METHYL METHACRYLATE

Methyl methacrylate is used in the production of acrylics, clear plastics, marble-like surfaces (for kitchens and baths), extrusion powders, paints and inks, adhesive cements, industrial flooring compositions, precast concrete composites, resin mortars, polishes, dental fillers and cements, and surgical implants (ACGIH, 1999; (Woolf & Shaw, 1998; Gesell & Stephen, 1997; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Raffle et al, 1994).

FORMS

It is a flammable, clear, colorless liquid; its odor has been described as distinctive, fruity, ester-like, acrid, and pungent. Methyl methacrylate monomer is a polymerization hazard when exposed to light, heat, oxygen, or ionizing radiation. It is usually found as a commercial or technical grade (99.8% pure) which contains inhibitors to prevent polymerization (AAR, 1998; ACGIH, 1999; (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983).

SOURCES

Methyl methacrylate may be produced by alcoholysis (methanol + methacrylamide), by esterification (methanol + methacrylic acid), by the combination of acetone cyanohydrin, methanol, and dilute sulfuric acid, and by the oxidation of tert-butyl alcohol to methacrolein and then to methacrlic acid followed by reaction with methanol (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Methyl methacrylate is used in the production of acrylics, clear plastics, marble-like surfaces, extrusion powders, paints and inks, adhesive cements, industrial flooring compositions, precast concrete composites, resin mortars, polishes, dental fillers, surgical implants, and bone cements.

TOXICOLOGY: Methyl methacrylate decreases the amplitude of the action potential in peripheral nerves by causing lysis of membrane lipids and destruction of the myelin sheath. It is an irritant and sensitizer, and can cause bronchospasm and dermatitis. At high concentrations, it has CNS and respiratory depressant effects. It is thought to promote granuloma formation and trigger focal bone resorption.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to liquid methyl methacrylate is generally occupational. It is usually found as a commercial or technical grade (99.8% pure) which contains inhibitors such as hydroquinone or monomethyl ether of hydroquinone to prevent polymerization. Once polymerized, it is inert.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY

ORAL: Significant systemic toxicity is not expected after acute ingestion. If an object made from the polymer is ingested, it presents a potential foreign body (choking) hazard.
DERMAL: Irritation dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, numbness, paresthesias, cold sensation in extremities, and cutaneous burns may occur. Eczematous reactions of onychial and paronychial tissues have been reported in patients using acrylic plastic nails. Dystrophic nail changes may persist for months. Irreversible loss of the fingernails has occurred.
INHALATION: Occupational exposure through inhalation has resulted in asthma, narcosis, headache, dizziness, extremity pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, irritability, memory loss, depression, laryngitis, anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, and decrement in olfactory ability.
OCULAR: Corneal irritation and lens opacity may occur.

SEVERE TOXICITY

INHALATION: Can cause drowsiness, CNS or respiratory depression.
DERMAL: Chronic exposure can cause peripheral neuropathy.
OTHER: Systemic vasodilation and transient hypotension have been reported following use as a bone cement in total hip replacement procedures. Methacrylic acid-containing primers used in artificial nail cosmetic products are highly corrosive and have been associated with respiratory toxicity and cutaneous burn. Refer to "ACIDS" management for information on methacrylic acid.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Methyl methacrylate is moderately irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Ocular exposure in rabbits has resulted in corneal irritation which lasted for several days (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1991; (Sax & Lewis, 1989; NIOSH, 1976).

A localized fibrin mass, damage to the corneal endothelium, and corneal swelling with partial vascularization developed acutely when 10 microliters of methyl methacrylate were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. Anterior lens opacity and areas of iris atrophy developed in rabbit eyes previously instilled with MMA (Holyk & Eifrig, 1979).

A dose-response relationship between olfactory dysfunction and cumulative exposure scores was noted in a cross-sectional study of volunteers working in a plant manufacturing several chemicals, among which were the methacrylates (Schwartz et al, 1989).

Systemic vasodilation and hypotension have been reported following MMA use as a bone cement in total hip replacement surgical procedures (HSDB , 1996). Cardiac arrest and fat and bone marrow embolisms have been reported in this setting, and are presumably due to heat and pressure in the femoral canal while the MMA polymer is curing (Merin, 1983). A patient developed transient episodes of atrioventricular block on 2 occasions, 4 weeks apart, immediately after insertion of MMA cement into the femoral cavity (Brown & Parmley, 1982).

MMA monomer has been shown to have a direct myocardial depressant effect on isolated perfused rabbit hearts (Mir et al, 1973; Wong et al, 1977).

Occupational asthma has been associated with the use of various methyl methacrylate compounds (Pickering et al, 1986; Lozewicz et al, 1985). Respiratory depression has been seen following large MMA doses in experimental animals. Transient tachypnea has been seen after small doses (0.03 mL/kg intravenously) were given to experimental animals (Deichmann, 1941) RTECS, 1996). Atelectasis and emphysema were found in a rhesus monkey that died in coma after an accidental 22-hour exposure to MMA vapor (Kessler et al, 1977). Respiratory arrest and death have been described in acutely exposed experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991).

Headache, irritability, and excitement may be noted (RTECS, 1996; (Sax & Lewis, 1989; Scolnick & Collins, 1986). Chronic paresthesias may also be noted, which outlast eruptions of allergic contact dermatitis (Pegum & Medhurst, 1971) Hathaway, 1991). Methyl methacrylate vapor is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant (ILO, 1983; Sax & Lewis, 1989; HSDB , 1996). Rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 400 ppm of MMA vapor for 60 minutes had a decreased neuronal firing rate (Innes & Tansy, 1981).

