MONOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Chlorodifluoromethane has the following uses: refrigerant gas, aerosol propellant, low-temperature solvent, and a component in fluorocarbon resins (such as tetrafluoroethylene) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994a; IARC, 1986).

FORMS

Chlorodifluoromethane is available as a 99.9% pure technical grade. It is also available as a component (at 48.8%) of fluorocarbon-502, in which it forms an azeotropic mixture with chloropentafluoroethane (IATA, 1999; Lewis, 1997).

SOURCES

Chlorodifluoromethane is produced by the halogen exchange of chloroform and hydrogen fluoride. Antimony chloride is used as a catalyst, and the reaction also produces dichlorofluoromethane (Ashford, 1994a; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Monochlorodifluromethane vapors are irritating to the respiratory system. Inhalation of evolved chloride and fluoride fumes in a fire could cause eye, nose, and throat irritation; chemical pneumonitis; or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. CNS depression may be seen with exposure to high concentrations.

Monochlorodifluoromethane is a simple asphyxiant at high concentrations. Air hunger, fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, headache, confusion, decreased coordination and judgment, cyanosis, and unconsciousness may be noted.

Signs and symptoms of exposure may also include palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, ringing in the ears, and liver and spleen injury. Contact with the liquid or escaping compressed gas may cause frostbite injury.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

According to one manufacturer's product data, monochlorodifluoromethane is a mild to moderate skin and eye irritant. Direct contact with the skin can cause defatting dermatitis or FROSTBITE injury with exposure to the escaping compressed gas (HSDB). Airborne concentrations of greater than 1000 ppm can cause central nervous system (CNS) stimulation followed by CNS depression and death (ACGIH, 1986). Symptoms of CNS depression include headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, loss of coordination and judgement, coma, and death with exposure to large amounts. Other symptoms of acute exposure are tremors and respiratory tract irritation (HSDB).

Monochlorodifluoromethane can lower the myocardial threshold to the arrythmogenic effects of epinephrine. It produced arrhythmias in mice in conjunction with EPINEPHRINE (Aviado & Belej, 1974). Sudden death in persons intentionally abusing monochlorodifluoromethane are thought to be due to sudden onset of ventricular fibrillation (Speizer, 1975). In experimental animal studies, it was toxic to the heart in rats (Lure & Pleshkova, 1977), mice (Aviado & Belej, 1974), and monkeys (Aviado & Smith, 1975).

Monochlorodifluoromethane was poorly absorbed and rapidly eliminated following acute exposure in human volunteers. Estimated half-lives for the three-phase elimination process were 0.005, 0.2, and 2.6 hours, respectively (Woollen et al, 1992).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Hospital personnel exposed to monochlorodifluoromethane have reported palpitations and fibrillation (Speizer, 1975). There may be an increased incidence of coronary artery disease in persons chronically exposed to high levels of monochlorodifluoromethane (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Other effects reported with chronic exposure include diseases of the mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and nervous system, more so than in workers manufacturing Freon 11 or Freon 12 (Lure & Pleshkova, 1977).

Monochlorodifluoromethane produced lung lesions in rabbits exposed to an airborne concentration of 3,000 ppm (Pantaleoni & Luzi, 1975) and increased the red blood cell count and altered liver and kidney function in rats (Antonova, 1983).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS - Respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and spleen (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Remove victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Airway protection and maintenance may be required. If frostbite has not occured, copiously flush exposed eyes or skin with water. If frostbite has developed, seek medical attention immediately and DO NOT flush exposed area with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Cardiac monitoring may be advisable in cases of significant exposure.

Whenever possible, the administration of epinephrine should be avoided in patients with chlorofluorohydrocarbon inhalation exposure (ILO, 1983). If epinephrine is required for the treatment of life-threatening conditions, it should be administered in the lowest possible dose, careful and continuous cardiac monitoring should be done, and resuscitation equipment and supplies should be readily available.

Airway protection and maintenance may be required.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush affected areas with water, or attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Oral exposure to escaping gas might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ANIMAL DATA

Experimental animals exposed to concentrations of 300,000 to 400,000 ppm (30 to 40 percent) died (Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Inhalation of chlorofluorohydrocarbons in concentrations of approximately 15 percent (150,000 ppm) has caused death (ILO, 1983).
Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

A feeling of lightheadedness may occur with exposure to airborne chlorofluorohydrocarbon concentrations of 5 to 15 percent (50,000 to 150,000 ppm) (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988).
Narcosis may be seen with inhalation exposure to chlorodifluoromethane concentrations greater than 10 percent (100,000 ppm) in air (CHRIS , 1985).
Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).

ANIMAL DATA

No effects were produced by exposure to 2,000 ppm (0.2 percent).
Exposure to concentrations of 14,000 ppm (1.4 percent) caused toxicity to the lungs, CNS, heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys in experimental animals.
Experimental animals exposed to concentrations of 75,000 to 100,000 (7.5 to 10 percent) had CNS stimulation followed by CNS depression.
Narcosis was seen in experimental animals exposed to concentrations of 200,000 ppm (20 percent).
REFERENCE - (Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988).
Exposure to concentrations greater than 50,000 ppm (5 percent) produced a decrease in the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic action of injected epinephrine, although this effect was of a relatively low degree compared to that seen with other chlorofluorohydrocarbons (Proctor et al, 1988).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-45-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 5x10(1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Hathaway et al, 1996 HSDB, 2000 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 282.6 ppm (HSDB , 2000)
1 ppm = 3.54 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-45-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chlorodifluoromethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; asphyxia; card sens
Molecular Weight: 86.47

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-45-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-45-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane
REL:

TWA: 1000 ppm (3500 mg/m(3))
STEL: 1250 ppm (4375 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-45-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-45-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-45-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Methane, chlorodifluoro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1018 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chlorodifluoromethane or Refrigerant gas R 22

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1018
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T50

T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 75 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1018 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chlorodifluoromethane
UN Number: 1018
Proper Shipping Name: Refrigerant gas R 22
UN Number: 1018

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-45-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Individuals should be trained prior to working with chlorodifluoromethane on the proper handling and storage of this compound (Sittig, 1991).
Provide general ventilation and sufficient exhaust in areas where chlorodifluoromethane is handled or stored, and keep far from smoking, open flames, and other sources of ignition (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Provide general ventilation and sufficient exhaust in areas where chlorodifluoromethane is handled or stored, and keep far from smoking, open flames, and other sources of ignition (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Chlorodifluoromethane is incompatible with alkalis and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, zinc, and powdered aluminum (NIOSH , 2000).
For a comprehensive list of chlorodifluoromethane's incompatibilities, please see the 'Reactivity Hazard' section below.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Given the possibility of frostbite from dichlorofluoromethane, special clothing to prevent the freezing of body tissues should be given to employees who may be exposed to cold equipment, liquid, or vapors. Protective clothing, including suits, footwear, gloves, and headgear should be clean and be worn every day (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

"Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating" (NIOSH , 2000).

To avoid the formation of toxic decomposition products and to minimize the risk of inhalation, adequate ventilation should be provided. Also recommended is the use of a breathing device equipped with an independent air supply; if entering a tank of confined space, a lifeline should be worn (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Because contact with the liquid may cause burns or tissue damage from frostbite, eye protection should be worn (unless wearing full facepiece respiratory protection) (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

"Where the potential exists for exposures over 1000 ppm, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous flow mode, or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode" (Sittig, 1991).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-45-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Chlorodifluoromethane itself "does not burn or burns with difficulty." Use an extinguishing agent appropriate for the surrounding fire type (HSDB , 2000)

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-45-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-45-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

As chlorodifluoromethane itself does not burn, the extinguishing agent used should be suitable for the surrounding fire type. Water, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam may be used. Use flooding quantities of water applied from a maximal distance to cool all affected containers (HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000)

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

A self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn to protect against the toxic products of fluorine and phosgene that are emitted when chlorodifluoromethane undergoes combustion (OHM/TADS , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Irritating or poisonous gases may be produced in a fire (CHRIS , 1985).

Toxic fumes of chloride and fluoride may be released when chlorodifluoromethane is heated to decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Fluorine and phosgene gases may be released in a fire (OHM/TADS , 1989).
Chlorofluorohydrocarbons can release hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosgene, and carbonyl fluoride when exposed to red-hot metal or undergoing thermal decomposition (ILO, 1983).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

In high concentrations, chlorodifluoromethane can act as an asphyxiant (Lewis, 1996).

Although ignition is difficult, 50% mixtures of this compound with air may be combustible at elevated pressures (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).

Toxic and irritating fumes of chlorine and fluorine are released when chlorodifluoromethane is heated to decomposition (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

Toxic gases are the result of slow decomposition caused by this compound's exposure to moisture and rust (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Certain plastics, rubber, and coatings are attacked by chlorodifluoromethane (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Thermal decomposition occurs when this compound contacts alkalis or earth metals at high temperatures (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

"All fluorocarbons will undergo thermal decomposition when exposed to flame or red-hot metal. Decomposition products of the chlorofluorocarbons will include hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acid along with smaller amounts of phosgene & carbonyl fluoride. The last compound is very unstable to hydrolysis & quickly changes to hydrofluoric acid & carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture" (HSDB , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-45-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-45-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chlorodifluoromethane; (Freon 22; CFC 22)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1250
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 7500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 7500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-45-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-45-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Allow substance to evaporate.
- Ventilate the area.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
"Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty" (Sittig, 1991).
"Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants" (HSDB , 2000)
Sittig (1991) recommends returning the waste to the vendor or to a licensed waste disposal company.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Venting this gas to the atmosphere has been suggested as a disposal method (Sittig, 1985), but in light of the proven role of chlorofluorohydrocarbons in depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer (Finkel, 1983; ILO, 1983), other disposal methods should be considered.
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Disposal Methods (OHM/TADS , 1989)
- Use activated carbon to adsorb dissolved material.
- Adsorb spilled material with vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate, or a 90:10 mixture of salt and soda-ash; then add slaked lime. After mixing, the material can be placed in an incinerator with an afterburner and be ignited with wood.
- Spilled material can be dissolved in a flammable solvent and the resultant mixture sprayed into an incinerator with an alkali scrubber and an afterburner.
Removal Method: The destruction of chlorofluoromethanes (CFC's) was studied in a turbulent jet-stirred burner. The output gasses were adsorbed in water and decane. The destruction of CFC's was 99.995% or better as determined by gas chromatography using electron capture detection (Pederson & Kallman, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The production, storage, use, and transport of chlorodifluoromethane may result in its release into the atmosphere. Unless captured and recycled, all chlorodifluoromethane used as a refrigerant, solvent, or propellant will be released into the air. A six- to seven-year delay exists between the production of this compound and its release into the air from refrigeration units (Howard, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the troposphere, chlorodifluoromethane is removed primarily by its reaction with hydroxyl radicals, with a half-life of 11.1 to 17.3 years. Some loss by wet deposition occurs due to the compound's moderate water solubility; however, volatilzation will likely return any such loss back into the atmosphere. Some chlorodifluoromethane is likely to diffuse into the stratosphere, where it will undergo reactions with hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen atoms. In the process, atmospheric ozone destruction takes place (Howard, 1994).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization will be the primary removal process for chlorodifluoromethane released to water; the half-life for this reaction is 2.7 hours for a model river (1 meter deep; flowing at a rate of 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec). It is not expected to adsorb appreciably to sediment (Howard, 1994).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- An estimated soil adsorption coefficient (Koc) of 57.5 suggests that volatilization is the primary removal mechanism for chlorodifluoromethane released to soil. The following are not likely to occur: photooxidation, biodegradation, or hydrolysis (Howard, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

86.47

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Chlorodifluoromethane is a colorless, nonflammable gas with an odor that has been described as absent, faint, sweetish, ethereal, and similar to that of carbon tetrachloride (ACGIH, 1991; (Ashford, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

4279 mmHg (at 4.5 degrees C) (Howard, 1994)

10 atm (7600 mmHg) (at 24 degrees C) (IARC, 1986a)

9.4 atm (NIOSH , 2000)

201 kPa (at -25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

498 kPa (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

1044 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

1944 kPa (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

3317 kPa (at 75 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.49 (at 69/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

DENSITY

VAPOR DENSITY

3.87 (in air at 0 degrees C) (IARC, 1986a).

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-160 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997a)
-160 degrees C; 256 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
-231 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000).

MELTING POINT

-146 degrees C (IARC, 1989; (Lewis, 1996)
-146.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997a)
Between -146 and -147 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
-157.4 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)

BOILING POINT

-40.8 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; (IARC, 1986a; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997a)

-41 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

-40.8 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Howard, 1994)

-40.82 degrees C; -41.47 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)

-41 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

-40.7 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)

FLASH POINT

636.6 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

1170 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 1996)
Partly soluble in water (Lewis, 1997a)
Very soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991)
2899 mg/L (at 25 degrees C and 1 atm) (Howard, 1994) 0.3% by weight (25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
0.28 g/L water (at 77 degrees F and 14.7 psia) (HSDB , 2000)
0.14 g/L water (at 122 degrees F and 14.7 psia) (HSDB , 2000)
2770 mg/L in water (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in acetone, chloroform, and ether (ACGIH, 1991; (IARC, 1986a)
>10% in acetone, chloroform, and ethyl ether (HSDB , 2000)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 1.08 (Howard, 1994)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.0294 atm-m(3)/mole (Howard, 1994)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

3701 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

132 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

9 x 10(-5) N/cm (HSDB , 2000)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

6.11 (at 24 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

DIPOLE MOMENT

1.4 debyes (gas) (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-6.5704 x 10(7) (HSDB , 2000)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.256 (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

12.45 eV (NIOSH , 2000)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents