METHYLENE CHLORIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
AEROTHENE MM CHLORURE DE METHYLENE (French) DCM DICHLOROMETHANE F 30 FREON 30 HCC 30 KHLADON MDC METHANE DICHLORIDE METHANE, DICHLORO- METHYLENE BICHLORIDE METHYLENE CHLORIDE METHYLENE DICHLORIDE METHYLENUM CHLORATUM METYLENU CHLOREK (Polish) NARKOTIL R 30 SOLAESTHIN SOLEANA VDA SOLMETHINE DCM (METHYLENE CHLORIDE) METHYLENU CHLOREK (POLISH)
IDENTIFIERS
1593-Methylene chloride 1593-Dichloromethane
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002; RTECS , 2002)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Methylene chloride is a colorless, volatile, nearly nonflammable liquid (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; AAR, 2000). Because methylene chloride hydrolyses slowly if moisture is present, commercial grades normally contain a small amount of stabilizer to prevent decomposition (IPCS, 1996). In one study, 42 bathtub stripping products from the Internet and several hardware stores contained 60% to 100% methylene chloride. OSHA has reported 13 bathtub refinisher fatalities associated with methylene chloride stripping agents in 9 states from 2000 to 2011. Blood methylene chloride concentrations of 6 patients ranged from 18 to 223 mg/L (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012).
It is produced by the chlorination of methyl chloride followed by distillation, by thermal chlorination (methyl chloride + chlorine), by Lummus oxychlorination (natural gas + hydrogen chloride), or by oxychlorination (natural gas + anhydrous hydrogen chloride) (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997). The Stauffer process is used to produce methylene chloride. In this process, methanol is reacted with hydrogen chloride and then chlorine. Byproducts include chloroform and carbon tetrachloride (IPCS, 1996).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is used as a solvent in the chemical industry. In household products, it is used as paint remover, aerosol propellant, urethane foam, and degreaser.
- TOXICOLOGY: Similar to other halogenated solvents, an acute high concentration exposure can cause CNS depression and respiratory depression. Dichloromethane is a tissue irritant, and a high concentration inhalation may cause mucous membrane irritation, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage. It is metabolized to carbon monoxide (CO) and large exposures can lead to elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentrations. When heated to decomposition, dichloromethane releases toxic phosgene, hydrogen chloride gas, and chlorine gas.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare and most often occurs by the inhalational route. Rarely, intentional ingestions have been reported. Systemic poisoning after dermal exposure is unusual since dichloromethane evaporates quickly.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Drowsiness, somnolence, skin and mucous membrane irritation, abdominal pain if ingested, and nausea and vomiting. SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe effects include significant CNS depression, corrosive injury of the gastrointestinal tract, and pancreatitis. Hepatotoxicity, renal injury leading to renal failure may be seen, but are not common. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels may develop in significant poisoning. Severe inhalational injury is associated with pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Hypotension and hypertension have been reported after a large, deliberate ingestion. Cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac depression have been linked to chronic exposure with dichloromethane. Delirium and seizures may be seen.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Toxic by ingestion. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
TOXICOLOGY: Similar to other halogenated solvents, an acute high concentration exposure can cause CNS depression and respiratory depression. Dichloromethane is a tissue irritant, and a high concentration inhalation may cause mucous membrane irritation, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage. It is metabolized to carbon monoxide (CO) and large exposures can lead to elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentrations. When heated to decomposition, dichloromethane releases toxic phosgene, hydrogen chloride gas, and chlorine gas. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare and most often occurs by the inhalational route. Rarely, intentional ingestions have been reported. Systemic poisoning after dermal exposure is unusual since dichloromethane evaporates quickly. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Drowsiness, somnolence, skin and mucous membrane irritation, abdominal pain if ingested, and nausea and vomiting. SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe effects include significant CNS depression, corrosive injury of the gastrointestinal tract, and pancreatitis. Hepatotoxicity, renal injury leading to renal failure may be seen, but are not common. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels may develop in significant poisoning. Severe inhalational injury is associated with pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Hypotension and hypertension have been reported after a large, deliberate ingestion. Cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac depression have been linked to chronic exposure with dichloromethane. Delirium and seizures may be seen.
HEART DISEASE: Methylene chloride is suspected of causing occupational heart disease, including coronary atherosclerosis, dysrhythmias and myopathy (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is also reported to produce engorgement of blood vessels of the brain and dilation of the heart (ILO, 1998). MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Myocardial ischemia and infarction related to methylene chloride use have been reported (Harbison, 1998). BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE: Hypotension followed by hypertension was reported in two patients after ingesting 300 to 350 mL methylene chloride. In the same case report study, hypertension was reported in 3 of 6 patients who ingested 100 to 350 mL of methylene chloride (Chang et al, 1999). TACHYCARDIA, CASE REPORT: Tachycardia (heart rate: 110 to 126 beats per minute) was reported in two patients following ingestion of 300 mL and 75 mL methylene chloride, respectively. The patient who ingested 300 mL became comatose and died 9 days after ingestion (Chang et al, 1999). SYNCOPE: Syncope has been reported (Fagin et al, 1980). CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST, CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old man with a history of hyperlipidemia experienced a sudden cardiorespiratory arrest after refinishing a bathtub with an aircraft paint stripper (Tal-Strip II Aircraft coating remover) containing 60% to 100% methylene chloride. Resuscitation attempts were not successful. An investigation revealed that at least 13 professional bathtub refinishers died while using methylene chloride based products on bathtubs in bathrooms with inadequate ventilation between the years 2000 and 2010 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012). LACK OF EFFECT, CHRONIC EXPOSURE: No excess risk of death due to ischemic heart disease was reported in a cohort study (1964 to 1988) of 1,013 workers chronically exposed to methylene chloride (Hearne et al, 1990).
IRRITATION: Contact with liquid methylene chloride produces pain, skin irritation, and burns if the liquid is not removed (ACGIH, 1991). DRYNESS: Extreme dryness and fissuring may occur due to the 'degreasing' action of the solvent (Harbison, 1998). DERMATITIS: Dry scaly dermatitis is an effect of exposure to methylene chloride (Lewis, 1998). CHEMICAL BURN: Chemical burns can result from exposure to methylene chloride (ITI, 1998), and severe chemical burns have been reported with prolonged skin contact or immersion (Tay et al, 1995; Raffle et al, 1994). SKIN ABSORPTION: Methylene chloride can be absorbed through the skin sufficiently to cause systemic symptoms. As a class, however, chlorinated hydrocarbons are considered to have poor skin absorption (Zenz, 1994; Harbison, 1998).
NAUSEA AND VOMITING: Nausea and vomiting are common after inhalation exposure (Cabrera et al, 2011; Jacubovich et al, 2005; ITI, 1995). GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE: Ingestion of methylene chloride has caused death from gastrointestinal hemorrhage (Morgan, 1993). PANCREATITIS, CASE SERIES: Pancreatitis was reported in one of six patients after methylene chloride ingestion (Chang et al, 1999).
RENAL INJURY: Ingestion of methylene chloride has caused renal injury (Morgan, 1993). HEMATURIA: Although unusual, hematuria has been reported after ingestion and inhalation (Chang et al, 1999; Keogh et al, 1984). ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS, CASE REPORT: Acute tubular necrosis was reported in two of six patients after methylene chloride ingestion (Chang et al, 1999).
CONJUNCTIVITIS: Vapor exposure can produce conjunctivitis and lacrimation (Hathaway et al, 1996). CORNEAL BURNS: Splash contact may produce immediate pain but significant corneal injury does not usually result (Grant & Schuman, 1993) (ACGIH, 1991). Immersion has produced severe corneal burns (Hall & Rumack, 1990). ORAL MUCOSAL BURN: Oral mucosal burns with erythema and blistering have been reported after ingestion (Roberts & Marshall, 1976). THROAT IRRITATION: Throat irritation was reported following inhalational exposure to methylene chloride vapors (Jacubovich et al, 2005).
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene chloride is converted to carbon monoxide, and as a result, toxic levels of carboxyhemoglobin may appear in the blood (Cabrera et al, 2011; Morgan, 1993). In general, the concentrations are usually not high enough to produce symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning (Morgan, 1993). However, one report identified a carboxyhemoglobin level of 35% in a patient who eventually died after becoming comatose (Chang et al, 1999). The increase in carboxyhemoglobin is directly proportional to the magnitude of the vapor exposure (ACGIH, 1991). ANEMIA: Anemia may develop after chronic exposure to methylene chloride (ITI, 1995).
LIVER ENZYMES ABNORMAL: One case of hepatitis and several cases of elevated hepatic enzymes have been reported, but significant hepatotoxicity is unlikely with exposures that are within the current occupational exposure limits (US DHHS, 1990). Enzyme elevations may be delayed for several days (Leikin et al, 1990; Puurunen & Sotaniemi, 1985). LIVER DISEASE: Liver disease has been reported after occupational exposure to methylene chloride (ACGIH, 1991).
Exposure to methylene chloride may cause a number of neurologic symptoms, including headache, giddiness, light-headedness, dizziness, euphoria, irritability, loss of appetite, sleepiness, weakness, fatigue, stupor, convulsions, numbness, anesthesia and limb dysesthesias (ILO, 1998; ACGIH, 1991; Baselt, 1997). SEIZURE, ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Seizures have been reported after severe acute and chronic exposure (Tariot, 1983; Hall & Rumack, 1990; Lewis, 1996). COMA: Coma has been reported following exposure (Ehler et al, 2011). Acting as a general anesthetic at high concentrations, methylene chloride can produce effects ranging from fatigue to light-headedness, drowsiness and unconsciousness. There is a narrow margin of safety between mild and severe effects (ILO, 1998). HEADACHE: Acute inhalation of methylene chloride vapors commonly produces headache, dizziness, and drowsiness (Cabrera et al, 2011; Ehler et al, 2011). ATAXIA: Ataxia may occur with exposure (Ehler et al, 2011). HEARING LOSS: Short-term (e.g. 3 to 4 hours) inhalation of vapors equal to or in excess of 300 ppm may cause temporarily decreased hearing and vision (US DHHS, 1993). REDUCED MOTOR FUNCTION: Reduced motor speed and prolonged simple and complex reaction times have occurred after 4 hours of exposure to 800 ppm Reduced motor speed and prolonged simple and complex reaction times develop after 4 hours of exposure to 800 ppm (Winneke, 1981; Winneke, 1982). PARESTHESIA: Paresthesias of the extremities as well as neurasthenic disorders are symptoms of methylene chloride exposure (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995). However, one case series revealed no statistically significant difference in reported paresthesias for chronically exposed workers when compared to unexposed workers (Soden, 1993).
DELIRIUM, CASE REPORT: Delirium, delusions, slurred speech, impairment of recent memory, anxiety, focal seizures, visual and auditory hallucinations developed in a 52-year-old man with four years of occupational exposure to methylene chloride. He recovered with removal from exposure (Tariot, 1983). DELUSIONS: Hallucinations may occur after severe prolonged exposure (Lewis, 1998).
COUGH: Cough, chest discomfort and dyspnea may develop after inhalation (Snyder et al, 1992; Buie et al, 1986). ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Although uncommon, acute lung injury (pulmonary edema) has been reported after severe inhalation exposure and has been found at autopsy (Snyder et al, 1992). RESPIRATORY FAILURE: Respiratory failure may develop secondary to CNS depression in severe exposures (Manno et al, 1990) (Chang et al, 1999). Respiratory depression is a result of severe, prolonged exposure. Death from respiratory insufficiency has occurred after exposure to methylene chloride (Lewis, 1998). LUNG ABSORPTION: Absorption occurs easily through the lungs (Raffle et al, 1994), and physical exertion increases absorption of methylene chloride, as well as its conversion to carbon monoxide with subsequent elevation of carboxyhemoglobin levels (Harbison, 1998).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Epidemiologic studies on the chronic effects of methylene chloride exposure have not demonstrated any association with increased cancer risk or chronic neurotoxicity nor any other specific cause of death or chronic illness (Harbison, 1998).
- Chronic exposure to methylene chloride has produced headaches, dizziness, nausea, loss of memory, tingling in the hands and feet, and loss of consciousness. Many of these effects can be correlated with carboxyhemoglobin levels (Von Burg, 1995).
- Chronic methylene chloride exposure has been reported to result in kidney damage (Miller et al, 1985). Chronic methylene chloride exposure at airborne levels of 300 to 1,000 ppm has been associated with loss of memory and balance disturbances (Barrowcliff & Knell, 1979). Nervous system disorders were reported in 30% of workers chronically exposed to airborne levels of 6.3 to 33.9 mg/m(3) (maximum of only 9 ppm) (Kashin, 1980).
- A Czech study reported neurological complaints in workers exposed to methylene chloride airborne levels of 500 ppm or less (Kuzelova, 1982). Learning disabilities were found in mice exposed to 168 mg/L (approximately 40,000 ppm) by inhalation (Alelxeeff & Kilgore, 1983).
- Methylene chloride has been reported to affect the heart with chronic exposure, producing changes in the ECG pattern (p 5). Occupational exposure to methylene chloride can cause heart disease, including coronary atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, myopathy, myocardial ischemia and infarction (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Harbison, 1998).
- An epidemiological study of persons exposed to methylene chloride and other toxic solvents (particularly carbon disulfide) found an increase in ischemic heart disease (Wilcosky & Tyroler, 1983).
- A large epidemiological study found NO increased risk of ischemic heart disease in workers chronically exposed to 140 to 475 ppm methylene chloride (Ott et al, 1983). In an update of an ongoing study, no excess deaths from cardiovascular disease were found in a group of cellulose fiber production workers exposed to a median range of 140 to 745 ppm of methylene chloride from 1977 to 1990 (Lanes et al, 1993).
- A proportionate mortality study found no increase in deaths from malignant neoplasms among workers exposed for up to 30 years to mean concentrations of methylene chloride ranging from 33 to 118.8 ppm compared with control populations (HSDB , 2000).
- In subchronic studies in experimental animals, methylene chloride was readily absorbed through intact skin in rats exposed for 4 months; it accumulated in skin and body fat (McKenna, 1982). The highest no-effect level in dogs exposed to methylene chloride by inhalation for 90 days was 5,000 ppm; and the lowest toxic dose in rats was 10,000 ppm (Leushner, 1984).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/NOT RECOMMENDED
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
Administer oxygen and determine carboxyhemoglobin concentration in patients with systemic symptoms.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. Administer oxygen and determine carboxyhemoglobin concentration in patients with systemic symptoms.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/NOT RECOMMENDED Administer oxygen and determine carboxyhemoglobin concentration in patients with systemic symptoms. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Methylene chloride is moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes, and mildly toxic by inhalation. Most occupational exposures are by inhalation; concentrations in excess of 50,000 ppm are thought to be immediately life-threatening (Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000). OSHA's short-term exposure limit: 125 ppm; 8-hour permissible exposure limit: 25 ppm; NIOSH immediately dangerous to life and health lconcentration: 2300 ppm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012). A 52-year-old man was found dead after using 6 ounces of a product containing 60% to 100% methylene chloride to strip a tub in an unventilated bathroom that was 5 feet by 8 feet by 8 feet (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012). An LDLo (lowest dose reported to cause death) of 357 mg/kg (oral) has been reported for humans (Lewis, 2000). The toxic effects of methylene chloride exposure are related in part to its conversion to carbon monoxide, which yields increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood (Morgan, 1993; Baselt, 1997). The phosgene released when methylene chloride is oxidized by an open flame also produces toxic effects (Baselt, 1997).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
In human experiments, inhalation of 500 to 1000 ppm for 1 or 2 hours produced lightheadedness; there was sustained elevation of carboxyhemoglobin levels in each of 11 nonsmoking subjects (Hathaway et al, 1996). No effects were seen in volunteers exposed to 250 ppm for up to 7.5 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks, or when male subjects were exposed to 500 ppm on 2 consecutive days. An excess in self-reported neurologic symptoms was found in workers repeatedly exposed to 75 to 100 ppm, although no significant deleterious effects were observed on clinical examination (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996). Complaints of headache, fatigue, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory passages were reported by workers exposed to concentrations up to 5,000 ppm. Neurasthenic disorders were found in 50% and digestive disturbances in 30% of these workers (ACGIH, 1991). After one year of exposure, a chemist developed toxic encephalopathy with acoustical and optical delusions and hallucinations. Concentrations frequently exceeded 500 ppm of methylene chloride; levels of 660 ppm, 800 ppm and, near the floor, 3,600 ppm were noted (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-09-2 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Dichloromethane A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Dichloromethane IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Methylene chloride MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Dichloromethane NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Drinking Water:
References: Hayes, 1991 HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002 LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 11,600 ppm for 6H plus 18H observation (HSDB, 2002) 40,200 mg/m(3) for 6H (HSDB, 2002)
LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 14,400 ppm for 7H 56,230 mg/m(3) for 7H (HSDB, 2002) 49,100 mg/m(3) for 6H (HSDB, 2002) 51,500 mg/m(3) for 2H (HSDB, 2002)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: 52 g/m(3) 88,000 mg/m(3) for 30M (Lewis, 2000) 2,000,000 mg/m(3) for 15M (HSDB, 2002) 52,000 mg/m(3) for 6H (HSDB, 2002)
LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: LD50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 1600 mg/kg -- ataxia 14D old, 2385 mg/kg (Hayes, 1991) young adult, 2120 mg/kg (Hayes, 1991) older adult, 3047 mg/kg (Hayes, 1991) 1600 mg/kg (HSDB, 2002) 3000 mg/kg (HSDB, 2002)
LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)DOG: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT: MLD- (ORAL)DOG: TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 2000 ppm for 5H/2Y - continuous -- carcinogenic; tumors Female, 1250 ppm for 7H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- musculoskeletal system abnormalities 150 ppm for 24H/30D - continuous -- changes in liver, spleen weight; biochemical changes 300 ppm for 24H/90D - continuous -- liver and spleen weight changes; biochemical changes 13,000 ppm for 6H/19D - intermittent -- death 5000 ppm for 24H/7D - continuous -- liver weight changes; weight loss or decreased weight gain
TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: Female, 4500 ppm for 24H at 1-17D of pregnancy -- behavioral effects on newborn 3500 ppm for 6H/2Y - intermittent -- carcinogenic; tumors 500 ppm for 6H/2Y (Lewis, 2000) 1000 ppm for 2H/3W - intermittent -- behavioral, liver, and blood changes 5000 ppm for 24H/14W - continuous -- liver changes; chages in tubules and bladder weight 8400 ppm for 6H/13W - intermittent -- changes in liver wright; death 500 ppm for 6H/2W - intermittent -- kidney, ureter and bladder changes; blood and biochemical changes 3700 ppm for 5H/4W - intermittent -- biochemical changes; lung, thorax, or respiration changes 1000 ppm for 6H/3D - intermittent -- brain and coverings changes; biochemical effects
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: 1429 mcl/kg -- changes in kidney, ureter, and bladder, blood, and gross metabolic changes
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: 1862 mg/kg for 2W - intermittent -- kidney, ureter, and bladder changes 52,740 mg/kg for 90D - continuous -- liver effects
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 91 g/kg for 2Y - continuous -- behavioral changes; fatty liver degeneration; weight loss or decreased weight gain 14,940 mg/kg for 90D - continuous -- liver changes
TDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 ppm = 3.48 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001) 1 mg/m(3) = 0.28 ppm (ATSDR, 1993; IPCS, 1996) 1 mg/L = 288 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-09-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-09-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-09-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Methylene chloride Table Z-1 for Methylene chloride: 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Methylene Chloride: See section 1919.1052:
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Methylene chloride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Methylene chloride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing; all spent solvent mixtures/blends used in degreasing containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F002, F004, and F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures. Listed as: Methylene chloride Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents; all spent solvent mixtures/ blends containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F001, F004, or F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures. Listed as: Dichloromethane Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Methane, dichloro- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Methane, dichloro- P or U series number: U080 Footnote: Listed as: Methylene chloride P or U series number: U080 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-09-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-09-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-09-2 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1593 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1593 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-09-2 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Methylene chloride is toxic, an irritant and CNS depressant, and a suspected human carcinogen. Avoid breathing vapors and skin contact; use appropriate chemical-protective clothing, eye protection, and a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Construction materials which are compatible with methylene chloride include polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, and viton (AAR, 2000).
HANDLING
- Methylene chloride is, generally, stable during transport (in the absence of moisture and at "ordinary" temperatures) (CHRIS , 2002).
- Requires an inert atmosphere for shipping (CHRIS , 2002).
- "When truckload or carload of drums is received, the doors should be opened to allow thorough ventilation before the truck or car is entered." (OHM/TADS , 2002)
STORAGE
Store in a tightly closed container; typical shipping containers include glass bottles, steel drums, tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). To minimize decomposition, methylene chloride storage containers should be lined with a phenolic or galvanized coating (HSDB , 2002).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Isolate from active metals and high heat sources (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). To prevent vapors from escaping into work areas, indoor storage tanks need to have vents piped outdoors (OHM/TADS , 2002). Do not utilize rubber or plastic hoses for unloading trucks, tank cars, etc, unless the specific material(s) have been tested and approved for methylene chloride service (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Methylene chloride is incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong caustics, and chemically active metals, including aluminum and magnesium powders, sodium, and potassium (Sittig, 1991). Keep away from sources of high heat (NFPA, 1997). Keep separate from any possible ignition sources (ITI, 1995). Moist air should be prevented from entering tanks/containers (OHM/TADS , 2002).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact with the vapor or liquid. Wash the skin, with large amounts of soap and water, immediately after it becomes contaminated. Clothing which becomes wet should be removed as quickly as possible. There is no specific recommendation for workers to change clothing before leaving the job site (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- Emergency responders should wear full protective clothing in conjunction with a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Methylene chloride is an irritant; wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-09-2.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- A facility for quickly drenching the body, or body parts, with water needs to be provided within the immediate work area. This is intended to quickly remove methylene chloride from any body areas likely to be exposed. In some instances a hose connected to a sink may be permissible, in others a full deluge shower may be required (NIOSH , 2002).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.
In air, methylene chloride vapor is not flammable by standard tests, or in conditions likely to be encountered, but it will burn under extreme conditions (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2002). Although previously thought to be non-flammable except at elevated temperature or pressure or in oxygen-enriched air, methylene chloride vapor is, in fact, flammable in the range 12-19% in ambient air, given a sufficiently high level of ignition energy; ignition is difficult (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000). The available references disagree as to whether the liquid form of methylene chloride is flammable. It appears that it is "technically" flammable, but is unlikely to be so under most ambient conditions. This is what the literature states: It is a non-flammable solvent (liquid) (Ashford, 1994). This compound will not ordinarily burn or support combustion (OHM/TADS , 2002). The liquid does not easily burn (ATSDR, 1993). Methylene chloride is a combustible liquid (NIOSH , 2002).
Toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, phosgene and hydrogen chloride are released when methylene chloride is heated to decomposition or when involved in combustion. Decomposition may occur after contact with open flame or hot surfaces (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997). This compound will sink in water. Reactions with water produce irritating vapor (CHRIS , 2002).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-09-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-09-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- To fight a fire involving methylene chloride, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water can be used. Large quantities of water spray can be employed to cool fire-exposed containers/structures. Apply water from as great a distance as is feasible (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
Toxic combustion by-products include hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide (HSDB , 2002; NFPA, 1997).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Methylene chloride vapor is not flammable/explosive by standard tests, or in conditions likely to be encountered, but it will burn under extreme conditions (ACGIH, 1991).
- Given the correct conditions, this compound forms flammable vapor-air mixtures in larger volumes and may be an explosion hazard in confined spaces, especially when exposed to heat or flame. Elevated temperature and pressure, an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, or contact with liquid oxygen are all conditions which will contribute to methylene chloride's potential for flammability/explosivity (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
The vapor is flammable in the range of 12-19% in ambient air, given a sufficiently high level of ignition energy (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000).
- Mixtures in air with methanol vapor are flammable (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000).
- It will also form explosive mixtures in combination with (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000):
Dimethyl sulfoxide + Perchloric acid Dinitrogen pentoxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Nitric acid (concentrated) Potassium Quaternary ammonium azides (eg, sodium azide) Sodium Sodium-Potassium Alloy
- In an atmosphere with a high oxygen content, methylene chloride and oxygen may form an explosive mixture. It may also form an explosive mixture with liquid oxygen, nitrite, potassium, or sodium (Bingham et al, 2001).
- See the REACTIVITY HAZARD Section for more information.
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Poisonous fumes of phosgene and hydrogen chloride are released when methylene chloride is heated to decomposition or when involved in combustion. Decomposition may occur after contact with open flame or hot surfaces (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Methylene chloride is explosive in atmospheres with a high oxygen content (Lewis, 2000).
- Methylene chloride reacts violently with chemically active metals such as magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, as well as aluminum (and aluminum bromide) (Sittig, 1991; OHM/TADS , 2002; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).
- When dry, it is noncorrosive at normal atmospheric temperatures to common metals such as iron, copper, etc. When in contact with water/moisture, especially at elevated temperatures, methylene chloride will corrode iron, some stainless steels, copper, nickel, and certain other metals (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- This compound reacts violently with (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000):
- Methylene chloride will attack some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- A half-full separating funnel violently burst when shaken with methylene chloride and water (air was also present); a syringe used for DMSO and rinsed with methylene chloride exploded violently when filled with perchloric acid (Urben, 2000).
- When methylene chloride is prepared by the chlorination of methyl chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are produced (HSDB , 2002).
- When in contact with steel or metal chlorides at elevated temperatures (300-450 degrees C), the vapor tends to carbonize (HSDB , 2002).
- Carbon monoxide, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, methanol, and methyl chloride are formed after prolonged heating (180 degrees C) of a mixture of water and methylene chloride (HSDB , 2002).
- Poisonous fumes of phosgene and hydrogen chloride are released when methylene chloride is heated to decomposition or when involved in combustion. Decomposition may occur after contact with open flame or hot surfaces (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Methylene chloride may accumulate static electricity charges; this may cause vapor ignition (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- See the EXPLOSION HAZARD Section for more information.
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-09-2 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Methylene Chloride ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 200 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 750 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 4000 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-09-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Methylene chloride TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 25 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 200 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 750 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 6900 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS75-09-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-09-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 2300 ppm Note(s): Ca
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Keep upwind to avoid breathing methylene chloride vapor. Stop the leak if this can be done without endangering anyone. Do not allow the material to enter sewers or water sources (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997). LAND SPILL (AAR, 2000) NFPA, 1994) Dig a holding area to contain spilled methylene chloride. Foamed concrete or polyurethane, sand bags, and soil can be used to dike the surface flow. Cement powder, commercial sorbents, and fly ash can be used to absorb large amounts of the liquid.
WATER SPILL (AAR, 2000) To trap spilled methylene chloride at the bottom, use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers. The trapped (undissolved) material can be removed with suction hoses. Peat or carbon can be used on the dissolved portion.
AIR SPILL: Water mist/spray can be used to suppress vapors (AAR, 2000) NFPA, 1994). Methylene chloride, in concentrations of 1.2 mg/L or greater, is considered hazardous for land disposal (Freeman, 1989).
SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) At a safe distance from populated areas, small amounts of methylene chloride residue may be poured on ashes, dry sand, or earth and then allowed to evaporate (OHM/TADS , 2002).
Methylene chloride is a potential candidate for various incineration methods (HSDB , 2002). Air stripping may be used to remove methylene chloride from water or aqueous waste streams (Freeman, 1989; HSDB , 2002). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- "Most of the methylene chloride released to the environment results from its use as an end-product by various industries, and the use of paint removers and aerosol products in the home. Methylene chloride is mainly released to the environment in air and, to a lesser extent, in water and soil" (IPCS, 1996).
- Air emissions of large quantities of methylene chloride result from its use as an aerosol propellant, paint remover, metal degreaser and urethane foam blowing agent (ATSDR, 1993; Howard, 1990).
- Waste-water emissions result primarily from the following industries: paint and ink, aluminum forming, coal mining, photographic equipment and supplies, pharmaceutical, organic chemical/plastics, rubber processing, foundries and laundries (Howard, 1990).
- Methylene chloride is not known to occur naturally (ATSDR, 1993; Howard, 1990; IPCS, 1996).
- Methylene chloride may smother benthic life and may prove toxic to terrestrial animals (OHM/TADS , 2002).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Methylene chloride will react with hydroxyl radicals and degrade. The half- life of this reaction is a few months. Methylene chloride is not subject to direct photolysis. A small amount of methylene chloride will diffuse to the stratosphere. Once there, it will react with chlorine radicals and undergo photolysis, and will be rapidly degraded. A small amount may return to the earth in rain (Howard, 1990). Half-life in air (Photo-oxidation half-life in air, based on rate data for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals) (Howard et al, 1991):
SURFACE WATER This compound will be primarily lost by evaporation to the atmosphere. In natural waters, biodegradation is possible but will probably be quite slow when compared with the evaporation rate. There are few data on methylene chloride's adsorption to sediment. Under normal environmental conditions, hydrolysis and photolysis are not important processes. There are no data on photo-oxidation in water (Howard, 1990; Howard et al, 1991). Half-life in surface water (Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.) (Howard et al, 1991): Half-life in ground water (Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.) (Howard et al, 1991): When released into a river, methylene chloride levels were undetectable 3 to 15 miles from the source (Howard, 1990).
TERRESTRIAL Methylene chloride will quickly evaporate from surface soil and will partially leach into groundwater. Little is known about this compound's adsorptivity (Howard, 1990). Half-life in soil (Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.) (Howard et al, 1991): The diffusive transport of methylene chloride was measured in air-dry soils to test the effect of non-linear sorption. The chemical followed the BET type sorption model. The increase of diffusivity with high initial chemical concentration produced higher-than-predicted emission rates (Shonnard et al, 1993).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Methylene chloride does not absorb light in the region > 290 nm (visible or near ultra-violet light). Therefore, direct homogeneous gas-phase photolysis in the troposphere is not considered to be significant (IPCS, 1996).
- A 1 mg per liter aqueous solution of methylene chloride was sealed in glass tubes in the dark at 25 degrees C and a pH of 7. Its half-life was measured to be about 1.5 years (IPCS, 1996).
- Under normal environmental conditions, it is not expected that hydrolysis will be an important degradation process (Howard, 1990).
BIODEGRADATION
- Methylene chloride was reported to be completely biodegraded under aerobic conditions with activated sludge or sewage seed between 6 hours to 7 days (Howard, 1990).
- Aerobic half-life (Based on unacclimated aerobic screening test data) (Howard et al, 1991):
- Anaerobic half-life (Based on unacclimated aerobic biodegradation half-life) (Howard et al, 1991):
- Removal/secondary treatment: 94.5% (Based on the percent degraded under aerobic continuous flow conditions) (Howard et al, 1991)
BIOACCUMULATION
Oysters and clams from Lake Ponchartrain, Louisiana have contained concentrations of methylene chloride between 4.5 and 27 micrograms per kilogram (wet weight) (IPCS, 1996). Marine bottom fish from Commencement Bay, Washington, contained up to 700 mcg/kg of methylene chloride (IPCS, 1996).
With an estimated BCF of 5, methylene chloride is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1990). There is no experimental BCF for methylene chloride. The theoretical BCF is between 0.91 and 7.9 (IPCS, 1996). Methylene chloride is not expected to biomagnify (IPCS, 1996).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- References: (HSDB , 2002; IPCS, 1996)
NOEC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 68 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) NOEC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1550-1707 mg/L for 24H (IPCS, 1996) NOEC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 100 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) NOEC - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS, Adult: 66.3 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1996) NOEC - (WATER) CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS: 130 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1996) EC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 68.5 mg/L for 24H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 66.3 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 66.3 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 66.3 mg/L for 98H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 2100-2270 mg/L for 24H (IPCS, 1996) EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1959 mg/L for 24H (IPCS, 1996) EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1682 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 135 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) EC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 99.0 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 99.0 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 99.0 mg/L for 96H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 220.1 mg/L for 24H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 147.6 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 147.6 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) EC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 147.6 mg/L for 96H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 122.0 mg/L for 24H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 94.0 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 51.2 mg/L for 96H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC10 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 67.3 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 220 mg/L for 48H (HSDB, 2002; IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1250 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 480 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) CARRASSIUS AURATUS: 420 mg/L for 24H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS, Adult: 310 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2002; IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS, Adult: 193 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2002; IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS, Juvenile: 502 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 268.0 mg/L for 24H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 265.0 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 232.4 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 230 mg/L for 24H - static bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 220 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2002; IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA: 260 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2002; IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) PALAEMONETES PUGIA: 108.5 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) LEUCISCUS IDUS: 521-528 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS, Juvenile: 97.0 mg/L for 48H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS: 330 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1996) LC50 - (WATER) POECILIA RETICULATA: 294 ppm for 14D (HSDB, 2002) LC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 589.0 mg/L for 72H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 746.3 mg/L for 48H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002) LC90 - (WATER) PIMEPHALES PROMELAS RAFINESQUE: 722.1 mg/L for 96H - flow through bioassay (HSDB, 2002)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Methylene chloride is a colorless, volatile (but not flammable in air) liquid with a sweet, penetrating, ether-like or chloroform-like odor (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000) AAR, 1998).
PH
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 349 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; ATSDR, 1993; Verschueren, 1983)
- 350 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)
- 380 mmHg (at 22 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
- 434.9 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
- 440 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)
- 500 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1993; Verschueren, 1983)
- 58.2 kPa at 25 degrees C (Lide, 1995)
- 470 hPa (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1996)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.36174 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002) 1.33479 (at 15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002) 1.3255 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002) 1.30777 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002) 1.326 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000) 1.3266 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) 1.322 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.34 kg/L (at 15 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994) 1.3266 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1993; Lide, 1995) 1335.46 kg/m(3); 83.37 lb/ft(3) (at 20 degrees C) (CGA, 1990)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-98 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) -97 degrees C (Lewis, 1997) -96.72 degrees C; -142.1 degrees F (CGA, 1990) -96.7 degrees C; -142 degrees F; 176.5 K (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000) -95 degrees C (Hayes, 1982)
-97 degrees C; -142 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; Verschueren, 1983) -96.7 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) -95.1 degrees C (ATSDR, 1993; ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1990) -95 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Lide, 1995) 178.01 K (Lide, 1995)
BOILING POINT
- 39.75 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; Hayes, 1982; Howard, 1990)
- 39.78 degrees C; 103.6 degrees F (CGA, 1990)
- 39.8 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
- 39-40 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
- 40 degrees C (at 76 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Lide, 1995)
- 40 degrees C; 104 degrees F (ATSDR, 1993; NFPA, 1997)
- 40.1 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997)
- 40-42 degrees C (Verschueren, 1983)
- 313 K (at 1 atmosphere) (Lide, 1995)
- 104 degrees F; 39.8 degrees C; 313.0 K (all at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2002)
FLASH POINT
- Methylene chloride has no flash point in air or in a conventional closed tester, but it forms flammable vapor-air mixtures in larger volumes (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1993; NFPA, 1997).
- Methylene chloride vapor is non-flammable and non-explosive (Hayes, 1982).
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 556 degrees C; 1033 degrees F (Lide, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
- 662 degrees C; 1224 degrees F (ATSDR, 1993; Lewis, 1997)
- 1139 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)
- 605 degrees C (IPCS, 1996)
- 624 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 640 degrees C; 1184 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002; ILO, 1998)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
8.1% (NFPA, 1994) 12% (at 25 degrees C; 77 degrees F) (Bingham et al, 2001; CGA, 1990; Sittig, 1991) 13% (Lide, 1995; NFPA, 1997) 15.5% (in oxygen) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 2000)
17.4% (NFPA, 1994) 19% (Bingham et al, 2001; Sittig, 1991) 22% (at 25 degrees C; 77 degrees F) (CGA, 1990) 23% (Lide, 1995; NFPA, 1997) 66.4% (in oxygen) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 2000)
SOLUBILITY
Methylene chloride is slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991). It is about 1-1.2 percent soluble by weight at room temperature (ACGIH, 1991). 2 g/100 ml (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001) 13,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990) 16,700 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983) 20,000 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983) 20 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1996) 13.0 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1996) 20000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
Methylene chloride is soluble in alcohol, ether, ethanol, ethyl ether and acetone (Lewis, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001). It is miscible with acetone, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, dimethylformamide, and with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000). It is also miscible with chlorinated and oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = 1.25 (Howard, 1990)
- log Kow = 1.3 (ATSDR, 1993)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.68x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)
- 2.03x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (ATSDR, 1993)
- 3.19x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)
- 380 Pa.m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1996)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
The threshold ranges from 25 to 150 ppm; 100 ppm is not easily detectable by most people, and above 300 ppm most people detect the odor. This means that odor is a poor indicator of possibly dangerous air concentrations of methylene chloride (the TLV is 50 ppm) (ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991). 160-620 ppm; 540-2160 mg/m(3) (in air) (ATSDR, 1993) 9.1 ppm (in water) (ATSDR, 1993) 205-307 ppm (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002) 25-50 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002) 214 ppm (recognition in air) (HSDB , 2002) low = 540 mg/m(3); high = 2,160 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002) 743 mg/m(3) (IPCS, 1996) 700-1060 mg/m(3) (IPCS, 1996) 880 mg/m(3) (IPCS, 1996) 540-2160 mg/m(3) (IPCS, 1996) At concentrations above 300 ppm, methylene chloride has a "not unpleasant odor". At concentrations above 1000 ppm, the odor becomes unpleasant, and is strong and intensely irritating at 2300 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001).
- ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT
6.0 kJ/mol (at -95.14 degrees C) (Lide, 1995) 16.89 cal/g (CHRIS , 2002)
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