Anorexia and nausea lasting for several hours were seen in dental students working with MMA (Tansy et al, 1974).

Patients who underwent hip replacement with polymethyl methacrylate bone cement had transient, but dose-related, elevations of serum gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) (Pople & Phillips, 1988). Experimental animals exposed to 25 mg of MMA twice weekly had decreases in serum glycoprotein and albumin levels and increases in other hepatic enzymes (Motoc et al, 1971). Centrilobular hepatic necrosis was found in a rhesus monkey that died after an accidental 22-hour vapor exposure (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Unspecified kidney lesions have been produced in humans and experimental animals when MMA has been ingested (Lefaux, 1968; ACGIH, 1991).

Allergic contact dermatitis has been reported (Foussereau et al, 1989; Pegum & Medhurst, 1971; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996). Other acrylic monomers may cross-react and produce a similar dermatitis (Fisher, 1980a; Lovell et al, 1985). Allergic contact dermatitis caused by MMA is characterized by paresthesias and tenderness that outlast the eruption (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988).

Pruriginous papulo-erythematous lesions with some degree of hyperkeratosis erupted near the amputation stump and spread to rest of the body (sparing the face and the scalp) after a man revarnished his lower leg prosthesis with methacrylates (Romaguera et al, 1989).

Eczematous onychial and paronychial tissue reactions have been reported in patients using acrylic plastic artificial fingernails. Dystrophic nail changes may persist for years (Fisher, 1980) 1989, 1990).

A 31-year-old nurse exposed to methyl methacrylate vapors developed diffuse erythroderma, dyspnea, headache, hypertension, lethargy, and lightheadedness (Scolnick & Collins, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acute hypertension, erythroderma, and dyspnea developed in a nurse repeatedly exposed to a surgical cement containing 97 percent methyl methacrylate monomer (Scolnick & Collins, 1986).

Dental technicians who molded methyl methacrylate putty with their bare hands had significantly slower distal sensory conduction velocities in the digits, implicating mild axonal degeneration in the area of MMA contact (Rajaniemi et al, 1989; Seppalainen & Rajaniemi, 1984).

Artificial fingernail sculptors exposed to methyl methacrylate dusts and vapors consistently had more complaints of nasal and skin irritation, drowsiness, dizzy spells, and trembling of the hands, compared to controls (Hiipakka & Samimi, 1987).

Contact stomatitis was reported in a 71-year-old woman who had a positive patch test to methyl methacrylate monomer extracted from her dentures which had been in use for 15 years and may have been incompletely polymerized (Kanzaki et al, 1989).

Workers in plants manufacturing methyl methacrylate have complained of fatigue, headache, sleep disturbances, irritability, loss of memory, and pains in the extremities (ACGIH, 1991).

In experimental animals, chronic exposure has caused renal cortical necrosis, tubular degeneration with focal mineralization, hepatic necrosis, central nervous system (CNS) depression, cerebellar congestion and hemorrhage, and death, apparently due to respiratory arrest (ACGIH, 1991).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Significant systemic toxicity is not expected after acute ingestion; gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not warranted.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE: Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

Treatment is supportive. Monitor for hypotension and respiratory depression.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Significant systemic toxicity is not expected after acute ingestion; gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not warranted.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ACUTE

TLV-TWA: 50 ppm. NIOSH: TWA: 100 ppm (410 mg/m(3)); IDLH: 1000 ppm; OSHA PEL: 8-hour TWA: 100 ppm (410 mg/m(3)) (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010; U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
TCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 125 ppm (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 60 mg/m(3) (RTECS , 2000)

Numbness, coldness, and paresthesia of the fingers have been reported among people who handle the monomer with their bare hands, most notably among dental technicians who mold methyl methacrylate putty. Allergic contact dermatitis as well as occupational asthma have been reported among workers who have been reexposed to methyl methacrylate liquid (ACGIH, 1999; (Hathaway et al, 1996; Raffle et al, 1994).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

In a German study, an acute exposure of 20 healthy volunteers to 50 ppm of methyl methacrylate resulted in only minor irritation of the nasal mucosa, but no inflammatory changes in nasal epithelium and impairment of mucociliary transport or olfactory functioning were observed (Muttray et al, 2015).
At concentrations of 0.5 to 50 parts per million, 78% of 152 exposed workers reported frequent headaches, 30% reported pain in the extremities, 10% reported irritability, 20% reported loss of memory, and 21% reported excessive fatigue and sleep disturbance (Blagodatin et al, 1976).
At levels of 4 to 49 parts per million, workers in plants manufacturing polymethyl methacrylate sheets had no observable effects in terms of symptomatology and changes in blood pressure, respiratory function testing, hemoglobin and white blood count, urinalysis, and blood chemistry (Cromer J & Kronoveter K, 1976).
With air levels from 3 to 77 parts per million, surgical assistants who mixed methyl methacrylate bone cement in operating rooms described occasional transient eye irritation (NIOSH, 1977).
With exposures higher than 49 parts per million, statistically insignificant effects on serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, albumin, and total bilirubin levels were noted among workers (Cromer J & Kronoveter K, 1976).
170 to 250 ppm causes irritation, 2300 ppm is intolerable (NIOSH, 1976).
At concentrations of 100 to 599 mg/m(3), 75% of 300 exposed Soviet women developed irritability, fatigue, headache, and mucous membrane irritation (Dobrinsky, 1970).
150 mg/m(3) produce CNS effects when inhaled by humans (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS80-62-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Methyl methacrylate

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): E ; Listed as: Methyl methacrylate

E : Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Methyl methacrylate

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1.4 mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 7x10(-1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 18,500 mg/m(3) for 2H (RTECS , 2000)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 78,000 mg/m(3) for 4H (RTECS , 2000)
LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- 41,200 mg/m(3) for 3H -- Somnolence (general depressed activity); Ataxia; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS , 2000)
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 19,000 mg/m(3) for 5H -- Muscle weakness; Coma; Respiratory depression (RTECS , 2000)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 17,500 mg/m(3) for 4.5H -- Muscle weakness; Coma; Respiratory depression (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- 4725 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity); Ataxia; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- 4252 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 1890 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 5954 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity); Ataxia; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- 5954 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 945 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 3625 mg/kg (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 5954 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 8700 mg/kg (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >5 g/kg -- Dermatitis (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 1328 mg/kg (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 7872 mg/kg -- Muscle Weakness; Coma; Respiratory depression (RTECS , 2000)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- 7088 mg/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity) (RTECS , 2000)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- 7 mL/kg -- Spastic paralysis with or without sensory change; changes primarily in glomeruli; porphyrin including bile pigments (RTECS , 2000)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- 120 mcL/kg (RTECS , 2000)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- 14 mL/kg -- Somnolence (general depressed activity); changes in lung, thorax, or respiration; hematuria (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- 15 g/m(3) for 7H for 5D- intermittent -- Death (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- 47 g/m(3) 90M for 15D- intermittent -- Fatty liver degeneration; Death (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 65 g/m(3) for 3H for 3D-intermittent -- Fatty liver degeneration; Death (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- 400 ppm for 6H for 78W- intermittent -- Weight loss or decreased weight gain; Death (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 125 ppm -- Effect on sleep; Excitement; Anorexia (RTECS , 2000)
- 60 mg/m(3) -- Effects on sleep; Excitement; Blood pressure lowering not characterized in autonomic section (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 41 g/m(3) for 90M for 15D- intermitent -- Death (RTECS , 2000)
- 5000 ppm for 6H for 14W- intermittent -- Other changes in sense organs and special senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal; Death (RTECS , 2000)
- 500 ppm for 6H for 2Y- intermittent -- Other changes in sense organs and special senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- 15 g/m(3) for 7H for 5D- intermittent -- Changes in urine composition; Porphyrin including bile pigments (RTECS , 2000)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- Female, 54 mg/m(3) for 24H at 8W prior to mating -- Menstrual cycle changes or disorders (RTECS , 2000)
- Female, 4480 mg/m(3) for 2H at 6-18D of pregnancy -- Post-implantation mortality (e.g., dead and or resorbed implants per total number of implants) (RTECS , 2000)
- Female, 109 g/m(3) for 17M at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus); Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system (RTECS , 2000)
- Female, 109 g/m(3) for 54M at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Fetal death; Other developmental abnormalities (RTECS , 2000)
- 116 ppm for 8H/D for 26W- intermittent -- Changes in serum composition (e.g., TP, bilirubin, cholesterol); Nutritional and Gross Metabolic (P); Effects on transaminases (RTECS , 2000)
- 1 mg/m(3) for 24H for 60D- continuous -- Muscle contraction or spasticity; Effect on true cholinesterase; Porphyrin including bile pigments (RTECS , 2000)
- 115 mg/m(3) for 3H for 17W- intermittent -- EKG changes not diagnostic of above; Other blood changes (RTECS , 2000)
- 34,500 mg/m(3) for 16W- intermittent -- Fatty liver degeneration; Changes in kidney, ureter, and Bladder; Effetc on amino acids (including renal excretion) (RTECS , 2000)
- 5000 ppm for 6H for 14W- intermittent -- Changes in circulation of brain and coverings (hemorrhage, thrombosis, etc.); Other changes in sense organs and special senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); Death (RTECS , 2000)
- 500 ppm for 6H for 2Y- intermittent -- Other changes in sense organs and special senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- 1825 mg/kg for 2Y-continuous -- Changes in Spleen weight (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 19,665 mL/kg for 15W- intermittent -- Death (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 97,500 mcg/kg for 39W-intermittent -- Degenerative changes in brain and covering; Changes in liver; Effects on transaminases (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- 1620 mg/kg -- Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria; Tumors at site of application (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- Female, 801 mg/kg at 5-15D of pregnancy -- Developmental abnormalities (RTECS , 2000)
- Female, 405 mg/kg at 5-15D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) and other developmental (RTECS , 2000)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 17,896 mg/kg for 35W- intermittent -- Ulceration or bleeding from stomach; Changes in Liver (RTECS , 2000)
- 10,500 mg/kg for 21D- intermittent -- Structural change in nerve or sheath; Somnolence (general depressed activity); Effects on lipids including transport (RTECS , 2000)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.16 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 1983)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.24 ppm (Verschueren, 1983)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS80-62-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Methyl methacrylate

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 50 ppm
TLV-STEL: 100 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; body weight eff; pulm edema
Molecular Weight: 100.13

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS80-62-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS80-62-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
REL:

TWA: 100 ppm (410 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 1000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
Table Z-1 for Methyl methacrylate:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 410

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
P or U series number: U162
Footnote:
Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester
P or U series number: U162
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS80-62-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Methyl methacrylate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS80-62-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS80-62-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1247 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Methyl methacrylate monomer, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1247
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1247 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Methyl methacrylate monomer, stabilized
UN Number: 1247

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS80-62-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Methacrylate
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Methyl methacrylate is moderately toxic by inhalation, mildly toxic by ingestion, and a skin and eye irritant. Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind. Wear appropriate protective clothing and provide adequate ventilation to prevent exposure when working with or around methyl methacrylate (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
It is a very dangerous fire and polymerization hazard when exposed to heat, light, oxygen, or ionizing radiation. Wash contaminated skin immediately; remove contaminated clothing immediately to prevent fire hazard (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Personnel working with or around methyl methacrylate should have adequate ventilation in the area and wear appropriate protective clothing (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store methyl methacrylate in tightly closed containers away from sources of polymerization hazard such as light, heat, oxygen, and ionizing radiation. Do not allow containers to become damaged (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers of properly inhibited methyl methacrylate in cool, well-ventilated areas. The preferred area is an isolated, outdoor storage area, but indoor storage is acceptable if stored in a combustible liquid storage room (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Methyl methacrylate is incompatible with light, heat, caustics, nitrates, strong acids, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, peroxides, and strong oxidizers (ITI, 1995; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Methyl methacrylate is moderately toxic by inhalation, mildly toxic by ingestion, and a skin and eye irritant. Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind. Wear appropriate protective clothing and provide adequate ventilation to prevent exposure when working with or around methyl methacrylate (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

It is a very dangerous fire and polymerization hazard when exposed to heat, light, oxygen, or ionizing radiation. Wash contaminated skin immediately; remove contaminated clothing immediately to prevent fire hazard (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection to avoid eye injury from liquid splashes or vapor exposure (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 80-62-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 181
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.14
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.55
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 33
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 70
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.55
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.07
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 63
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 31
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 294
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 60
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 77
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 60
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 125
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 144
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 40
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 65
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 179
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 179
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 55
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 65
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 143
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 143
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 110
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 143
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 141
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 105
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 66
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 100 to 1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 100 to 1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 1 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 152
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): non measured
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Methyl methacrylate is a dangerous fire hazard and an explosive polymerization hazard when exposed to heat, flame, light, oxygen, or ionizing radiation (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994; (Sittig, 1991).
If methyl methacrylate is on fire or involved in a fire, do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless the flow of methyl methacrylate can be stopped. Cool affected containers with flooding quantities of water; containers may explode. Use flooding quantities of water as fog; solid streams of water may spread the fire. Apply water from as far away as possible or from a protected location. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS80-62-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Methacrylate
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS80-62-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Methacrylate
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes are emitted when methyl methacrylate is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
Fires involving methyl methacrylate may release toxic gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide (HSDB , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Methyl methacrylate is a dangerous fire hazard and an explosive polymerization hazard when exposed to heat, flame, light, oxygen, or ionizing radiation (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994; (Sittig, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Methyl methacrylate vapor is a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. The vapors are heavier than air and may travel along the ground and flash back (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994; (Sittig, 1991).

The vapors are also a skin and eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing and provide adequate ventilation (AAR, 1998; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Based on its low flash point (10 degrees C; 50 degrees F), methyl methacrylate forms explosive mixtures with air and may form a heat-sensitive explosive product. Methyl methacrylate may also explode at its evaporation point of 60 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1995).

It is incompatible with caustics, nitrates, strong acids (such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid), aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, peroxides, strong oxidizers (such as permanganates, perchlorates, and chlorates), and strong alkalis (such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Methyl methacrylate may ignite on contact with benzoyl peroxide (Lewis, 1996).

Polymerization may occur due to heat, contamination, and/or the lack of appropriate inhibitor; spontaneous, explosive polymerization may cause containers to rupture violently (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1995).

Methyl methacrylate may polymerize violently when in contact with azoisobutyronitrile; dibenzyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, or propionaldehyde (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).

Methyl methacrylate may be ignited by accumulated static electrical charges (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If a fire involving methyl methacrylate becomes uncontrollable or its containers are exposed to direct flame, consider evacuating the area in a one-half (1/2) mile radius (AAR, 1998).

If spilled or leaking methyl methacrylate is not on fire, consider evacuating the downwind area based on the amount of spilled methyl methacrylate, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS80-62-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS80-62-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methyl methacrylate
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 17
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 17
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 120
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 570
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS80-62-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS80-62-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If methyl methacrylate is not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the area. Restrict access to personnel wearing appropriate protective clothing and ventilate the area. Keep spilled methyl methacrylate out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain the spill as necessary. Attempt to stop the leak only if this can be done without excessive risk to personnel. Absorb spill in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and place into sealed containers. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
If methyl methacrylate is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon or other holding area to contain the spilled liquid. Dike surface flow of spill using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Keep spill out of confined spaces such as sewers to avoid explosion hazard. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize the spill. Absorb contained liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).
If methyl methacrylate is spilled onto water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit the spill travel. If approved by EPA, use a surface active agent (such as detergent, soaps, or alcohols). Inject a "universal" gelling agent to solidify the encircled spill and increase the effectiveness of the booms. If dissolved to a concentration of approximately 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the amount spilled. Remove trapped methyl methacrylate with suction hoses and use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove the immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1998).
If methyl methacrylate is spilled into the air, apply water spray or mist to knock down the vapors (AAR, 1998).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Absorb small spills on paper and allow the liquid to evaporate from the paper on a glass or iron dish in a hood. Burn the paper after evaporation is complete (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method. Mix methyl methacrylate with a more flammable solvent and spray the mixture into a furnace (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
- A fluidized-bed thermal oxidation system located in Franklin, Ohio, having a 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter secondary reaction chamber, burned an aqueous solution of methyl methacrylate monomer. The destruction and removal efficiency for the waste constituents was greater than 99.999% with temperatures of 788 to 843 degrees C (1450 to 1550 degrees F) for methyl methacrylate, with a residence time of approximately 11 seconds (Freeman, 1989).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Methyl methacrylate is primarily released into the environment during its production and use in manufacturing. Spills and emissions of vapors may also occur during transport and storage. It does not have a known, natural source (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If released into the air, methyl methacrylate will primarily be removed by photodegradation (Howard, 1989).
- The reported half life of methyl methacrylate in air ranges from 66 minutes (1.1 hours) to 9.7 hours, based on the estimated photooxidation rate (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- If released into water, methyl methacrylate will primarily be removed by volatilization. Hydrolysis may occur, but it is not a significant removal process. Removal through the reaction with photolytically produced hydroxyl radicals and through adsorption to sediments or particulates are also probably not important processes (Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If released onto soil, methyl methacrylate will primarily be removed by volatilization and by leaching into ground waters. If the soil contains acclimated microorganisms, some biodegradation may occur (Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Methyl methacrylate and nitrogen oxides in concentrations typical of urban areas underwent photodegradation with a half life of 2.7 hours; the half life increased to greater than 3 hours when the air concentrations reflected a typical rural mixture. Hydrolysis is a much less significant removal process with a reported half life of 3.9 years at pH 7, but 14 days at pH 9. Methyl methacrylate will probably not photolyze in the atmosphere, but may be able to react in natural waters due to the free radicals found there (Howard, 1989).

In air, the reported photooxidation half life ranges from 66 minutes (1.1 hours) to 9.7 hours, based on the estimated rate constants for vapor phase reactions with hydroxyl radicals and ozone in air (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported first-order hydrolysis half life is 4 years based on the rate constant (kB = 200 M(-1)hr(-1)) at 25 degrees C and pH 7 (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported base rate constant (M(OH-)-hr)(-1) is 200 M(-1)hr(-1) with t(1/2) = 14.4 days at pH 9. The rate constant was measured at 25 degrees C and pH 11 (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Methyl methacrylate is reported to be significantly biodegraded in mixed inoculum of soil, surface water, and sewage, in activated sludge, and in a standard biodegradation test using sewage seed (Howard, 1989).

The reported aqueous aerobic half life of methyl methacrylate ranges from 7 days (168 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours), based on unacclimated screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).
The reported aqueous anaerobic half life of methyl methacrylate ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 16 weeks (2688 hours), based on estimated unacclimated aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

A calculated log bioconcentration factor of 0.55 indicates that bioconcentration in fish will not be significant (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 2000):

Tlm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 499-159 mg/L for 24-96H; Conditions of bioassay not specified
Tlm - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 368-232 mg/L for 24-96H; Conditions of bioassay not specified
Tlm - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 423-277 mg/L for 24-96H; Conditions of bioassay not specified
Tlm - GUPPIES (Lebistes reticulatus): 368 mg/L for 24-96H; Conditions of bioassay not specified
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas putida): 100 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) - ALGA (Microcystis aeruginosa): 120 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) - GREEN ALGA (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 37 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) - PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): 450 mg/L
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) - PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff): 556 mg/L

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

100.13 (RTECS , 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Methyl methacrylate is a flammable, clear, colorless liquid; its odor has been described as distinctive, fruity, ester-like, acrid, and pungent. Methyl methacrylate monomer is a polymerization hazard when exposed to light, heat, oxygen, or ionizing radiation (AAR, 1998; ACGIH, 1999; (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

28 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

38.4 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

40 mmHg (at 25.5 or 26 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)

49 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.940 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.936 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; Verschueren, 1983)

DENSITY

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

0.01119 lb/ft(3) (at 70 degrees F)(HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-48.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-48 degrees C(Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1989; ILO, 1998)
-50 degrees C (Lewis, 1998; Verschueren, 1983)

BOILING POINT

100-101 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Howard, 1989)

100 degrees C; 212 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

100.5 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

101 degrees C (at 760 torr) (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983)

FLASH POINT

10 degrees C; 50 degrees F (open cup) (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994)

13 degrees C(TOC) (Ashford, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

421 degrees C; 790 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.7% (ILO, 1998) NFPA, 1994)
2.1% (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)

UPPER

8.2% (ILO, 1998) NFPA, 1994)
12.5% (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Methyl methacrylate is only slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1999; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) NFPA, 1994):

15 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
15.6 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible in ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetone (ACGIH, 1999).
Methyl methacrylate is very soluble in alcohol and ether and soluble in most organic solvents (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log KOW = 1.38 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.11 X 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

3.24 x 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated) (Howard, 1989)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

2226 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

2-37 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

245 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.083 (ACGIH, 1999)

SURFACE TENSION

0.028 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

485 psia (HSDB , 2000)
33 atm (HSDB , 2000)
3.3 meganewtons/m(2) (HSDB , 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

294 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)
561 degrees F (HSDB , 2000)
567 K (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-11,400 btu/lb (HSDB , 2000)
6310 cal/g (HSDB , 2000)
-264 x 10(5) J/kg (estimated) (HSDB , 2000)

HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION

-248 btu/lb (HSDB , 2000)
-138 cal/g (HSDB , 2000)
-5.78 x 10(5) J/kg (HSDB , 2000)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

14.3 dynes (HSDB , 2000)
0.0143 N/m (at 22.7 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

AMA: AMA Council on Scientific Affairs, Effects of Toxic Chemicals on the Reproductive System, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1985.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anon: Meeting of the IARC working group on some industrial chemicals. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20:227-229.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.

Bata Shoe Company: Industrial Footwear Catalog, Bata Shoe Company, Belcamp, MD, 1995.

Best Manufacturing: ChemRest Chemical Resistance Guide. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com. As accessed 10/8/2002.

Best Manufacturing: Degradation and Permeation Data. Best Manufacturing. Menlo, GA. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/. As accessed 04/09/2004.

Blagodatin VM, Smirnova ES, & Dorofeeva ED: Establishing the maximum permissible concentration of the methyl ester of methacrylic acid in the air of a work area. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1976; 6:5-8.

Bohling HG, Borchard U, & Drouin H: Monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) acts on the desheathed myelinated nerve and on the node of Ranvier. Arch Toxicol 1977; 38:307-314.

Borchard U: Pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical actions of monomeric and polymeric methyl methacrylate, in: Williams DF (Ed), Systemic Aspects of Biocompatibility, Vol 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1981, pp 106-135.

Boss Manufacturing Company: Work Gloves, Boss Manufacturing Company, Kewanee, IL, 1998.

Bratt H & Hathway DE: Fate of methyl methacrylate in rats. Br J Cancer 1977; 36:114-119.

Brown DL & Parmley CL: Second-degree atrioventricular block after methyl methacrylate. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:391-392.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

ChemFab Corporation: Chemical Permeation Guide Challenge Protective Clothing Fabrics, ChemFab Corporation, Merrimack, NH, 1993.

Chemsoft(R) : Electronic EPA, NIOSH, & OSHA Methods (TM). Windowchem (TM) Software. Fairfield, CA. 1996.

Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2D, Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994.

Collins JJ, Page LC, & Caporossi JC: Mortality patterns among men exposed to methyl methacrylate. J Occup Med 1989; 31:41-46.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Chemical Resistance to Permeation Chart. Comasec Safety, Inc.. Enfield, CT. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.comasec.com/webcomasec/english/catalogue/mtabgb.html. As accessed 4/28/2003.

Comasec Safety, Inc.: Product Literature, Comasec Safety, Inc., Enfield, CT, 2003a.

Cromer J & Kronoveter K: A Study of Methyl Methacrylate Exposures and Employee Health, DHEW publication [NIOSH] 77-119. US Government Printing Office, 1976.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

Deichmann WB: Toxicity of methyl, ethyl, and N-butyl methacrylate. J Ind Hyg 1941; 23:343.

Delbressine LP, Seutter-Berlage F, & Seutter E: Identification of urinary mercapturic acids formed from acrylate, methacrylate, and crotonate in the rat. Xenobiotica 1981; 11:241-247.

Dobrinsky SI: Data concerning problems of industrial hygiene and occupational pathology in the manufacture of acrylic polymers. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1970; 14:53-54.

Donaghy M, Rushworth G, & Jacobs JM: Generalized peripheral neuropathy in a dental technician exposed to methyl methacrylate monomer. Neurology 1991; 41:1112-1116.

DuPont: DuPont Suit Smart: Interactive Tool for the Selection of Protective Apparel. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp. As accessed 10/31/2002.

DuPont: Permeation Guide for DuPont Tychem Protective Fabrics. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2003. Available from URL: http://personalprotection.dupont.com/en/pdf/tyvektychem/pgcomplete20030128.pdf. As accessed 4/26/2004.

DuPont: Permeation Test Results. DuPont. Wilmington, DE. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.tyvekprotectiveapprl.com/databases/default.htm. As accessed 7/31/2002.

Duncan JAT: Intraoperative collapse or death related to the use of acrylic cement in hip surgery. Anesthesia 1989; 44:149-153.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

Ehrenfeld JR, Ong J, & Farino W: Controlling Volatile Emissions at Hazardous Waste Sites, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1986, pp 393-401.

Ellenhorn MJ & Barceloux DG: Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, Elsevier, New York, NY, 1988.

Fisher AA: Adverse nail reactions and paresthesia from "photobonded acrylate `sculptured' nails". Cutis 1990; 45:293-294.

Fisher AA: Cross reactions between methyl methacrylate monomer and acrylic monomers presently used in acrylic nail preparation. Contact Dermatitis 1980a; 6:345-347.

Fisher AA: Permanent loss of fingernails due to allergic reaction to an acrylic nail preparation: a sixteen-year follow-up study. Cutis 1989; 43:404-406.

Fisher AA: Permanent loss of fingernails from sensitization and reaction to acrylic in a preparation designed to make artificial nails. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1980; 6:70-71.

Foussereau J, Cavelier C, & Protois JP: Contact dermatitis from methyl methacrylate in an above-knee prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 20:69-70.

Freeman HM: Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1989.

Gesell LB & Stephen M: Toxic nails - methyl methacrylate exposure in a pediatric patient. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35(5):517.

Ghanayem BI, Maronpot RR, & Matthews HB: Ethyl acrylate-induced gastric toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 80:336-344.

Gosselin RE, Smith RP, & Hodge HC: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1984.

Griffiths HJ, Burke J, & Bonfiglio TA: Granulomatous pseudotumors in total joint replacement. Skeletal Radiol 1987; 16:146-152.

Guardian Manufacturing Group: Guardian Gloves Test Results. Guardian Manufacturing Group. Willard, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.guardian-mfg.com/guardianmfg.html. As accessed 12/11/2001.

Guerra L, Vincenzi C, & Peluso AM: Prevalence and sources of occupational contact sensitization to acrylates in Italy. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28:101-103.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 1996; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.

Hiipakka D & Samimi B: Exposure of acrylic fingernail sculptors to organic vapors and methacrylate dusts. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1987; 48:230-237.

Holyk PR & Eifrig DE: Effects of monomeric methacrylate on ocular tissue. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 88:385-395.

Howard PH, Boethling RS, & Jarvis WF: Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991.

Howard PH: Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume I: Large Production and Priority Pollutants, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1989.

Huff JW: Contact lens-induced edema in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 1990; 31:1288-1293.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.

IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.

ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.

ILC Dover, Inc.: Ready 1 The Chemturion Limited Use Chemical Protective Suit, ILC Dover, Inc., Frederica, DE, 1998.

ILO: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th ed. Vols 1-4, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.

ILO: ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed, Vol I. Parmeggiani L (Ed), International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1983.

ITI: Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual, The International Technical Information Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Innes DL & Tansy MF: Central nervous system effects of methyl methacrylate vapor. Neurotoxicol 1981; 2:515-522.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.

International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.

Kanerva L, Estlander T, & Jolanki R: Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to acrylates during work with dental prostheses. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28:268-275.

Kanerva L, Estlander T, & Jolanki R: Sensitization to patch test acrylates. Contact Dermatitis 1988; 18:10-15.

Kanzaki T, Kabasawa Y, & Jinno T: Contact stomatitis due to methyl methacrylate monomer. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 20:146-148.

Kappler, Inc.: Suit Smart. Kappler, Inc.. Guntersville, AL. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.kappler.com/suitsmart/smartsuit2/na_english.asp?select=1. As accessed 7/10/2001.

Kessler MJ, Kupper JL, & Brown RJ: Accidental methyl methacrylate inhalation toxicity in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Lab Anim Sci 1977; 27:388-390.

Kimberly-Clark, Inc.: Chemical Test Results. Kimberly-Clark, Inc.. Atlanta, GA. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.kc-safety.com/tech_cres.html. As accessed 10/4/2002.

Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S876-S908.

LaCrosse-Rainfair: Safety Products, LaCrosse-Rainfair, Racine, WI, 1997.

Lefaux R: Practical Toxicology of Plastics, CRC Press, Inc, Cleveland, OH, 1968.

Lewis R: Plastics, in: LaDou J (Ed): Occupational Medicine, Appleton & Lange, San Francisco, CA, 1990.

Lewis RA: Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 1997.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1996.

Lovell CR, Rycroft RJG, & Williams DMJ: Contact dermatitis from the irritancy (immediate and delayed) and allergenicity of hydroxypropyl acrylate. Contact Dermatitis 1985; 12:117-118.

Lozewicz S, Davison AG, & Hopkirk A: Occupational asthma due to methyl methacrylate and cyanoacrylates. Thorax 1985; 40:836-839.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/pro/ChemicalSearch.asp. As accessed 4/21/2003.

MAPA Professional: Chemical Resistance Guide. MAPA North America. Columbia, TN. 2004. Available from URL: http://www.mapaglove.com/ProductSearch.cfm?id=1. As accessed 6/10/2004.

Malawer MM, Marks MR, & McChesney D: The effect of cryosurgery and polymethylmethacrylate in dogs with experimental bone defects comparable to tumor defects. Clin Orthopaed Related Res 1988; 226:299-310.

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc: Product Literature, Protective Apparel, Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc., McBee, SC, 1995.

Marigold Industrial: US Chemical Resistance Chart, on-line version. Marigold Industrial. Norcross, GA. 2003. Available from URL: www.marigoldindustrial.com/charts/uschart/uschart.html. As accessed 4/14/2003.

Memphis Glove Company: Permeation Guide. Memphis Glove Company. Memphis, TN. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.memphisglove.com/permeation.html. As accessed 7/2/2001.

Merin RG: Total hip arthroplasty, methyl methacrylate, and cardiovascular depression. JAMA 1983; 249:1354-1355.

Mir GN, Lawrence WH, & Autian J: Toxicological and phamacological actions of methylmethacrylate monomers. I: Effects on isolated, perfused rabbit heart. J Pharmacol Sci 1973; 62:778-782.

Montgomery Safety Products: Montgomery Safety Products Chemical Resistant Glove Guide, Montgomery Safety Products, Canton, OH, 1995.

Moore MM, Amtower A, & Doerr CL: Genotoxicity of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Environ Molecular Mutagenesis 1988; 11:49-63.

Motoc F, Constantinescu S, & Filipescu G: Noxious effects of some substances used in the plastics industry (acetone cyanhydrine, methyl methacrylate, azoisobutyronitrile and anthracenic oil) (French). Arch Mal Prof 1971; 32:653-658.

Muttray A , Gosepath J , Brieger J , et al: No acute effects of an exposure to 50 ppm methyl methacrylate on the upper airways. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 88(8):1043-1051.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.

NIOSH: A study of methyl methacrylate exposure and employee health. Publication 77-119, US Dept of Health Education and Welfare, Washington, DC, 1976.

NIOSH: The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY. Health Hazard Report No. 77-112-447, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 1977.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

NRC: National Research Council: Drinking Water and Health, 1, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1977.

NTP: National Toxicology Program: NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No 80-62-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice (Inhalation Studies). DHHS (NTP) TR-314, pp 1-202, National Toxicology Program, US Department of Human Health Services, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.

Nat-Wear: Protective Clothing, Hazards Chart. Nat-Wear. Miora, NY. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.natwear.com/hazchart1.htm. As accessed 7/12/2001.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.

National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

Neese Industries, Inc.: Fabric Properties Rating Chart. Neese Industries, Inc.. Gonzales, LA. 2003. Available from URL: http://www.neeseind.com/new/TechGroup.asp?Group=Fabric+Properties&Family=Technical. As accessed 4/15/2003.

Nicholas CA, Lawrence WH, & Autian J: Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity from maternal inhalation of methyl methacrylate monomer in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50:451-458.

North: Chemical Resistance Comparison Chart - Protective Footwear . North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.linkpath.com/index2gisufrm.php?t=N-USA1. As accessed April 30, 2004.

North: eZ Guide Interactive Software. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002a. Available from URL: http://www.northsafety.com/feature1.htm. As accessed 8/31/2002.

OSHA: Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry. 59 FR 16334-16364, 59, Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 2000, pp 16334-16364.

Oberly R & Tansy MF: LC50 values for rats acutely exposed to vapors of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. J Toxicol Environ Health 1985; 16:811-822.

Peberdy MA , Callaway CW , Neumar RW , et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science. Part 9: post–cardiac arrest care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S768-S786.

Pegum JS & Medhurst EA: Contact dermatitis from penetration of rubber gloves by acrylic monomer. Br Med J 1971; 2:141-143.

Pickering CAC, Bainbridge D, & Birtwistle IH: Occupational asthma due to methyl methacrylate in an orthopaedic theatre sister. Br Med J 1986; 292:1362-1363.

Playtex: Fits Tough Jobs Like a Glove, Playtex, Westport, CT, 1995.

Pohanish RP & Greene SA: Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1997.

Pople IK & Phillips H: Bone cement and the liver. J Bone Joint Surg 1988; 70B:364-366.

Poss R, Thilly WG, & Kaden DA: Methylmethacrylate is a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium. J Bone Joint Surg 1979; 61:1203-1207.

Proctor NH, Hughes JP, & Fischman ML: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 2nd ed, JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1988.

Product Information: dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection. Hospira,Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 2004.

Product Information: norepinephrine bitartrate injection, norepinephrine bitartrate injection. Sicor Pharmaceuticals,Inc, Irvine, CA, 2005.

RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 2000; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Raffle PAB, Adams PH, & Baxter PJ: Hunter's Diseases of Occupations, Little, Brown & Co, Boston, MA, 1994.

Rajaniemi R, Pfaffli P, & Savolainen H: Percutaneous absorption of methyl methacrylate by dental technicians. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46:356-357.

River City: Protective Wear Product Literature, River City, Memphis, TN, 1995.

Romaguera C, Vilaplana J, & Grimalt F: Contact sensitivity to meth(acrylates) in a limb prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21:125.

Safety 4: North Safety Products: Chemical Protection Guide. North Safety. Cranston, RI. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.safety4.com/guide/set_guide.htm. As accessed 8/14/2002.

Sax NI & Lewis RJ: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 7th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1989.

Schwartz BS, Doty RL, & Monroe C: Olfactory function in chemical workers exposed to acrylate and methacrylate vapors. Am J Pub Health 1989; 79:613-618.

Scolnick B & Collins J: Systemic reaction to methylmethacrylate in an operating room nurse. J Occup Med 1986; 28:196-198.

Seppalainen A & Rajaniemi R: Local neurotoxicity of methyl methacrylate among dental technicians. Am J Ind Med 1984; 5:471-477.

Servus: Norcross Safety Products, Servus Rubber, Servus, Rock Island, IL, 1995.

Sheppard D, Hughson WG, & Shellito J: Occupational lung disease, in: LaDou J (Ed), Occupational Medicine, Appleton & Lange, San Francisco, CA, 1990.

Singh AR, Lawrence WH, & Autian J: J Dent Res 1972; 51:1632.

Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.

Standard Safety Equipment: Product Literature, Standard Safety Equipment, McHenry, IL, 1995.

Tansy MF & Kendall FM: Update on the toxicity of inhaled methyl methacrylate vapor. Drug Chem Toxicol 1979; 2:315-330.

Tansy MF, Benhayess S, & Probst S: The effects of methyl methacrylate vapor on gastric motor function. J Am Dent Assoc 1974; 89:372-376.

Tingley: Chemical Degradation for Footwear and Clothing. Tingley. South Plainfield, NJ. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.tingleyrubber.com/tingley/Guide_ChemDeg.pdf. As accessed 10/16/2002.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Chemical and Biological Tests (database). Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/. As accessed 10/18/2002.

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.: Trellchem Chemical Protective Suits, Interactive manual & Chemical Database. Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.. Portsmouth, NH. 2001.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.

U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.

US DHHS: Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens - 1994, National Toxicology Program, US DHHS, Washington, DC, 1994.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

Urben PG: Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Volume 1-2, 5th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, England, 1995.

Verschueren K: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 1983.

Walker AM, Cohen AJ, & Loughlin JE: Mortality from cancer of the colon or rectum among workers exposed to ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991; 17:7-19.

Wells Lamont Industrial: Chemical Resistant Glove Application Chart. Wells Lamont Industrial. Morton Grove, IL. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com. As accessed 10/31/2002.

Willert HG, Bertram H, & Buchhorn GH: Osteolysis in alloarthroplasty of the hip. The role of bone cement fragmentation. Clin Orthopaed Related Res 1990; 258:108-121.

Wong KC, Martin WE, & Kennedy WF: Cardiovascular effects of total hip replacement in man. With observations of the effects of methylmethacrylate on the isolated rabbit heart. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 21:709-714.

Woolf A & Shaw J: Childhood injuries from artificial nail primer cosmetic products. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:41-46.

Workrite: Chemical Splash Protection Garments, Technical Data and Application Guide, W.L. Gore Material Chemical Resistance Guide, Workrite, Oxnard, CA, 1997.

FeedBack

METHYL METHACRYLATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents