MILITARY NERVE AGENTS
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
EA 1208 GB IMPF ISOPROPOXYMETHYLPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE ISOPROPOXYMETHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE ISOPROPYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLFLUORFOSFONOVE (Czech) ISOPROPYL METHANEFLUOROPHOSPHONATE ISOPROPYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE ISOPROPYL-METHYL-PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONIC ACID, ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLFLUORPHOSPHORSAEUREISOPROPYLESTER (German) METHYLISOPROPOXYFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDE ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID 1-METHYL-ETHYL ESTER MFI PHOSPHINE OXIDE, FLUOROISOPROPOXYMETHYL PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-, ISOPROPYL ESTER PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-, 1-METHYLETHYL ESTER PHOSPHORIC ACID, METHYLFLUORO-, ISOPROPYL ESTER O-ISOPROPYL METHYLISOPROPOXFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE O-ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE SARIN SARIN II T-144 T-2106 TL 1618 TRILONE 46 ZARIN Molecular Formula: C4-H10-F-O2-P CAS 107-44-8 GE GF Agent GD 2-BUTANOL, 3,3-DIMETHYL-, METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE CCRIS 3417 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTANOL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE 3,3-DIMETHYL-N-BUT-2-YL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE 3,3 DIMETHYL-N-BUT-2-YL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLURIDATE 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE EA 1210 FLUOROMETHYLPINACOLYLOXYPHOSPHINE FLUOROMETHYL(1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXY)PHOSPHINE OXIDE GD 1-METHYL-2,2- DIMETHYLPROPYLMETHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE METHYLFLUOROPINACOLYLPHOSPHONATE METHYLFLUORPHOSPHOSAEUREPINAKOLYESTER (GERMAN) METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL ESTER METHYLPINACOLYLOXYFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE METHYLPINACOLYLOXYPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE METHYL PINACOLYLOXY PHOSPHORYLFLUORIDE METHYL PINACOLYL PHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PFMP PHOSPHINE OXIDE, FLUOROMETHYL(1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXY)- PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-,1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL ESTER PINACOLOXYMETHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHANEFLUOROPHOSPHONATE PINACOLYLOXYMETHYLPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONATE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONEFLUORIDIDATE PINACOLYLOXY METHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE o-PINALCOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PMFP PYNACOLYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONATE SOMAN T.2107 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXYFLUOROMETHYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE 1, 2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLFLUORFOSFONOVE (CZECH) 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE O-1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE ZOMAN Molecular Formula: C7-H16-F-O2-P CAS 96-64-0 Agent GA DIMETHYLAMIDOETHOXYPHOSPHORYL CYANIDE DIMETHYLAMINOETHODYCYANOPHOSPHINE OXIDE DIMETHYLAMINOCYANPHOSPHORSAEUREAETHYLESTER (German) DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDIC ACID, ETHYL ESTER EA 1205 ETHYL DIMETHYLAMIDOCYANOPHOSPHATE ETHYL DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLAMINO CYANOPHOSPHATE ETHYLESTER-DIMETHYLAMID KYSELINY KYANFOSFONOVE (Czech) ETHYL-N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL PHOSPHORODIMETHYLAMIDOCYANIDATE GA GELAN I Le-100 MCE O-ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE PHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDIC ACID, DIMETHYL-, ETHYL ESTER T-2104 TL 1578 TABOON A TABUN TRILON 83 Molecular Formula: C5-H11-N2-O2-P CAS 77-81-6 VE VG VM VS EA 1701 ETHYL S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOLATE ETHYL-S-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLTHIOPHOSPHONATE ETHYL-S-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOLATE METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID S-(2-(BIS(1-METHYLETHYL)AMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER O-ETHYL-S-(2-(DIISOPROPYLAMINO)ETHYL) METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE O-ETHYL-S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOTE O-ETHYL-S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLTHIOFOSFONOVE (Czech) O-ETHYL-S-(2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL) METHYLTHIOLPHOPHONOATE PHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID, METHYL-, S-(2-(BIS(1-METHYLETHYL)AMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER (9CI) PHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID, METHYL-, S-(2-(DIISOPROPYLAMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER S-2((2-DIISOPROPYLAMINO) ETHYL) O-ETHYL METHYLPHOPHONOTHIOLATE S-(2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL)-O-ETHYL METHYL PHOSPHONOTHIOLATE TX 60 VX VX (VAN) V-agent CAS 50782-69-9 Molecular Formula: C11-H26-N-O2-P-S
- CYCLOHEXYL SARIN (Military Classification: Nerve Agent)
EA 1208 GB IMPF ISOPROPOXYMETHYLPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE ISOPROPOXYMETHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE ISOPROPYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLFLUORFOSFONOVE (Czech) ISOPROPYL METHANEFLUOROPHOSPHONATE ISOPROPYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE ISOPROPYL-METHYL-PHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONIC ACID, ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLFLUORPHOSPHORSAEUREISOPROPYLESTER (German) METHYLISOPROPOXYFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDE ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID 1-METHYL-ETHYL ESTER MFI PHOSPHINE OXIDE, FLUOROISOPROPOXYMETHYL PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-, ISOPROPYL ESTER PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-, 1-METHYLETHYL ESTER PHOSPHORIC ACID, METHYLFLUORO-, ISOPROPYL ESTER O-ISOPROPYL METHYLISOPROPOXFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE O-ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE SARIN SARIN II T-144 T-2106 TL 1618 TRILONE 46 ZARIN Molecular Formula: C4-H10-F-O2-P CAS 107-44-8
Agent GD 2-BUTANOL, 3,3-DIMETHYL-, METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE CCRIS 3417 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTANOL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE 3,3-DIMETHYL-N-BUT-2-YL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE 3,3 DIMETHYL-N-BUT-2-YL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLURIDATE 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE EA 1210 FLUOROMETHYLPINACOLYLOXYPHOSPHINE FLUOROMETHYL(1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXY)PHOSPHINE OXIDE GD 1-METHYL-2,2- DIMETHYLPROPYLMETHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE METHYLFLUOROPINACOLYLPHOSPHONATE METHYLFLUORPHOSPHOSAEUREPINAKOLYESTER (GERMAN) METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, 3,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTYL ESTER METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL ESTER METHYLPINACOLYLOXYFLUOROPHOSPHINE OXIDE METHYLPINACOLYLOXYPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE METHYL PINACOLYLOXY PHOSPHORYLFLUORIDE METHYL PINACOLYL PHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PFMP PHOSPHINE OXIDE, FLUOROMETHYL(1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXY)- PHOSPHONOFLUORIDIC ACID, METHYL-,1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL ESTER PINACOLOXYMETHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHANEFLUOROPHOSPHONATE PINACOLYLOXYMETHYLPHOSPHONYL FLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONATE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDE PINACOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONEFLUORIDIDATE PINACOLYLOXY METHYLPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE o-PINALCOLYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE PMFP PYNACOLYL METHYLFLUOROPHOSPHONATE SOMAN T.2107 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPOXYFLUOROMETHYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE 1, 2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLFLUORFOSFONOVE (CZECH) 1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE O-1,2,2-TRIMETHYLPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE ZOMAN Molecular Formula: C7-H16-F-O2-P CAS 96-64-0
Agent GA DIMETHYLAMIDOETHOXYPHOSPHORYL CYANIDE DIMETHYLAMINOETHODYCYANOPHOSPHINE OXIDE DIMETHYLAMINOCYANPHOSPHORSAEUREAETHYLESTER (German) DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDIC ACID, ETHYL ESTER EA 1205 ETHYL DIMETHYLAMIDOCYANOPHOSPHATE ETHYL DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLAMINO CYANOPHOSPHATE ETHYLESTER-DIMETHYLAMID KYSELINY KYANFOSFONOVE (Czech) ETHYL-N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE ETHYL PHOSPHORODIMETHYLAMIDOCYANIDATE GA GELAN I Le-100 MCE O-ETHYL N,N-DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDATE PHOSPHORAMIDOCYANIDIC ACID, DIMETHYL-, ETHYL ESTER T-2104 TL 1578 TABOON A TABUN TRILON 83 Molecular Formula: C5-H11-N2-O2-P CAS 77-81-6
EA 1701 ETHYL S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOLATE ETHYL-S-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLTHIOPHOSPHONATE ETHYL-S-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOLATE METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID S-(2-(BIS(1-METHYLETHYL)AMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER O-ETHYL-S-(2-(DIISOPROPYLAMINO)ETHYL) METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE O-ETHYL-S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOTE O-ETHYL-S-2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYLESTER KYSELINY METHYLTHIOFOSFONOVE (Czech) O-ETHYL-S-(2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL) METHYLTHIOLPHOPHONOATE PHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID, METHYL-, S-(2-(BIS(1-METHYLETHYL)AMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER (9CI) PHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID, METHYL-, S-(2-(DIISOPROPYLAMINO)ETHYL) O-ETHYL ESTER S-2((2-DIISOPROPYLAMINO) ETHYL) O-ETHYL METHYLPHOPHONOTHIOLATE S-(2-DIISOPROPYLAMINOETHYL)-O-ETHYL METHYL PHOSPHONOTHIOLATE TX 60 VX VX (VAN) V-agent CAS 50782-69-9 Molecular Formula: C11-H26-N-O2-P-S
IDENTIFIERS
TB1090000 (vx) TB4550000 (tabun) TA8750000 (soman) TA8400000 (sarin)
2810-GA 2810-GB 2810-GD 2810-GF 2810-Sarin 2810-Soman 2810-Tabun 2810-VX
BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-04-00-03507 (SARIN) BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-04-00-00275 (TABUN) BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:1769395 (TABUN)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
These chemicals are anticholinesterase organophosphate compounds used as a rapidly-acting military chemical warfare agents producing toxicity due to cholinergic overdrive at muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS cholinergic sites. The only known, recently published hostile uses of the nerve agents were: Iraq against Iran (1980s) and the Kurds, in Japan in Matsumoto (1994) and the Tokyo Subway incident (1995) ((Garigan, 1996)).
The nerve agents are viscous liquids. The V agents are generally persistent on surfaces, while the G agents are volatile and present a vapor hazard. GA and GB are miscible with water and VX and GD are less soluble. Hydrolysis rates of these agents differ, with VX being the slowest (Munro et al, 1999). GF is a colorless liquid which is taken up through skin contact and inhalation (EMA, 2000). SARIN is a colorless liquid or vapor with almost no odor in its pure state (Budavari, 1996). SOMAN is a colorless liquid with a fruity or camphor odor (Budavari, 1996). TABUN is a fruity-smelling (like bitter almonds) combustible colorless to brownish liquid which can be destroyed by contact with bleaching powder, generating cyanogen chloride. It may also undergo hydrolysis in the presence of acids or water, forming hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1996). VX is a nonvolatile, amber colored, odorless liquid. Liquid droplets do not evaporate quickly, facilitating systemic absorption. VX is 100 times as toxic to humans as Sarin (GB), persists in the environment, and is better absorbed through the skin at higher ambient temperatures. Unlike the "G" agents, VX is an oily liquid that may remain in the environment for weeks or longer after being dispersed; it is thus considered "persistent" (Budavari, 1996; Sidell et al, 1998; Munro et al, 1999).
"G" agents were developed during World War II and are called "G" agents because they were first synthesized in Germany. Tabun was synthesized in 1936 by Gerhard Schrader (FR Sidell , 1997). Sarin was first manufactured in 1938 and soman in 1944 (USAMRICD, 1999). All of the G agents are clear, colorless liquids with high boiling points. Their vapors are denser than air, thus staying close to the ground ((Garigan, 1996)). "V" agents ("V" for venomous) were developed in 1954 in the United Kingdom and are more stable than the "G" agents (FR Sidell , 1997). The Russian counterpart to the United States "VX" is "VR-55"((Garigan, 1996)). Tabun and the other "G" agents are liquids whose physical properties allow evaporation and dispersion over several hours; they are thus considered "nonpersistent." Unlike the "G" agents, VX is an oily liquid that may remain in the environment for weeks or longer after being dispersed; it is thus considered "persistent" ((Garigan, 1996); Munro et al, 1999). Tabun is the easiest of the G agents to manufacture. If a thickener is added to sarin or soman, it can increase persistence. VX is the most persistent of the military nerve agents and the best one taken up through skin contact ((Garigan, 1996)). VX is present in missiles and projectiles at several army depots or arsenals in the United States. It is generally formulated with 1% to 3% stabilizers to protect it against decomposition by trace amounts of water. It is less volatile than the G agents and does not evaporate readily (Munro et al, 1999). All of these agents undergo rapid hydrolysis in alkaline solutions.
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Nerve agents are organophosphate (OP) chemical compounds. They are probably the most poisonous of the known chemical warfare agents and confer high lethality in exposed populations, both military and civilians. Liquid or vapor exposure can cause death within minutes by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function. Exposure to relatively small amounts can be fatal.
- TOXICOLOGY: Toxic effects are caused by the presence of excess acetylcholine. Toxicities are expressed by cholinergic overdrive at muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS cholinergic sites. The military nerve agents differ from other OPs in potency, tendency to produce rapid CNS effects, and, in the case of soman, by the rapidity of "aging" of the OP-enzyme complex. After aging of AChE enzyme, oximes therapy will not be effective. At least two weeks is required for restoration of AChE.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: These agents are particularly toxic following inhalation exposure, but can be absorbed following ingestion, dermal, or eye contact.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Because AChE inhibition affects both muscarinic and nicotinic sites, a mixed nicotinic-muscarinic clinical picture is often present. MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Bradycardia, wheezing, bronchorrhea, sweating, salivation, miosis, vomiting and diarrhea, and urinary and fecal incontinence. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Tachycardia, mydriasis, muscle fasciculations, and hypertension. CNS EFFECTS: Anxiety and headaches. SEVERE TOXICITY: Death is a result of respiratory failure due to increased work of breathing (bronchospasm, bronchorrhea) combined with respiratory muscle weakness, and/or CNS effects (status epilepticus, central apnea). MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: More severe manifestations of the signs listed above. Bronchospasm and bronchorrhea may severely impair both ventilation and oxygenation. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: More severe manifestations of the signs listed above. Fasciculations may progress to flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm. CNS EFFECTS: Seizures, coma, and central apnea.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- ORAL EXPOSURE: Induction of emesis is not recommended.
- INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Patients who may have passed through a droplet cloud should have external decontamination.
- DERMAL EXPOSURE: Contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin, face, and hair washed with soap and water or a dilute (less than 1%) sodium hypochlorite solution. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Carefully observe patient for the development of systemic toxicity. Monitor for respiratory distress.
- OCULAR EXPOSURE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persists after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed. Do not instill sodium hypochlorite into the eye. Ocular symptoms caused by local absorption of nerve agents do not respond to systemic administration of atropine.
AUTOINJECTORS INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated. NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)
ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).
MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006). DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011). DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011). Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974). DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005). These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors. For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.
Universal precaution should be followed by all individuals (i.e., first responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel) caring for the patient to avoid contamination. Nitrile gloves are suggested. Avoid direct contact with contaminated clothing, objects or body fluids. Vomiting containing organophosphates should be placed in a closed impervious containers for proper disposal.
- DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS/SUMMARY
A variety of methods have been described for organophosphate spill decontamination, most of which depend on changing the pH to promote hydrolysis to inactive phosphate diester compounds (EPA, 1978). The rate of hydrolysis depends on both the specific organophosphate compound involved and the increase in pH caused by the detoxicant used (EPA, 1978; EPA, 1975). Treatment of the spilled material with alkaline substances such as sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime), calcium hydroxide (lime or lime water, when in dilute solutions), and calcium carbonate (limestone) may be used for detoxification (EPA, 1975a). Chlorine-active compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder, chlorinated lime) may also be used to detoxify organophosphate spills (EPA, 1975a). While ammonia compounds have also been suggested as alternate detoxicants for organophosphate spills, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD AMMONIA EVER BE COMBINED WITH A CHLORINE-ACTIVE COMPOUND (BLEACH) AS HIGHLY IRRITATING CHLORAMINE GAS MAY BE EVOLVED
- SMALL SPILL DECONTAMINATION
3 cups of Arm & Hammer washing soda (sodium carbonate) or Arm & Hammer baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) may be combined with one-half cup of household bleach and added to a plastic bucket of water. The washing soda is more alkaline and may be more efficacious, if available. Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978). Spilled liquid may first be adsorbed with soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, or dry sand and then both the adsorbed material and the floor decontaminated with one of the above solutions (EPA, 1975a).
- LARGE SPILL DECONTAMINATION
Sprinkle or spray the area with a mixture of one gallon of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) mixed with one gallon of water. Then spread calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) liberally over the area and allow to stand for at least one hour (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976). Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978). Other decontamination methods may be recommended by manufacturers of specific agents. Check containers, labels, or product literature for possible instructions regarding spill decontamination. Disposal of large quantities or contamination of large areas may be regulated by various governmental agencies and reporting may be required.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
SUMMARY: The military nerve agents are sufficiently potent such that even a brief exposure may be fatal. Death may occur after 1 to 10 minutes, or be delayed for 1 to 2 hours, dependent on the concentration of the agent. Sarin is the most potent of the G nerve agent "gases" and VX is about 3 times as potent a respiratory agent as sarin (HSDB , 2000). CYCLOHEXYL SARIN (GF) GF is taken up by inhalation or through skin contact. It has an oral LD50 in mice of 17 milligram/kilogram (Kientz, 1998) LOLI, 2000). The dose required to produce miosis is <1 mg/min/m(3). The human LD50 is estimated to be 30 milligrams (USAMRICD, 1999).
SARIN Sarin has an especially rapid onset of action. On a weight basis it is less potent than VX. A drop of the liquid on skin may be sufficient to cause death (Sidell et al, 1998). Sarin vapor: Ct50 is 3 milligram per minute/cubic meter causing miosis. LCt50 is 100 milligram per minute/cubic meter (Sidell et al, 1998) Sarin liquid: LD50 (skin) is 1.7 grams/70 kilogram man (Sidell et al, 1998). Effects from large dermal exposure may occur as soon as 30 minutes after exposure or be delayed up to 18 hours following a small exposure.
SOMAN SOMAN (GD) is an extremely potent nerve agent, with a human lethal dose as low as 0.01 milligram/kilogram. It undergoes "aging" within minutes, rendering oxime therapy less effective and making poisoning with this agent much more difficult to treat. Pralidoxime is not as effective in the treatment of soman poisoning. On a weight basis soman is less potent than VX, but more potent than sarin or tabun. It can be hazardous by any route of exposure (Sidell et al, 1998). Soman vapor: Ct50 is 2-3 milligram per minute/cubic meter causing miosis. LCt50 is 50 milligrams per minute/cubic meter (Sidell et al, 1998). Soman liquid: LD50 (skin) is 350 milligrams/70 kilogram man (Sidell et al, 1998). Effects from large dermal exposure may occur as soon as 30 minutes after exposure or be delayed up to 18 hours following a small exposure.
TABUN TABUN (GA) has an especially rapid onset of action, which on a weight basis is less potent than VX. The human fatal dose has been reported to be 0.01 milligram/kilogram (Sidell et al, 1998). Tabun vapor: Ct50 is 2-3 milligrams/minute/cubic meter resulting in miosis. LCt50 is 400 milligrams per minute/cubic meter (Sidell et al, 1998; EPA, 1985). Lethal doses are effective in 1 to 10 minutes (EPA, 1985). Tabun liquid: LD50 (skin) is 1.0 gram/70 kilogram man (Sidell et al, 1998). Effects from large dermal exposure may occur as soon as 30 minutes after exposure or be delayed up to 18 hours following a small exposure. Liquid tabun in the eye can result in death nearly as rapidly as an inhalational lethal dose (EPA, 1985).
VX VX is 100 times as toxic to humans as Sarin (GB), persists in the environment, and is better absorbed through the skin at higher ambient temperatures. VX is 300 times more lethal than tabun on skin (Sidell et al, 1998). VX vapor: Ct50 is 10-50 milligrams/minute/cubic meter resulting in death. LCt50 is 10 milligrams per minute/cubic meter (Sidell et al, 1998). VX liquid: LD50 (skin) is 10 milligrams/70 kilogram man (Sidell et al, 1998). Effects from large dermal exposure may occur as soon as 30 minutes after exposure or be delayed up to 18 hours following a small exposure.
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
SUMMARY: The duration of effects following exposure to nerve agents may vary from hours with mild vapor exposure to days following severe liquid exposure to the skin (Pfaff, 1998). The "G" nerve gases are volatile substances that do not readily penetrate intact skin, but toxicity significantly increases if the skin becomes permeable. Dermal toxicity of the nonvolatile VX agent is high, even through intact skin, and is similar to that of the vesicant sulfur mustard. When skin is lacerated, due to a conventional wound, the effect of some of the nerve gases is anticipated to be more lethal (Berkenstadt et al, 1991). SARIN: Exposure to sarin vapor at a concentration of 0.09 milligrams per cubic meter caused depressed cholinesterase levels and intense miosis in two workers (Rengstorff, 1985). Pupillary reflexes were abolished for 11 days and normal pupillary dilatation required 30 to 45 days to return; no other abnormalities were detected. TABUN: By inhalation, the median incapacitating tabun dose by inhalation in humans is 300 milligrams per minute per cubic meter (EPA, 1985). VX: In normal human volunteers, an intravenous dose of 1.5 micrograms/kg of VX caused a 75% decrease in the activity of erythrocyte cholinesterase (Sidell & Groff, 1974). It was also found in this study that VX-inhibited cholinesterase ages slowly, and that administration of 2-PAM chloride was effective in reactivating the enzyme for up to 48 hours after administration (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DERMAL Very small drop on the skin may cause sweating and twitching at the site, with effects beginning within 18 hours (Sidell et al, 1998). A small drop on the skin may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with effects beginning within 18 hours (Sidell et al, 1998). A larger drop on the skin may cause loss of consciousness, seizures, apnea, and flaccid paralysis, with effects beginning within 30 minutes (Sidell et al, 1998).
VAPOR INHALATION A small amount of vapor inhalation may result in miosis, red conjunctiva, blurred vision, pain, nausea and vomiting, runny nose, excessive salivation, chest pain, dyspnea, and cough, with effects beginning within seconds to a minute (Sidell et al, 1998; HSDB , 2000). A large amount of vapor inhalation may result in loss of consciousness, seizures, flaccid paralysis, apnea, and cardiac arrest, with effects beginning within seconds to a minute (Sidell et al, 1998; HSDB , 2000).
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
CYCLOHEXYL SARIN (GF) SARIN LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN: LD50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
SOMAN LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG: LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT: LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
TABUN VX LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): D, G D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved. G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)
Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27 T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 201 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27 IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: NA2810 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling. TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27 T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 201 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27 IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling. TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 153 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44 1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized. B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet. B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover. B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110. T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP. TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet. TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 226 Bulk packaging: 244
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B Symbol(s): G Hazard class or Division: 6.1 Identification Number: UN2810 Packing Group: I Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1 Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45 2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter. B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized. B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet. B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover. B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S. T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea. TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP. TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet. TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: None Non-bulk packaging: 227 Bulk packaging: 244
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION Nerve agents in general are rapidly detoxified by strong alkalies and chlorinating compounds. The M-291 Decontamination Kit, containing 6 packets of 2.8 grams each of Ambergard XE-555 resin (Ambersorb), is carried by military personnel for decontaminating personal equipment. Alkaline solutions or bleach may also be used. Natural aeration or treatment with supertropical bleach (STB) or D2S (diethylenetriamine plus a caustic) may also be used. While ammonia compounds have also been suggested as alternate detoxicants for organophosphate spills, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD AMMONIA EVER BE COMBINED WITH A CHLORINE-ACTIVE COMPOUND (BLEACH) AS HIGHLY IRRITATING CHLORAMINE GAS MAY BE EVOLVED.
SMALL SPILL DECONTAMINATION 3 cups of Arm & Hammer washing soda (sodium carbonate) or Arm & Hammer baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) may be combined with one-half cup of household bleach and added to a plastic bucket of water. The washing soda is more alkaline and may be more efficacious, if available. Wear rubber gloves, and to be safe, use a respirator certified effective against nerve agents. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978). Spilled liquid may first be adsorbed with soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, or dry sand and then both the adsorbed material and the floor decontaminated with one of the above solutions (EPA, 1975a).
Rohm and Haas manufacturers an Equipment/Material Decontaminating Kit for use in decontaminating material exposed to spilled organophosphate nerve agents. The kit consists of large applicator pads impregnated with AMBERGARD 555 ion-exchange resin, which adsorbs the active agent. An applicator pad is rubbed over any contaminated material and discarded. More detailed instructions for use are provided with the kit (Product Info, 1991).
LARGE SPILL DECONTAMINATION Sprinkle or spray the area with a mixture of one gallon of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) mixed with one gallon of water. Then spread calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) liberally over the area and allow to stand for at least one hour (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976). Wear rubber gloves, and its recommended to use a respirator certified effective against nerve agents. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978).
ENVIRONMENT Nerve agents in general are moderately water soluble and have a high degree of solubility in lipids. They are slowly hydrolyzed in the environment to less toxic or nontoxic substances. Tabun and the other "G" agents are liquids whose physical properties allow evaporation and dispersion over several hours; they are thus considered "nonpersistent." Unlike the "G" agents, VX is an oily liquid that may remain in the environment for weeks or longer after being dispersed; it is thus considered "persistent."
- PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
PERSONAL DECONTAMINATION Wash ALL exposed skin 3 times with soap and water. Use of dilute bleach solution (1:10 with water), ethanol, or tincture of green soap may be more efficacious. Isolate contaminated clothing and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Exposed eyes should be copiously flushed with tepid water for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Towelettes carried by military personnel contain an alkaline chloramine and phenol mixture which can break down nerve agents. Potential for Secondary Contamination: HIGH before decontamination. LOW after decontamination if all nerve agent has been removed from the skin. First Aid Measures: Remove victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment; rescuers must wear protective clothing and appropriate respiratory protection. Administer supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Suction secretions as required. RESCUERS - Leather absorbs organophosphates and is extremely difficult to decontaminate. Rescuers should not wear leather items that are not completely covered by rubber or impervious plastic. Contaminated leather items may need to be disposed of by incineration.
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances. SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- SARIN: 140.1 (Munro et al, 1999)
- SOMAN: 182.2 (Munro et al, 1999)
- TABUN: 162.1 (Munro et al, 1999)
- VX: 267.4 (Munro et al, 1999)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- SARIN (GB) is a colorless liquid or vapor with almost no odor in its pure state. It is volatile at high temperatures (Munro et al, 1999; HSDB , 2000; Budavari, 1996)
- SOMAN (GD) is a colorless liquid with a fruity or camphor odor and is volatile at high temperatures (Budavari, 1996; Munro et al, 1999; HSDB , 2000).
- TABUN (GA) is a fruity-smelling (like bitter almonds) combustible colorless to brownish liquid which can be destroyed by contact with bleaching powder, generating cyanogen chloride. It may also undergo hydrolysis in the presence of acids or water, forming hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1996; Munro et al, 1999; HSDB , 2000).
- VX is a nonvolatile, amber colored, odorless liquid. Liquid droplets do not evaporate quickly, facilitating systemic absorption. VX is 100 times as toxic to humans as Sarin (GB), persists in the environment, and is better absorbed through the skin at higher ambient temperatures (Budavari, 1996; Sidell et al, 1998; Munro et al, 1999; HSDB , 2000).
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