MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE

MSG has the ability to increase salivation (HSDB, 2003). It has been used for many years as a flavor enhancer for a variety of foods such as Asian cuisines, canned vegetables, soups, and processed meats (Anon, 2003; HSDB, 2003). It has been estimated that the average daily intake of MSG is 0.3 to 1.0 grams in industrialized countries(Geha et al, 2000; Prawirohardjone et al, 2000).
MSG has been used to treat patients with hyperammonemia in conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy. In the US, MSG has been used as a swine feed additive(HSDB, 2003).

FORMS

In the grocery stores, MSG is sold as a fine, white crystal substance, similar in appearance to salt or sugar (Anon, 1995).
LABEL LISTING: Foods and ingredients that contain glutamate as an inherent component (tomatoes, cheeses, meats, hydrolyzed protein products such as soy sauce, and autolyzed yeast extracts) are not required to list glutamate on the label. These ingredients are declared on the label by their common names. However, when MSG is added to food, the FDA requires "monosodium glutamate" to appear on the label. Other salts of glutamic acid (monopotassium glutamate, monoammonium glutamate) also have to be listed on labels and cannot appear under "spices", "natural flavoring", or other general terms (Anon, 2003).
Anhydrous monosodium glutamate 29 grams or glutamic acid 25 grams is approximately equivalent to monosodium glutamate 32 grams (Sweetman, 2003).

SOURCES

Glutamate, a major building block of proteins, is released during breakdown of a protein molecule, and occurs naturally in many foods (eg; meat, milk, mushrooms, Parmesan cheese, and tomatoes) (Anon, 2003). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the monosodium salt of L-glutamic acid. It is produced by (HSDB, 2003; Anon, 2003):

Fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as sugar beet molasses.
Hydrolysis of vegetable proteins.
Waste from beet-sugar molasses by acid hydrolysis.
By action of Micrococcus glutamicus upon a carbohydrate and subsequent partial neutralization.

To produce MSG, sugar beet products are mainly used in the US and in Europe; other carbohydrate sources (eg, sugar cane and tapioca) are often used in the Orient (HSDB, 2003).
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: Dermal contact or inhalation of dusts at places where MSG is produced or used(HSDB, 2003).
NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: Ingestion of MSG-containing foods (HSDB, 2003).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has the ability to increase salivation. It has been used as a flavor enhancer for a variety of foods such as Asian cuisines, canned vegetables, soups, and processed meats. It has also been used to treat patients with hyperammonemia in conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy. It has been estimated that the average daily intake of MSG is 0.3 to 1 g in industrialized countries.

DESCRIPTION: Glutamic acid, or glutamate, is a major "building block" of many proteins in foods, such as cheese, meat, pea, mushrooms, and milk. MSG is the monosodium salt of L-glutamic acid. Some glutamate is present in foods in a "free" form, not bound with other amino acids. It is only in this free form that glutamate can enhance a food's flavor. Part of the flavor-enhancing effect of tomatoes, certain cheeses, and fermented or hydrolyzed protein products is due to the presence of free glutamate.

TOXICOLOGY: MSG SYMPTOM COMPLEX OR CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME (CRS): Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain CRS, none have been proven. Some of the following proposed mechanisms are listed: (1) The stimulation of peripheral receptors. (2) CRS was a form of acetylcholinosis: In one study, it was noted that the symptoms of CRS were similar to those observed after acetylcholine use. Glutamate can be converted to acetylcholine via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and drugs affecting the cholinergic mechanisms could modulate CRS symptoms. (3) CRS may be a manifestation of esophageal irritation. (4) Chinese meals increase plasma sodium levels, causing CRS. (5) Vitamin B6 deficiency in individuals may cause CRS. (6) CRS may be caused by histamine; In one study, it was found that some Chinese meals could contain levels of histamine close to the toxic threshold established by the FDA for histamine in foods.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is common. Severe toxicity is rare.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MSG SYMPTOM COMPLEX OR CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME: Following the consumption of a meal with MSG, patients have reported one or more symptoms of a complex which includes headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, dizziness, syncope, flushing, tingling, lacrimation, sweating, tightness of face and neck, burning or pressure in the chest often radiating to the neck and arms, heartburn, and gastric distress. Supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia have also been reported. However, there is inadequate data to determine if MSG may have been a factor.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not indicated after an acute ingestion. Toxicity is very unlikely.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Flushing, facial pressure, chest pain, headache, and nausea have been reported in patients following the ingestion of food containing MSG. Patients usually experience these symptoms within an hour of eating 3 g or more of MSG on an empty stomach (Sweetman, 2003).

In one study, very high oral doses of glutamate (147 g/day) given to adult humans as the sole source of nonessential nitrogen for 2 to 6 weeks was tolerated, with no neurological changes (Bazzano et al, 1970). In other studies, doses 60 to 150 mg MSG/kg body weight were also tolerated (Geha et al, 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS142-47-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 4253 mg/kg (Behavioral - Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold; Tetany) (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- 3300 mg/kg (Sense Organs and Special Senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); Autonomic Nervous System - Other (direct) parasympathomimetic; Behavioral - Ataxia) (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 16600 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 5580 mg/kg (Behavioral - Tremor; Behavioral - Ataxia; Lung, Thorax, or Respiration - Cyanosis) (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 3800 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- 30 gm/kg (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 11400 mg/kg (RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 8200 mg/kg (Behavioral - Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold; Behavioral - Excitement) (RTECS, 2003)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS142-47-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS142-47-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS142-47-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS142-47-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS142-47-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS142-47-2 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS142-47-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 142-47-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS142-47-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS142-47-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS142-47-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS142-47-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS142-47-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS142-47-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

187.1 (Sweetman, 2003)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

White, practically odorless, free-flowing crystals or crystalline powder; sweet-saline taste in large concentrations; no flavor in small quantity; freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol (HSDB, 2003; Sweetman, 2003).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents