migration of chemical clouds. Chemical agent clouds may pass over and around rather than penetrate heavily wooded areas. Agent clouds also tend to flow over rolling terrain, around large hills, and up and down valleys (U.S. Army, 2002).
The vapor pressure of sulfur mustard gas (HD) is low, but sufficient enough for vapors to surround droplets of liquid sulfur mustard (Munro et al, 1999). Solid HD has a measured vapor pressure (heat of sublimation) of 19.3 kcal/mole (independent of temperature), according to a first-time study using vapor saturation technology (Buchanan, 2005).
Sulfur mustard has an atmospheric half life of 1.4 days (at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 x 10(5)/cm(3)), given an estimated rate constant of 11.4 x 10(-12) cm(3)/mol/sec at 25 degrees C (Munro et al, 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization of sulfur mustard (HD) from water is a significant environmental fate process (Munro et al, 1999).
- While sulfur mustard may form a film on water surfaces, it usually hydrolyzes or volatilizes within a few days (Munro et al, 1999).
- Sulfur mustard can retain its vesicant properties in water for a considerable amount of time, if the water is kept at low temperatures and free from turbulence (Munro et al, 1999).
- Estimated environmental volatilization half-lives for sulfur mustard are 50 hours in a model river and 20 days in a model lake, assuming a Henry's Law constant of 2.4 x 10(-5) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB, 2005).
GROUND WATER
- Sulfur mustard is unlikely to appear in groundwater because of its low solubility and rapid hydrolysis when dissolved (Munro et al, 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Sulfur mustard's persistence in the terrestrial environment depends on the munitions types used and the weather. Under average weather conditions, heavily splashed sulfur mustard liquid can persist for 1 to 2 days at concentrations significant enough to cause casualties. Under very cold conditions, sulfur mustard can persist in soil for several months (ATSDR, 2003; USACHPPM , 2001a).
- Sulfur mustard can also persist in snow. Field studies conducted in Norway showed solid particles of sulfur mustard formed on the snow's surface low temperatures (-1 degrees C). The droplets evaporated quickly with only 0.0001% remaining after 2 weeks (ILO ICSC, 2005; Munro et al, 1999).
- Sulfur mustard can remain active in soil up to 3 years, depending on soil moisture, pH, and other physical and chemical conditions. Loss of mustard gas from the soil surface is primarily by evaporation. At soil temperatures around 25 degrees C, sulfur mustard usually evaporates within 30 to 50 hours, depending on local weather conditions. Sulfur mustard can remain undegraded if buried deeply in soil and not subject to weathering or vaporization (USACHPPM , 2001a; Munro et al, 1999).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

The principal environmental fate processes for sulfur mustard gas (HD) are hydrolysis and evaporation. Stored or buried sulfur mustard degrades by hydrolysis (from soil moisture) into the intermediate products, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and thiodiglycol (TDG) (USACHPPM , 2001a; Munro et al, 1999).

Sulfur mustard degradation products include the following (Munro et al, 1999):

2-chloroethyl vinyl sulfide
2-chloroethyl vinyl sulfone
2-chloroethyl vinyl sulfoxide
1,2-dichloroethane
1,4-dithiane
divinyl sulfide
divinyl sulfone
2-hydroxyethyl vinyl sulfide
mustard sulfone
mustard sulfoxide
1,4-oxathiane
thiodiglycol
vinyl sulfoxide

Sulfur mustard is fairly persistent in the environment because its intermediate breakdown products (HCL and TDG) can coat the mustard droplets thereby inhibiting further hydrolysis. Its water solubility is also low (Munro et al, 1999).

In World War I, the average sulfur mustard concentration on European battlefields may have ranged up to 5 ppm. Following World War I, mustard gas was still detectable in some French soils (IARC, 1975; Case & Lea, 1955).

Photodegradation is not an important environmental fate process for sulfur mustard, as it does not absorb ultraviolet radiation above 290 nm (Munro et al, 1999).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation in soil may occur slowly via thioether oxidation, reductive dehalogenation or dehydrohalogenation. Biodegradation has not been achieved in laboratory settings most likely because of its toxicity to microorganisms (Munro et al, 1999).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

The bioconcentration potential in considered low for sulfur mustard in fish and other aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2005).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The bioconcentration potential for sulfur mustard is considered low, given an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 14 and log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) of 2.41 (HSDB, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Mustard is considered extremely toxic to all species, although its low solubility limits its toxicity(Munro et al, 1999).

Fish are considered the most susceptible aquatic organisms to sulfur mustard toxicity, with lethal water concentrations ranging from 25 to 50 ppm. A 30-day toxicity threshold of 2 mg/L was reported for three sensitive species: bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), red-eared sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), and black bullheads (Ameiurus melas) (Munro et al, 1999).

Guppies died after exposure to 20 ppm mustard gas for 0.3 hours (OHM/TADS, 2005).

Mustard gas is toxic to livestock at 500 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2005).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

159.08

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Mustard agent is an oily liquid normally amber to black, or yellow to brown in color. In its pure state it is water clear. The vapor is colorless with an odor resembling garlic, mustard or horseradish. HD decomposes at 149 to 117 degrees C (100 to 351 degrees F) and will form yellow prisms upon cooling ((HSDB, 2002); Munro et al, 1999; SBCCOM , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.069 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (SBCCOM , 2001)

0.072 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (U.S. Army, 1975; (USACHPPM , 2001a)

0.11 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002); Munro et al, 1999; OPCW , 1997; SBCCOM , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001a)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.27 (at 20 degrees C) (Munro et al, 1999)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.27 (at 25 degrees C) (SBCCOM , 2001)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.268 g/mL (SBCCOM , 2001)
1.2685 g/mL (U.S. Army, 1975)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.27 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Munro et al, 1999)
1.274 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (SBCCOM , 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.27 g/mL (OPCW , 1997; USACHPPM , 2001a)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

13-15 degrees C (Munro et al, 1999)
14.45 degrees C (U.S. Army, 1975)
14.5 degrees C (USACHPPM , 2001a)

MELTING POINT

13-14 degrees C ((HSDB, 2002); Munro et al, 1999)
14 degrees C (OPCW , 1997)
14.45 degrees C (SBCCOM , 2001)

BOILING POINT

215-217 degrees C ((HSDB, 2002); Lewis, 2000; ITI, 1995; Munro et al, 1999; USACHPPM , 2001a)

217 degrees C (OPCW , 1997)

217 degrees C (calculated) (Decomposes; decomposition temperature range of 149-177 degrees C.) (US Army, 1975)

217.5 degrees C; 423.5 degrees F (calculated) (decomposed) (SBCCOM , 2001)

FLASH POINT

105 degrees C (SBCCOM , 2001) Sittig, 1991; U.S. Army, 1975; (USACHPPM , 2001a)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.06% (at 20 degrees C) (OPCW , 1997)
0.92 g/100g (at 22 degrees C) (SBCCOM , 2001)
Mustard very sparingly or negligibly soluble in water (OPCW , 1997; USACHPPM , 2001a)
0.684 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Mustard is soluble in gasoline and kerosene (SBCCOM , 2001).
Mustard is soluble at greater than 10% in benzene ((HSDB, 2002)).
Mustard is miscible with petroleum ether ((HSDB, 2002)).

OTHER

HD is miscible with organophosphorus nerve agents (SBCCOM , 2001).
It is freely soluble in fats, fat solvents, animal oils, organic solvents ((HSDB, 2002); USACHPPM , 2001a).
Mustard id soluble in the following (SBCCOM , 2001):

acetone
alcohol
carbon tetrachloride
ether
ethylbenzoate
fats and oils
tetrachloroethane

Mustard is soluble at greater than 10% in acetone, ethanol and ether ((HSDB, 2002)).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 1.37 (Munro et al, 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.4X10(-5) atm x m(3)/mol (Munro et al, 1999)

2.1X10(-5) atm x m(3)/mol (Munro et al, 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.6 mg/m(3) (SBCCOM , 2001)
0.03 mg/L or 0.015 mg/m(3) ((HSDB, 2002))

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Koc = 2.12 (Munro et al, 1999)

HEAT OF FUSION

4.0 kcal/mole (Buchanan, 2005)

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

15.3 kcal/mole (liquid vaporization at melting point) (Buchanan, 2005)
19.3 kcal/mole (heat of sublimation for solid; independent of temperature) (Buchanan, 2005)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5313 (at 20 degrees C) ((HSDB, 2002))

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 2000.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Mustard (Update). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Dept of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, GA, USAAvailable from URL: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp49.html. As accessed 3 August 2005.

Aasted A, Darre E, & Wulf HC: Mustard gas: clinical, toxicological, and mutagenic aspects based on modern experience. Ann Plastic Surg 1987; 19:330-333.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents