MOLYBDENUM

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Molybdenum is an essential trace element for humans and mammals. The main commercial source is molybdenite (MoS2) (Tallkvist & Oskarsson, 2015; International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).
Molybdenum compounds (Mo, MoO3, MoS2) are used for a variety of applications. They are used as catalysts, in ceramics, labeling glass containers, fertilizers as a trace element, electroplating, and the tanning of skins (Langard, 2001).
Molybdenum inorganic and organic complexes are used for color (pigments, insoluble dyes, mordants) (Langard, 2001).
Molybdenum metal is used for electronic parts. Molybdenum steel is used in the manufacture of parts for missiles and aircraft (Langard, 2001).
MOLYBDENUM ACETLYACETONATE is a catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene and the production of polyurethane foam (Barceloux, 1999).
MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (molybdenite) is used as a lubricant which does not require a water film for lubrication and can therefore be used in a vacuum (Langard, 2001).
AMMONIUM TETRATHIOMOLYBDATE has been used an experimental copper chelating agent for the treatment of Wilson's disease (Barceloux, 1999).
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE is used as a corrosion inhibitor and a reagent for chemical analysis (Barceloux, 1999).
ZINC MOLYBDATE is used as a stabilizer and anticorrosive in paint (Barceloux, 1999).
FERTILIZERS: Standard commercial fertilizers contain 2 to 6 ppm molybdenum (Barceloux, 1999).

FORMS

SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS

Sodium molybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, and ammonium heptamolybdate are highly soluble molybdenum salts (solubility greater than 100 mg/L). These compounds will dissociate into the molybdate anion [MoO4]2- under physiological conditions. Molybdenum is taken up into organisms and is present in blood as molybdate. Molybdenum trioxide, a moderately soluble compound, reacts with water under acidification to molybdate anions (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013; Hathaway et al, 1996). These compounds are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (Friberg et al, 1986).

INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS

Calcium molybdate, molybdenum halides, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum dioxide are insoluble compounds (Hathaway et al, 1996).

SOURCES

ENVIRONMENTAL/INDUSTRIAL/FOOD/WATER SOURCES

SUMMARY: Trace amounts of soluble molybdate can be found in foods and drinking water. Occupational exposure to molybdenum from mining operations and industrial sources have also been reported. The main routes of exposure are via inhalation and dermal contact. Since dermal absorption is negligible, inhalational exposure is the main concern. Mineral supplements can also contain trace amounts of sodium molybdate and ammonium dimolybdate (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).
AIR: Over 90% of samples had less than 0.01 mcg/m3 Mo (Jarrell et al, 1980). Higher concentrations (0.01 to 0.03 mcg/m3) found in urban compared with rural areal (0.001 to 0.0032 mcg/m3) (Barceloux, 1999). Ash contains 10 to 40 mcg/g Mo. USSR steel foundry air Mo increased from 1.4 mg/m(3) during production of 4% Mo steel to 5.4 mg/m(3) during production of 17% Mo steel. Breathing zone air Mo of workers averaged 0.2 mg/m(3), occasionally peaking at 0.4 to 0.5 (Lener & Bibr, 1984).
WATER: Mean Mo concentration in rivers averaged 0.5, in brines 1.7, in the ocean 11, and in thermal waters 20 mcg/L (Wedepohl, 1978). Most natural waters contain less than 3 mcg/L; near industrial sources molybdenum concentration in surface and ground water may reach 0.2 to 0.4 mg/L and 25 mg/L respectively (Barceloux, 1999).
SOIL: Mo less than 0.2 mg/kg is considered deficient and greater than 0.7 mg/kg excessive (Barceloux, 1999; Lener & Bibr, 1984). Mo is more available from neutral or alkaline soils. Average soil concentration is 1 to 2 mg/kg. Municipal sewage sludge contains molybdenum concentrations from 1 to 40 mg/kg (average 15 mg/kg) (Barceloux, 1999).
FOOD: Above ground plant sources have higher Mo than food from plant roots. Grains, legumes, and cauliflower are particularly high (Barceloux, 1999; Schroeder et al, 1970; Lener & Bibr, 1984). Mineral supplements can also contain trace amounts of sodium molybdate and ammonium dimolybdate (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).
AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE: Was estimated at 160 mcg in children and 200 to 500 mcg in adults in the USSR and 128 and 335 mcg in adults in England and the USA (Lener & Bibr, 1984). In general, vegetarians consume more molybdenum in the diet (Holzinger et al, 1998).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Molybdenum is an essential trace element for humans and mammals. The main commercial source is molybdenite (MoS2). Molybdenum compounds (Mo, MoO3, MoS2) are used as catalysts, lubricants (molybdenum disulfide), corrosion inhibitors (molybdenum trioxide), and stabilizers (zinc molybdate). They are also used in ceramics, labeling glass containers, fertilizers as a trace element, and electroplating. Molybdenum metal is used for electronic parts and molybdenum steel is used in the manufacture of parts for missiles and aircraft. Molybdenum inorganic and organic complexes are used for color (pigments, insoluble dyes, mordants).

TOXICOLOGY: Sodium molybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, and ammonium heptamolybdate are highly soluble molybdenum salts. Other soluble molybdenum include ammonium molybdate and molybdenum trioxide. Soluble molybdenum compounds are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Calcium molybdate, molybdenum halides, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum dioxide are insoluble compounds. The main routes of exposure are via inhalation and dermal contact. Since dermal absorption is negligible, inhalational exposure is the main concern. There seems to be a reciprocal relationship between molybdenum and copper. In ruminants (especially cattle and sheep), intake of herbage with a high molybdenum content produces "scouring" disease (diarrhea). A copper deficiency aggravates this disease and administration of copper salts alleviates the disease. Evidence suggests that excess molybdenum promotes binding of copper to a serum protein, thus limiting uptakes of copper in tissue. Molybdenum is a cofactor of xanthine oxidase. Excess molybdenum may induce xanthine oxidase.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to molybdenum is common. Trace amounts of soluble molybdate can be found in foods and drinking water. Mineral supplements can also contain trace amounts of sodium molybdate and ammonium dimolybdate. Occupational exposure to molybdenum from mining operations and industrial sources have also been reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

There are few reports of human toxicity. Toxicity information is mostly based on animal data. Molybdenum can produce mild eye, nose, throat, and skin irritations. Elevated liver enzymes, diarrhea, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, headache, joint and muscle pain, tremor, pneumoconiosis, and/or chest pain have been reported in workers exposed to molybdenum. Pancytopenia was reported in 2 patients who received copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate. High dietary intake of molybdenum may alter copper balance, increase serum ceruloplasmin, and theoretically predispose some individuals to anemia. Hypothyroidism may also occur. Molybdenum toxicity is associated with copper and sulfate deficiency in animals. Diarrhea, anorexia, listlessness, fatty degeneration of the liver, dystrophic changes and kidney cell swelling, and anemia have been reported in animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Sodium molybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, and ammonium heptamolybdate are highly soluble molybdenum salts. Other soluble molybdenum compounds include ammonium molybdate and molybdenum trioxide. Soluble molybdenum compounds are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Calcium molybdate, molybdenum halides, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum dioxide are insoluble compounds. The main routes of exposure are via inhalation and dermal contact. Since dermal absorption is negligible, inhalational exposure is the main concern. There seems to be a reciprocal relationship between molybdenum and copper. In ruminants (especially cattle and sheep), intake of herbage with a high molybdenum content produces "scouring" disease (diarrhea). A copper deficiency aggravates this disease and administration of copper salts alleviates the disease. Evidence suggests that excess molybdenum promotes binding of copper to a serum protein, thus limiting uptakes of copper in tissue. Molybdenum is a cofactor of xanthine oxidase. Excess molybdenum may induce xanthine oxidase.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to molybdenum is common. Trace amounts of soluble molybdate can be found in foods and drinking water. Mineral supplements can also contain trace amounts of sodium molybdate and ammonium dimolybdate. Occupational exposure to molybdenum from mining operations and industrial sources have also been reported.
TOXICITY: There are few reports of human toxicity. Toxicity information is mostly based on animal data. Molybdenum can produce mild eye, nose, throat, and skin irritations. Elevated liver enzymes, diarrhea, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, headache, joint and muscle pain, tremor, pneumoconiosis, and/or chest pain have been reported in workers exposed to molybdenum. Pancytopenia was reported in 2 patients who received copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate. High dietary intake of molybdenum may alter copper balance, increase serum ceruloplasmin, and theoretically predispose some individuals to anemia. Hypothyroidism may also occur. Molybdenum toxicity is associated with copper and sulfate deficiency in animals. Diarrhea, anorexia, listlessness, fatty degeneration of the liver, dystrophic changes and kidney cell swelling, and anemia have been reported in animals.

DERMAL

Molybdenum can produce mild eye, nose, throat, and skin irritations (Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 2012).

ENDOCRINE

Hypothyroidism may occur (Stokinger, 1982).

GASTROINTESTINAL

CASE SERIES: Diarrhea was reported in 5 of 25 molybdenum roasting plant workers (Walravens et al, 1979).

HEMATOLOGIC

CASE SERIES: Pancytopenia resulted in 2 patients receiving the copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate (Harper & Walshe, 1986).
ANEMIA: Data in humans suggests that high dietary molybdenum potentially can produce mineral imbalances (e.g. copper deficiency) which may predispose some individuals to hypochromic microcytic anemia (IRIS , 1995).

HEPATIC

Evidence suggests that molybdenum may produce liver dysfunction. Workmen in Russia Mo-Cu plant reported a fall in A/G ratios due to a rise in globulins, primarily alpha-globulins that has been interpreted as evidence of liver dysfunction (Stokinger, 1982).

METABOLIC

Molybdenum is a cofactor for xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase and is necessary for purine metabolism. Excess intake of molybdenum stimulates xanthine oxidase producing elevated blood and urine levels of uric acid which may predispose toward the development of gout (Langard, 2001; Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010).

NEUROLOGIC

Weakness, fatigue, anorexia, headache, joint and muscle pain and hand tremor were reported in USSR miners and metallurgy workers chronically exposed to 60 to 600 mg/m(3) (Lener & Bibr, 1984; Hathaway et al, 1996; Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010).

RESPIRATORY

Molybdenum exposure can produce respiratory irritation (Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010).
Dry cough and chest pains may develop after chronic industrial exposure to 1 to 19 mg/m(3) metallic molybdenum and molybdenum oxides (Lener & Bibr, 1984; Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Occupational exposure in a molybdenum roasting plant produced subjective complaints of joint pains, head- and backaches, and nonspecific changes in hair and skin (Friberg et al, 1986). Chronic occupational exposure to molybdenum and/or molybdenum trioxide has resulted in pneumoconiosis (Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010).

Persons living in regions with high molybdenum AND low copper have developed a gout-like condition and deformities in the joints (Friberg et al, 1986). This may be explained by higher levels of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme in the production of uric acid (Friberg et al, 1986).

Molybdenum poisoning has occurred in livestock, also in areas with high molybdenum and low copper levels. Livestock have developed anemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, and abnormal bone growth (Friberg et al, 1986).

Molybdenum has caused liver, kidney, and spleen damage, bone deformities during growth, anemia, and growth retardation in chronically exposed laboratory animals (Friberg et al, 1986).

Molybdenum (in the form of sodium molybdate or thiomolybdate) given to guinea pigs in the drinking water reduced liver copper and elevated plasma copper levels; damage to the pancreas was thought to be the result of copper deficiency, rather than from direct molybdenum toxicity (Howell et al, 1993). Molybdenum was a contact irritant in mice when applied as the chloride salt, but did cause dermal sensitization or produce changes in multiple immunological parameters (Abdouh et al, 1995).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Acute toxicity is unlikely; gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not necessary.

DILUTION

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

EYE/DERMAL EXPOSURE: Molybdenum can produce mild eye, nose, throat, and skin irritations. Flush eyes with copious amounts of water. Skin should be thoroughly irrigated. Contact dermatitis may arise after repeated exposure to irritants.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

The following information is for Molybdenum Compounds in general:

GENERAL

Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Acute toxicity is unlikely; gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not necessary.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

IDLH/INHALATION

NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration (NIOSH , 1996; Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010):

MOLYBDENUM METAL: 5000 mg/m(3), as molybdenum (Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 2012)
SOLUBLE MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS: 1000 mg/m(3), as molybdenum (NIOSH , 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Injected molybdenum produced death in 2 to 4 days in guinea pigs, depending on the dose given (Stokinger, 1982).
Lethal doses of molybdenum and its salts by oral or parenteral exposure are above 100 mg/kg in the animal species tested. Intratracheal instillation would be expected to possess a lower lethal dose (molybdenum powder LDLo was 70 mg/kg in the rabbit; (Friberg L, Boston P & Nordberg G et al, 1975).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

RANKING OF TOXICITY

Industrial toxicology reports indicate that in general molybdenum compounds exhibit a low order of toxicity. The trioxide and ammonium molybdate are generally more toxic than the ore (molybdenite), the metal, molybdenum disulfide or molybdenum dioxide (ACGIH, 1991; Stokinger, 1982; ACGIH, 1991).

INGESTION

A LOAEL (Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level) has been designated as 0.14 mg/kg/day in adults, based on long term exposure. A NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level) for adults has been reported as 4 mcg/kg/day to 8 mcg/kg/day (IRIS , 1995) or 22 to 1500 mcg/day (Turnlund et al, 1995).
SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE: In a 90-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study, rats were administered 5, 17, or 60 mg/kg/day of sodium molybdate dihydrate. Reduced body weight gains and kidney effects (slight diffuse hyperplasia of the proximal tubules) were observed only following 60 mg/kg/day dose. The NOAEL for this dose was 17 mg Mo/kg/day (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).
CASE REPORT: A man developed anxiety, agitation, visual and auditory hallucination, excessive craving for salt, insomnia, diarrhea, and painful and cold extremities after taking an average of 7 to 8 molybdenum tablets per day for 18 days (total cumulative dose: 13.5 mg). On day 22, he developed petit mal seizures and became suicidal. His condition deteriorated further and he developed coma after receiving medications for a grand mal seizure. His blood molybdenum concentration was 7.7 ng/mL on day 25 and 1.7 ng/mL about 6 weeks after starting molybdenum supplements. Treatment with chelation therapy (calcium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (CaEDTA)) improved his symptoms; however neuropsychological tests and Spectral Emission Computer Tomography images (SPECT) revealed frontal cortical damage of the brain. A year later, he was diagnosed with toxic encephalopathy, learning disability, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Momcilovic, 1999). A causal relationship could not be established.

INHALATION

NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration (NIOSH , 1996; Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010):

MOLYBDENUM METAL: 5000 mg/m(3), as molybdenum (Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 2012)
SOLUBLE MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS: 1000 mg/m(3), as molybdenum (NIOSH , 1996).

Threshold Limit Value-Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) = 10 mg/m(3) (inhalable particulate mass) and 3 mg/m(3) (respirable particulate mass); mild eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation (Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), 2010; Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 2012).
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE: In a 13-week inhalation toxicity study, animals were exposed to 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg MoO3/m(3) for 6.5 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. No treatment-related effects were observed at all concentrations. A true NOAEC (No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration) was determined to be 100 mg MoO3/m(3) (corresponding to 66.7 mg Mo/m(3). In 2-year inhalation studies, animals received 0, 10, 30, and 100 mg MoO3/m(3) of molybdenum trioxide. Although no adverse effects were observed, significant increases in liver copper concentrations were observed following exposure to 30 mg/m(3) and 100 mg/m(3). A NOAEC of 100 mg MoO3/m(3) (corresponding to 66.7 mg Mo/m(3)) and a NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) of 10 mg MoO3/m(3) (corresponding to 6.7 mg Mo/m(3)) were observed (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE: In repeated-dose animal toxicity studies, molybdate blood concentrations in rats following the inhalation of 100 mg/m(3) molybdenum trioxide (67 mg Mo/m(3)) were similar to those resulting from dietary exposure to 17 to 20 mg Mo/kg body weight/day (in the form of sodium molybdate in the diet) (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013).

RELATIVE TOXICITY

MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE & MOLYBDENUM METAL: Molybdenum disulfide by oral exposure or inhalation was found to be relatively non-toxic in animals. Rats showed no toxicity while ingesting up to 500 mg daily for 44 days. Increased respiration was observed in guinea pigs inhaling 286 mg/m(3) Mo for 1 hour daily 5 days weekly for 5 weeks. Daily IP injection produced 17% mortality in 4 days and 25% mortality in 4 months in guinea pigs at a daily dosage of 800 mg/kg. Survivors gained weight and remained well (Fairhall LT, Dunn RC & Sharpless NE et al, 1945).
MOLYBDENUM OXIDES/METAL DUSTS

MoO3 dust by inhalation exposure for 1 hour daily at 205 mg Mo/m(3) in guinea pigs was extremely irritating. Anorexia and weight loss, diarrhea, muscular incoordination as well as loss of hair was reported. Death occurred in 26 of 51 (51%) animals. Freshly generated MoO3 fume (190 mg/m(3) Mo) was found to be less toxic under the same exposure conditions, with only 8.3% mortality. No mortality occurred when exposure was decreased to 53 mg Mo/m(3) (Fairhall LT, Dunn RC & Sharpless NE et al, 1945).
Under conditions as MoO3 dust, 20.8% mortality occurred (N=24 guinea pigs) for CaMoO4 dust at 159 mg Mo/m(3) without showing any toxic signs (Fairhall LT, Dunn RC & Sharpless NE et al, 1945).
No toxic effects were seen in rats after a single inhalation exposure to 3 to 30 g/m(3) metallic molybdenum or Mo compounds. A single intratracheal dose of 50 mg Mo or MoO3 suspension produced emphysema, interstitial fibrosis and regional lymph node changes in rats. Similarly exposed rabbits showed diffuse pneumoconiosis and interstitial pneumonitis several months later (Lener & Bibr, 1984).

CALCIUM & ZINC MOLYBDATES: Acute toxicity tests in laboratory animals showed Ca and Zn molybdates were "practically nontoxic" orally, percutaneously, and by inhalation according to the definition of the Federal Hazardous Substance Labeling Act for purposes of labeling for Climax Molybdenum between 1957 and 1963. No skin or eye irritation was found (Stokinger, 1982).
HEXAVALENT MO/AMMONIUM MO/DIHYDRATE MO SALT: Hexavalent compounds given orally to rats produced an LD50 of 101 mg/kg for CaMoO4, 125 mg/kg for MoO3 and 333 mg/kg for (NH4)2MoO4 (Fairhall LT, Dunn RC & Sharpless NE et al, 1945). Ammonium molybdate (25 mg/kg) added to rat feed for 100 days had little effect whereas 50 mg/kg slightly decreased weight gain. The dihydrate salt (Na2MoO4(2H2O)) fed to rabbits in the diet at 0.1% and higher was uniformly fatal within weeks. When copper was added to this diet, toxicity was prevented (Stokinger, 1982).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7439-98-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Molybdenum, as Mo; soluble compounds

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Molybdenum, as Mo; metal and insoluble compounds
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Molybdenum, as Mo; metal and insoluble compounds
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Molybdenum
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Molybdenum and insoluble compounds (as Mo)
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- SODIUM MOLYBDATE (ANHYDROUS): Greater than 1930 mg/m(3) ((International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- AMMONIUM DIMOLYBDATE: Greater than 2080 mg/m(3) (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- SODIUM MOLYBDATE (ANHYDROUS): 4233 mg/kg (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- AMMONIUM DIMOLYBDATE: 3883 mg/kg (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- SODIUM MOLYBDATE (ANHYDROUS): Greater than 2000 mg/kg (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- AMMONIUM DIMOLYBDATE: Greater than 2000 mg/kg (International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), 2013)
LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RABBIT:
- 70 mg/kg (RTECS , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1989a)
LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 114 mg/kg (RTECS , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1989a)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 448 mg/kg -- MGN,TER (RTECS , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1989a)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 30W pre/1-20D preg, 5800 mcg/kg -- TER (RTECS , 1992; Sax & Lewis, 1989a)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7439-98-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Molybdenum, as Mo; soluble compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: R
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Molybdenum, as Mo; metal and insoluble compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: I
Definitions:

I: Inhalable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph A (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Molybdenum, as Mo; metal and insoluble compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 3 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: R
Definitions:

R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7439-98-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7439-98-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Molybdenum and insoluble compounds (as Mo)
REL:

TWA: NIOSH REL*:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D; [*Note: The REL and PEL also applies to other insoluble molybdenum compounds (as Mo).],

Listed as: Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo)
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH:

IDLH: 5000 mg Mo/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

IDLH:

IDLH: 1000 mg Mo/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Molybdenum (as Mo) (Soluble compounds)
Table Z-1 for Molybdenum (as Mo) (Soluble compounds):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Molybdenum (as Mo) (Insoluble compounds) (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Molybdenum (as Mo) (Insoluble compounds) (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7439-98-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7439-98-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7439-98-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Molybdenum

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7439-98-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7439-98-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7439-98-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7439-98-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, molybdenum emits toxic fumes of Mo (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Molybdenum is flammable or explosive in the form of dust and when exposed to heat or flame (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Molybdenum is flammable or explosive in the form of dust and when exposed to heat or flame (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

When heated to decomposition, molybdenum emits toxic fumes of Mo (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Molybdenum is flammable or explosive in the form of dust and when exposed to heat or flame (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Molybdenum forms violent reactions with oxidants (eg, bromine trifluoride; bromine pentafluoride; chlorine trifluoride; potassium perchlorate; nitryl fluoride; fluorine; iodine pentafluoride; sodium peroxide; and lead dioxide) (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

When heated to decomposition, molybdenum emits toxic fumes of Mo (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7439-98-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7439-98-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Molybdenum
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7439-98-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7439-98-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 5000 mg Mo/m3
Note(s): Not Listed
IDLH: 1000 mg Mo/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1992)

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Soil: Molybdenum is an important trace element. Its occurrence in the earth's crust is approximately 1 to 1.5 ppm. Its most important ores are molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (PbMoO4) (Budavari, 1989).

Soil: Alpine soils show greater sorption capacity than desert or agricultural soils; sorption is best in soils of low pH and high organic content (OHM/TADS , 1992).

Other: Global mobilization of molybdenum is reported by weathering at 6 x 10(6) kg/molybdenum/year; by rivers at 19 x 10(6) kg/molybdenum/year; by mining at 76 x 10(6) kg/molybdenum/year; and by combustion (oil and coal) at 0.8 x 10(6) kg/molybdenum/year (HSDB , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- Water: Persistency in water: Should precipitate out with natural calcium (OHM/TADS , 1992)
- Soil: Adding lime to soil increases molybdenum availability (HSDB , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

SOIL

Phytotoxic effects have been noted in sandy soil with as little as 10 ppm/month molybdenum (OHM/TADS , 1992).
In general, soil levels should not exceed 50 ppm to avoid problems with certain livestock; other reports suggest a limit of 8 ppm molybdenum in the top 12 inches of soil (OHM/TADS , 1992).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1992):

LC50, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), 370 mg/L/96 hours, conditions of bioassay not specified

OTHER

Terrestrial plants can contain enough molybdenum to be toxic to animals but still grow normally (HSDB , 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

95.94

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Molybdenum is a dark-gray or black powder with metallic luster or a coherent mass of silver-white color; body-centered cubic structure (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 3102 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

10.28 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1986)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

10.28 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

2622 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

Approximately 4825 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

5560 degrees C (ACGIH, 1986)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Molybdenum is insoluble in water (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

OTHER

Molybdenum is practically insoluble in alkali hydroxides or fused alkalies (Budavari, 1996).
Molybdenum is soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric or nitric acids and insoluble in hydrochloric acid and hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, or dilute sulfuric acid (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

6.6 kcal/g-atom (Budavari, 1996)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Allaway WH, Kubota J, & Losee F: Selenium, molybdenum and vanadium in human blood. Arch Environ Health 1968; 16:342-348.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anon: Genu valgum due to fluoride toxicity. Nutrition Rev 1975; 33:76-77.

Auza N, Braun JP, & Benard P: Hematological and plasma biochemical disturbances in experimental molybdenum toxicosis in sheep. Vet Human Toxicol 1989; 31:535-537.

Barceloux DG: Molybdenum. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:231-237.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

Butt EM, Nusbaum RE, & Gilmour TC: Trace metal levels in human serum and blood. Arch Environ Health 1964; 8:52-57.

Caravati EM: Alkali. In: Dart RC, ed. Medical Toxicology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Chan PC, Herbert RA, & Roycroft JH: Lung tumor induction by inhalation exposure to molybdenum trioxide in rats and mice. Toxicol Sci 1998; 45:58-65.

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MOLYBDENUM

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents