MORPHOLINE

Morpholine is used in many industrial settings. Exposure may come from ingestion, inhalation, eye, or dermal exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Uses of morpholine include (ACGIH, 1986; Proctor et al, 1988):

Boiler water additive
Rubber accelerator
Corrosion inhibitor
Detergent brightener
Wax and polish additive
Book paper preservative
Organic Synthesis
Solvent for casein, dyes, resins, and waxes
Insecticides
Antiseptics
Food additive

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Human exposures have been limited. Corneal, nasal, dermal, and lung irritation have been reported. Effects in animals are similar to symptoms seen with ammonium hydroxide. The clinical picture is one of pronounced mucous membrane irritation of the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Morpholine is a strong skin irritant (HSDB). Inhalation exposure to an airborne concentration of 200 ppm produced nasal irritation within one minute and coughing within 1 to 5 minutes (HSDB). The lowest irritating concentration in humans was 16 mg/m(3) (approximately 4.5 ppm) (Bazarova & Migukina, 1975). Morpholine is rapidly absorbed through intact skin, but aqueous solutions of less than 25 percent are less hazardous (ACGIH, 1986). Morpholine ingestion can produce gastrointestinal irritation with bleeding (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Morpholine eye exposure can cause TRANSIENT CORNEAL EDEMA with FOGGY VISION and the appearance of HALOS AROUND LIGHTS, typically noticeable after work (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; HSDB). This condition is reversible.

Morpholine has caused kidney and liver damage in experimental animals (Migukina, 1973).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

There have been no reported cases of chronic occupational morpholine poisoning (HSDB). In humans, chronic exposure has produced skin and respiratory tract irritation (HSDB). Pipetting morpholine by mouth caused severe sore throat and reddened mucous membranes, which disappeared after the practice was stopped (ACGIH, 1986). Some individuals may develop hypersensitivity dermatitis (NIOSH/OSHA).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

Emesis should not be induced due to the potential for alkaline irritation.

DILUTION -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

Morpholine has not been specifically tested for adsorption onto activated charcoal. Until more data are available, use of activated charcoal is recommended.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Treatment is supportive; there is no antidote. Dermal, eye, or mucous membrane exposure should be treated by immediate dilution/irrigation.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Emesis should not be induced.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN): 50 to 500 milligrams/kilogram; between 1 teaspoonful & 1 ounce for 70 kg person (HSDB , 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

Repeated daily exposure of rats to 18,000 ppm for 8 hours was lethal to some animals; those dying had damage to lungs, liver, and kidneys (Proctor et al, 1988).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ANIMAL DATA

RAT -

Exposure for 1 hour to a concentrated vapor produced no deaths (Smyth et al, 1954).
Rats survived exposure to 8000 parts per million for 8 hours (Smyth et al, 1954).
Harbison et al (1989) found no systemic toxicity from chronic exposure of rats to morpholine for 2 years at concentrations of 150 parts per million or less.

RABBITS -

THRESHOLD OF IRRITANT EFFECTS - (Rabbits skin) - 1/200 of a molar solution (IRPTC, 1984).
OCULAR EXPOSURE - One drop of morpholine in rabbit eyes produced purulent conjunctivitis and subsequent keratoleukoma and cicatrixation of eyelids (IRPTC, 1984).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS110-91-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Morpholine

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Morpholine

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Morpholine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 1320 mg/m(3) for 2H (RTECS, 2001)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 8000 ppm for 8H (RTECS, 2001)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 413 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 525 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 500 mcL/kg (RTECS, 2001)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 1450 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)
LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 100 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

OTHER

1 milligram/liter is approximately equal to 281 parts per million; 1 part per million is approximately equal 3.56 milligrams/cubic meter (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS110-91-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Morpholine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye dam; URT irr
Molecular Weight: 87.12

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS110-91-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS110-91-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Morpholine
REL:

TWA: 20 ppm (70 mg/m(3))
STEL: 30 ppm (105 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1400 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Morpholine
Table Z-1 for Morpholine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 20

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 70

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS110-91-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS110-91-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS110-91-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Morpholine

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2054 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Morpholine

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 8

8: Corrosive material. See 49 CFR section 173.136 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2054
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 3

8: Corrosive.
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: A6, T10, TP2

A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
T10: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 0.5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 2.5 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2054 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Morpholine
UN Number: 2054

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS110-91-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Morpholine
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Separate from oxidizing materials and acids (NFPA, 1991).
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1991).
Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1991).
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 110-91-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Poor (Not Recommended)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Poor (Not Recommended)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Poor (Not Recommended)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Poor (Not Recommended)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Poor (Not Recommended)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 153
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.38
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >960
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: 2 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 42
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 76
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 74
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.8
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 56
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 119
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 226
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 139
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 108
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 139
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 108
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 96
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 102
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 48
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 206000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 83
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 137
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 122
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 72
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 94
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 3 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 63
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 114
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 97000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 234
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 63
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible materials.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Morpholine is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidizers (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Morpholine may ignite spontaneously in contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS110-91-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Morpholine
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Some of these materials may react violently with water.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Do not get water inside containers.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS110-91-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Morpholine
Extinguishing Method(s): 5, 1

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, morpholine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Mixtures of morpholine with nitromethane are explosive (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Morpholine may ignite spontaneously in contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, morpholine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Morpholine is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidizers; it can react with oxidizing materials (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Mixtures of morpholine with nitromethane are explosive (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Morpholine may ignite spontaneously in contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

When heated to decomposition, morpholine emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Morpholine is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizers, and metals (NIOSH , 1990).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS110-91-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS110-91-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Morpholine
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 30
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 30
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS110-91-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS110-91-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1400 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers (except for Hydrazine).
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
BIODEGRADATION
- Morpholine was completely degraded microbiologically and two organisms isolated, each capable of growth in a simple mineral salts medium with morpholine as the sole source of C, N, and energy. Excess N is liberated as ammonia. The enzymes responsible for the oxidation of morpholine are inducible (HSDB , 1992).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This compound may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials and operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of morpholine was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER: The effect of low concentrations of this compound on aquatic life is unknown (CHRIS , 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

87.12 (Budavari, 1989)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Morpholine is a colorless, oily, mobile, hydroscopic liquid with an amine-like odor (ACGIH, 1986; Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

fish-like odor (AAR, 1987)

ammoniacal odor (CHRIS , 1992)

11 ( for a 25% aqueous solution) (HSDB , 1992)

VAPOR PRESSURE

10 mmHg (at 23 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

6.6 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1986)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.007 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
LIQUID: 1.002 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1987)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.118 g/mL (at 20 degrees C)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-4.9 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

128.9 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)

20.0 degrees C (at 6 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

38 degrees C; 100 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 1989)

35 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1986)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

310 degrees C; 590 degrees F (Sax & Lewis, 1987; NFPA, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.8% (ACGIH, 1986)

UPPER

11% (ACGIH, 1986)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Morpholine is miscible with water with evolution of some heat (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Morpholine is miscible with organic solvents with evolution of some heat (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Morpholine is also miscible with acetone, benzene, castor oil, ether, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-hexanone, linseed oil, methanol, pine oil and turpentine (Budavari, 1989).

OTHER

It is immiscible with concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.01 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKb = 5.6 (Budavari, 1989)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4548 (20 degrees C)

VISCOSITY

2.23 cP (at 20 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1987)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents