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METHYPRYLON

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Methyprylon is a sedative/hypnotic that produces CNS depression similar to barbiturates and increases the threshold of the arousal centers in the brainstem.

Specific Substances

    1) 2,4-dioxo-3,3-diethyl-5-methyl piperidine
    2) 3,3-diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione
    3) Methypryl
    4) Methyprylone
    5) Ro 1-6463
    6) CAS 125-64-4

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Methyprylon (3,3-diethyl-2,4-dioxo-5-methyl piperidine) is a non-barbiturate central nervous system depressant.
    2) Roche Laboratories has discontinued this product as of 1988 in the US. The data in this management are included for completeness only.

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Acute overdose is characterized by CNS depression, hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia, respiratory depression, seizures and coma.
    2) When ingested in a dose of less than 3.0 grams (40 mg/kg), intoxication is generally mild and characterized by somnolence, confusion and stupor without alteration in blood pressure or respirations.
    3) Acute ingestion of greater than 3.0 grams may result in profound hypotension and respiratory arrest.
    0.2.3) VITAL SIGNS
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Respiratory depression and hypotension occur with severe overdose. Tachycardia, hypothermia or hyperthermia may occur.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Hypotension may be present.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Respiratory depression may be present.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, headache, seizures and coma may be present.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
    1) Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common side effects.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
    1) WITHDRAWAL - Confusion, restlessness, excitement, insomnia, sweating and polyuria, seizures and hallucinations have occurred. Death has been reported.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Plasma methyprylon levels are not clinically useful, however plasma levels exceeding 3 to 6 mg/dL are considered toxic.
    B) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Treatment is primarily supportive, and management is similar to that of barbiturate overdosage. Treatment includes maintenance of an adequate airway, administration of oxygen, and fluids.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).
    1) Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
    2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
    E) HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
    F) MONITOR ECG AND VITAL SIGNS carefully in symptomatic patients.
    G) MONITOR FLUID ELECTROLYTES carefully in symptomatic patients.
    H) HEMOPERFUSION is probably not effective.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Recommended dose in adults is 200 to 400 mg at bedtime; CHILD: 50 to 200 mg at bedtime. Roche Laboratories has discontinued this product as of 1988 in the US.
    B) When ingested in a dose of less than 3.0 grams (40 mg/kg), intoxication is generally mild characterized by somnolence, confusion and stupor without alteration of blood pressure or respirations.
    C) One fatality has been reported following acute ingestion of 6 grams. However, survival has been reported following acute ingestion of 30 grams.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Acute overdose is characterized by CNS depression, hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia, respiratory depression, seizures and coma.
    2) When ingested in a dose of less than 3.0 grams (40 mg/kg), intoxication is generally mild and characterized by somnolence, confusion and stupor without alteration in blood pressure or respirations.
    3) Acute ingestion of greater than 3.0 grams may result in profound hypotension and respiratory arrest.

Vital Signs

    3.3.1) SUMMARY
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Respiratory depression and hypotension occur with severe overdose. Tachycardia, hypothermia or hyperthermia may occur.
    3.3.3) TEMPERATURE
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) HYPOTHERMIA - Both hypothermia and hyperthermia have been associated with methyprylon overdose (Pellegrino & Henderson, 1957).

Heent

    3.4.3) EYES
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) MIOSIS - Pupils may be constricted (Seyffart, 1983).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Hypotension may be present.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Hypotension is a serious complication, but occurs infrequently. It has been documented in severe intoxications (Reidt, 1956; Pellegrino & Henderson, 1957; Burnstein & Strauss, 1965).
    B) TACHYARRHYTHMIA
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Tachycardia has been reported (Bailey & Shaw, 1983).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Respiratory depression may be present.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HYPOVENTILATION
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION may occur (Pellegrino & Henderson, 1957; Seyffart, 1983).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, headache, seizures and coma may be present.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SEIZURE
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Excitation and seizures have been reported to occur in the recovery phase following an acute overdose of methyprylon. Barbiturates may be used to treat the seizure with extreme caution (Kastrup, 1986).
    B) COMA
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE REPORT - Within an hour of ingesting about 30 grams of methyprylon, a 36-year-old woman became comatose and hypotensive after gastric lavage.
    1) IV fluids were given along with pressor agents. Blood samples every 2 hr beginning at 14 hr postingestion showed that about 80% of the methyprylon had been removed by gastric lavage.
    2) Recovery was uneventful except for a brief period of pyrexia and persistent hypotension of more than 5 days duration (Burnstein & Strauss, 1965).
    C) DELIRIUM
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE REPORT - A woman became unconscious for 28 hours after ingesting 40 tablets of methyprylon (200 mg each) (8 grams total). She then suffered insomnia, delirium and increased paradoxical sleep, which adjusted to normal over the ensuing 2 to 3 weeks (Haider & Oswald, 1970).
    D) DROWSY
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Dizziness, ataxia, headache, excitation, respiratory depression, seizures and coma may result (Gosselin et al, 1984; Reynolds, 1982).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
    1) Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common side effects.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) VOMITING
    1) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
    a) Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common side effects (Gosselin et al, 1984; Reynolds, 1982).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS125-64-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Plasma methyprylon levels are not clinically useful, however plasma levels exceeding 3 to 6 mg/dL are considered toxic.
    B) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Blood levels associated with therapeutic use of methyprylon as a hypnotic are approximately 10 mg/L.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Thin layer chromatography can provide rapid qualitative identification of methyprylon. Blood levels can be quantitated by HPLC, including levels of its dehydro metabolite, 5-methyl-pyrithydione (Pankaskie & Brooks, 1983).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Plasma methyprylon levels are not clinically useful, however plasma levels exceeding 3 to 6 mg/dL are considered toxic.
    B) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) IN VITRO -
    a) From the below in vitro data, it appears that methyprylon does not adsorb well to activated charcoal (Kleeman & Bailey, 1988).
    b) The efficiency of activated charcoal in adsorption of methyprylon was determined using an in vitro HPLC technique. Fifteen other compounds were similarly assessed.
    c) Antipyrine showed the greatest binding activity to activated charcoal (100 percent) followed by glutethimide (79 percent). Methyprylon showed 3 percent of the binding activity of antipyrine.
    2) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SEIZURE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Attempt initial control with a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam, lorazepam). If seizures persist or recur, administer phenobarbital or propofol.
    b) Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and dysrhythmias. Endotracheal intubation should be performed in patients with persistent seizures.
    c) Evaluate for hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoglycemia (or, if immediate bedside glucose testing is not available, treat with intravenous dextrose).
    2) DIAZEPAM
    a) ADULT DOSE: Initially 5 to 10 mg IV, OR 0.15 mg/kg IV up to 10 mg per dose up to a rate of 5 mg/minute; may be repeated every 5 to 20 minutes as needed (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info diazepam IM, IV injection, 2008; Manno, 2003).
    b) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008).
    c) Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation. Consider a second agent if seizures persist or recur after repeated doses of diazepam .
    3) NO INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
    a) DIAZEPAM may be given rectally or intramuscularly (Manno, 2003). RECTAL DOSE: CHILD: Greater than 12 years: 0.2 mg/kg; 6 to 11 years: 0.3 mg/kg; 2 to 5 years: 0.5 mg/kg (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) MIDAZOLAM has been used intramuscularly and intranasally, particularly in children when intravenous access has not been established. ADULT DOSE: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 10 mg (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: INTRAMUSCULAR: 0.2 mg/kg IM, up to a maximum dose of 7 mg (Chamberlain et al, 1997) OR 10 mg IM (weight greater than 40 kg); 5 mg IM (weight 13 to 40 kg); INTRANASAL: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Brophy et al, 2012). BUCCAL midazolam, 10 mg, has been used in adolescents and older children (5-years-old or more) to control seizures when intravenous access was not established (Scott et al, 1999).
    4) LORAZEPAM
    a) MAXIMUM RATE: The rate of intravenous administration of lorazepam should not exceed 2 mg/min (Brophy et al, 2012; Prod Info lorazepam IM, IV injection, 2008).
    b) ADULT DOSE: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist (Manno, 2003; Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC DOSE: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Hegenbarth & American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 2008; Sreenath et al, 2010; Chin et al, 2008).
    5) PHENOBARBITAL
    a) ADULT LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg IV at an infusion rate of 50 to 100 mg/minute IV. An additional 5 to 10 mg/kg dose may be given 10 minutes after loading infusion if seizures persist or recur (Brophy et al, 2012).
    b) Patients receiving high doses will require endotracheal intubation and may require vasopressor support (Brophy et al, 2012).
    c) PEDIATRIC LOADING DOSE: 20 mg/kg may be given as single or divided application (2 mg/kg/minute in children weighing less than 40 kg up to 100 mg/min in children weighing greater than 40 kg). A plasma concentration of about 20 mg/L will be achieved by this dose (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    d) REPEAT PEDIATRIC DOSE: Repeat doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg may be given every 15 to 20 minutes if seizures persist, with cardiorespiratory monitoring (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    e) MONITOR: For hypotension, respiratory depression, and the need for endotracheal intubation (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011; Manno, 2003).
    f) SERUM CONCENTRATION MONITORING: Monitor serum concentrations over the next 12 to 24 hours. Therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital range from 10 to 40 mcg/mL, although the optimal plasma concentration for some individuals may vary outside this range (Hvidberg & Dam, 1976; Choonara & Rane, 1990; AMA Department of Drugs, 1992).
    6) OTHER AGENTS
    a) If seizures persist after phenobarbital, propofol or pentobarbital infusion, or neuromuscular paralysis with general anesthesia (isoflurane) and continuous EEG monitoring should be considered (Manno, 2003). Other anticonvulsants can be considered (eg, valproate sodium, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate) if seizures persist or recur; however, there is very little data regarding their use in toxin induced seizures, controlled trials are not available to define the optimal dosage ranges for these agents in status epilepticus (Brophy et al, 2012):
    1) VALPROATE SODIUM: ADULT DOSE: An initial dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg IV, at a rate of 3 to 6 mg/kg/minute; may give an additional dose of 20 mg/kg 10 minutes after loading infusion. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/minute (Brophy et al, 2012).
    2) LEVETIRACETAM: ADULT DOSE: 1000 to 3000 mg IV, at a rate of 2 to 5 mg/kg/min IV. PEDIATRIC DOSE: 20 to 60 mg/kg IV (Brophy et al, 2012; Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    3) LACOSAMIDE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg IV; 200 mg IV over 15 minutes (Brophy et al, 2012). PEDIATRIC DOSE: In one study, median starting doses of 1.3 mg/kg/day and maintenance doses of 4.7 mg/kg/day were used in children 8 years and older (Loddenkemper & Goodkin, 2011).
    4) TOPIRAMATE: ADULT DOSE: 200 to 400 mg nasogastric/orally OR 300 to 1600 mg/day orally divided in 2 to 4 times daily (Brophy et al, 2012).
    B) HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE
    1) SUMMARY
    a) Infuse 10 to 20 milliliters/kilogram of isotonic fluid and keep the patient supine. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine or norepinephrine. Consider central venous pressure monitoring to guide further fluid therapy.
    2) DOPAMINE
    a) DOSE: Begin at 5 micrograms per kilogram per minute progressing in 5 micrograms per kilogram per minute increments as needed (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004). If hypotension persists, dopamine may need to be discontinued and a more potent vasoconstrictor (eg, norepinephrine) should be considered (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004).
    b) CAUTION: If ventricular dysrhythmias occur, decrease rate of administration (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004). Extravasation may cause local tissue necrosis, administration through a central venous catheter is preferred (Prod Info dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, 2004).
    3) NOREPINEPHRINE
    a) PREPARATION: 4 milligrams (1 amp) added to 1000 milliliters of diluent provides a concentration of 4 micrograms/milliliter of norepinephrine base. Norepinephrine bitartrate should be mixed in dextrose solutions (dextrose 5% in water, dextrose 5% in saline) since dextrose-containing solutions protect against excessive oxidation and subsequent potency loss. Administration in saline alone is not recommended (Prod Info norepinephrine bitartrate injection, 2005).
    b) DOSE
    1) ADULT: Dose range: 0.1 to 0.5 microgram/kilogram/minute (eg, 70 kg adult 7 to 35 mcg/min); titrate to maintain adequate blood pressure (Peberdy et al, 2010).
    2) CHILD: Dose range: 0.1 to 2 micrograms/kilogram/minute; titrate to maintain adequate blood pressure (Kleinman et al, 2010).
    3) CAUTION: Extravasation may cause local tissue ischemia, administration by central venous catheter is advised (Peberdy et al, 2010).
    C) FLUID/ELECTROLYTE BALANCE REGULATION
    1) Fluids and electrolytes should be monitored.
    D) CONTRAINDICATED TREATMENT
    1) Central nervous stimulants should be avoided as they are of no proven benefit and may cause seizures.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) HEMODIALYSIS
    1) Hemodialysis has been successful but may be contraindicated in the presence of severe hypotension (Seyffart, 1983).
    2) A patient who had ingested 22.5 grams of methyprylon was hemodialyzed for 5.5 hours.
    a) A blood level of methyprylon prior to hemodialysis was reported to be 20.9 milligrams percent.
    b) The patient was in coma with severe depression of respiration and blood pressure.
    c) The reported rate of drug removal during hemodialysis was 425 milligrams/hour with a clearance of 80 milliliters/minute (Winchester et al, 1977). The patient woke up during treatment.
    3) A woman who ingested 30 grams of methyprylon was successfully treated with hemodialysis and forced diuresis, in addition to supportive care. The blood concentration was reduced by 50 percent during the first 7 hours of dialysis (Xanthaky, 1966).
    B) PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
    1) Reported to be not as effective as other active drug removal techniques (Seyffart, 1983).
    C) HEMOPERFUSION
    1) CONCLUSION - Hemoperfusion does NOT appear to be effective in removing large quantities of methyprylon from the body.
    a) A patient with an initial methyprylon blood level of 8 milligrams/deciliter was charcoal hemoperfused for 1-1/2 hours. Methyprylon blood levels were drawn at 1/2, 1, and 1-1/2 hours. Extraction ratio and clearance were calculated at 1/2, 1, and 1-1/2 hours after hemoperfusion initiation (Koffler et al, 1978).
    . Hours after Hemoperfusion Initiation
    1/211 1/2
    Extraction ratio(mean SE)48 +/- 227 +/- 0.513 +/- 4
    Clearance(mL/min)84 +/- 7.538 +/- 1125 +/- 10
    Blood level(mg/dL)6.36.36

    b) A 27-year-old who had swallowed a mixture of drugs, including methyprylon and methaqualone (amounts unspecified) had the blood methyprylon level reduced from 183 micrograms/milliliter at 8 hours postadmission to 59 micrograms/milliliter after two treatments of 1 and 2 hours duration with charcoal hemoperfusion (Chang, 1973).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Recommended dose in adults is 200 to 400 mg at bedtime; CHILD: 50 to 200 mg at bedtime. Roche Laboratories has discontinued this product as of 1988 in the US.
    B) When ingested in a dose of less than 3.0 grams (40 mg/kg), intoxication is generally mild characterized by somnolence, confusion and stupor without alteration of blood pressure or respirations.
    C) One fatality has been reported following acute ingestion of 6 grams. However, survival has been reported following acute ingestion of 30 grams.

Therapeutic Dose

    7.2.1) ADULT
    A) DISEASE STATE
    1) Roche Laboratories has discontinued this product as of 1988 in the US.
    2) SEDATIVE - 50 to 100 milligrams given orally 3 to 4 times daily (Gilman et al, 1985).
    3) HYPNOTIC - 200 to 400 milligrams given orally at bedtime (Gilman et al, 1985).
    7.2.2) PEDIATRIC
    A) GENERAL
    1) CHILDREN (greater than 12 years of age): 50 to 200 milligrams given orally at bedtime (Kastrup, 1986).

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) One fatal case has been reported, that being after ingestion of 6 grams of methyprylon (Reidt, 1956).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) CONCENTRATION LEVEL
    1) Other patients have ingested up to 30 grams and survived. Serum concentrations in nonfatal overdoses of 0.8 to 27 grams of methyprylon ranged from 17 to 209 milligrams/milliliter (Baselt, 1982).
    B) ACUTE
    1) TDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN: 26 mg/kg (RTECS, 1998)
    2) TDLo - (ORAL) HUMAN, Female: 600 mg/kg (RTECS, 1998)

Serum Plasma Blood Concentrations

    7.5.2) TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS
    A) TOXIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS
    1) CONCENTRATION LEVEL
    a) THERAPEUTIC -
    1) Blood levels associated with therapeutic use of methyprylon as a hypnotic are approximately 10 milligrams/liter
    b) TOXIC LEVELS -
    1) Blood levels of 30 to 60 milligrams/liter are considered toxic. Unconsciousness in the acutely poisoned patient is thought to occur at serum concentrations greater than 30 milligrams/liter (Baselt, 1982).
    2) Overdosage in 10 patients produced serum concentrations of 17 to 88 micrograms/milliliter. Levels greater than 30 micrograms/milliliter were associated with unconsciousness. All patients recovered with supportive treatment, and hemodialysis was not required (Bailey & Jatlow, 1973).
    c) FATAL CASES -
    1) Blood concentrations have ranged up to 1140 milligrams/liter in fatal cases (Baselt, 1982).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS125-64-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS125-64-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS125-64-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS125-64-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 890 mg/kg (RTECS, 1998)
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 860 mg/kg (RTECS, 1998)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) Methyprylon is used as a hypnotic and sedative with effects on the CNS similar to chloral hydrate. Prescribed for insomnia and to relieve anxiety and tension. Methyprylon is highly water soluble as well as lipid soluble and is neutral in aqueous solutions.

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) slight characteristic odor (Reynolds, 1982)
    B) burning, bitter taste (Reynolds, 1982; Windholz, 1983)
    C) nearly white crystalline powder (Reynolds, 1982; Windholz, 1983)

Molecular Weight

    A) 183.26

References

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