METHYL MERCURY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C-H3-Hg

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1994; RTECS , 1994)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

This compound is used as a fungicide (Lewis, 1992).
Methyl mercury compounds are used in treating seeds for fungi and seedborne diseases, as timber preservatives, and as disinfectants (HSDB , 1994).
Alkyl mercury compounds, including methyl compounds, have been used as pesticides (HSDB , 1994).

FORMS

Methyl mercury is a colorless liquid (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Methyl mercury was available in the form of several salts. Each sold under one or more proprietary names, including bis-methylmercuric sulfate (Cerewet), cyanoguanidine or dicyanodiamide (Agrosol, Morsodren, Panogen, Panospray), nitrile (Chipcote), and propionate (Metasol MP) (HSDB , 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Organo (alkyl) mercury compounds, including methyl mercury, cause dysfunction of the central nervous system and kidneys, and are irritants of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin. Methyl mercury produces developmental effects in humans. The biologic half-life in humans for methyl mercury is about 70 days; because elimination is slow, irregular, and individualized, there is considerable risk of accumulation of mercury to toxic levels. Methyl mercury was responsible for Minamata disease in Japan.

Symptoms of poisoning include numbness and tingling of the lips, hands, and feet (paresthesia); ataxia; dysarthria; concentric constriction of the visual fields; impairment of hearing; and emotional disturbances.

With severe intoxication, clonic seizures may occur, and the effects usually are irreversible. Severe intoxication also results in incontinence, periods of spastic jerking movements of the limbs, head, or shoulders, and bouts of groaning, moaning, shouting, or crying. Less frequent symptoms are dizziness, hypersalivation, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation.

Alkyl mercury compounds, including methyl mercury, can be absorbed through the skin. When deposited on the skin, methyl mercury gives no warning, and if contact is maintained, can cause second degree burns. Sensitization may occur.

An epidemic of intoxication from ingestion of fish contaminated with methyl mercury occurred in the Minamata district in Japan. Infants born to mothers with exposure to large amounts of methyl mercury had microencephaly, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy with convulsions. In an incident in Iraq, ingestion by pregnant women of wheat products contaminated with methyl mercury fungicide caused similar effects in the offspring.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Dermal exposures should be washed off with soap and water. No other prehospital decontamination is indicated. Organic mercury spills should be contained and cleaned by qualified hazardous material abatement crews.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

SUMMARY: Dermal exposures should be washed off with soap and water. No other prehospital decontamination is indicated. Organic mercury spills should be contained and cleaned by qualified hazardous material abatement crews.
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

The lethal dose of methyl mercury is estimated at 200 mg, with paresthesia of the hands, feet, and mouth occurring at a total body burden of 40 mg. The degeneration seen in the nervous system is diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ACGIH, 1991).

CASE REPORTS

The two most widely known epidemics of methyl mercury poisoning occurred in Minamata Bay and Niigata, Japan in 1953 to the early sixties. These episodes were caused by the industrial release of methyl and other mercury compounds into the neighboring waters, followed by accumulation of the mercury by edible fish. The median level of total mercury in fish was estimated between 10 and 11 mg/kg fresh weight. By 1974, a total of 1200 cases of methyl mercury poisoning were identified, of which 55 proved fatal. Highest concentrations of mercury were found in the blood and hair (HSDB , 1994).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ACUTE

A single acute ingestion of 45 mg of methyl mercury resulted in whole blood levels of 1930 and 1007 ng/mL 2 and 24 hours after ingestion, but did not result in symptoms of toxicity (Lund et al, 1984).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

A precise relationship between atmospheric levels of alkyl mercury and concentrations of mercury in blood or urine has not been shown (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Clinical observations indicate that concentrations of 50 to 100 mcg mercury/100 mL of whole blood may be associated with symptoms of intoxication. Concentrations around 10 to 20 mcg mercury/100 mL are not associated with symptoms (Hathaway et al, 1991).
In a study of 20 workers engaged in the manufacture of organic mercurials and exposed for 6 years to mercury concentrations in air between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/m(3), there was no evidence of physical impairment or clinical laboratory abnormalities (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Low levels of methyl mercury in the blood do not seem to affect the results of behavioral performance tests (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Dose-related chromosome aberrations have been reported in lymphocytes of consumers of methyl mercury-contaminated fish. Aberrations were found at blood methyl mercury levels of 100 mcg/L (HSDB , 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS22967-92-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Methylmercury (MeHg)

C : Possible human carcinogen.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Methylmercury (MeHg)

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Methylmercury compounds

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-4) mg/kg-day (This is one endpoint in a range of RfDs.)

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-4) mg/kg-day (This is one endpoint in a range of RfDs.)

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: Lewis, 1992
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS22967-92-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS22967-92-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS22967-92-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS22967-92-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS22967-92-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS22967-92-6 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS22967-92-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact. Wear eye protection to prevent any possibility of eye contact. Employees should wash immediately when skin is wet or contaminated. Work clothing should be changed daily if it is possible that clothing is contaminated. Remove non-impervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash (HSDB , 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 22967-92-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS22967-92-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS22967-92-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, methyl mercury emits toxic fumes of mercury (Lewis, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Methyl mercury vapor is detectable by smell at concentrations well below that which on intermittent exposure could prove hazardous (Hathaway et al, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, methyl mercury emits toxic fumes of mercury (Lewis, 1992).

Methyl mercury compounds are incompatible with strong oxidizers such as chlorine (HSDB , 1994).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS22967-92-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS22967-92-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methyl mercury
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0107
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.0322
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.043
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 2.15
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS22967-92-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS22967-92-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
A waste containing methyl mercury may (or may not) be characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicant Extraction Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24. If characterized as a hazardous waste, it must be managed as a hazardous waste for treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal (HSDB , 1994).
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1994)

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

The mercury-carbon bond of organomercury compounds is remarkably stable; it is very resistant to both oxidation and hydrolysis. Thus, the chemical evidence indicates that practical methods could be devised for converting organomercury compounds to inorganic mercury compounds, for example, chlorination. However, no recommendation can be made until specific experiments are performed to demonstrate the reliability of such techniques (HSDB , 1994).
A waste containing methyl mercury may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicant Extraction Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24. If characterized as a hazardous waste, it must be managed as a hazardous waste for treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal (HSDB , 1994).
The following information is for MERCURY in general:
- The maximum contaminant level (MCL) of mercury in drinking water is 0.002 mg/L [40 CFR 141 (7/1/87)] (HSDB , 1994).
- Mercury and its compounds are toxic pollutants designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act. They are subject to effluent limitations listed at 40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/87) (HSDB , 1994).
- Emissions of total mercury to the atmosphere from sludge incineration plants, sludge drying plants, or a combination of these sludge wastewater treatment plant processes shall not exceed 3200 g of mercury per 24-hour period as described at 40 CFR 61.52(b) (7/1/87) (HSDB , 1994).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Methyl mercury may be degraded by some aerobic bacteria. In a study of 106 strains of aerobic bacteria isolated from the Fiora River in Italy, 7 of the 37 strains which grew on an agar medium degraded methyl mercury (Baldi et al, 1989).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

SOURCES: Methyl mercury can be produced in bottom sediments, rotten fish, and soil from inorganic mercury by biological activity. Potential anthropogenic sources of methyl mercury are from release of inorganic mercury from: disposal of municipal wastes in sanitary landfills and subsequent leaching from these sites, emissions from refuse incineration, non-ferrous metal production, iron and steel production, fossil fuel combustion, atmospheric fallout, and effluents from chlor-alkali industries (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If released to the atmosphere, wet and dry deposition would probably be important fate processes (HSDB , 1994).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Inorganic mercury introduced as a pollutant into natural waters is scavenged by particulate matter and deposited into bottom sediments. Free mercury (+II) is gradually released from this pool of slightly soluble inorganic mercury and is then transformed by microbial activity into methyl mercury (HSDB , 1994).
- There is a strong possibility that abiotic methylation of mercury(II) contributes to the formation of methyl mercury. Potential abiotic methylation of mercury(II) may occur by methylcobalamin, methyltin compounds, and humic matter (Weber, 1993).
- In a study evaluating the hypothesis that anaerobic conditions favored the formation of methyl mercury, it was determined that episodes of anoxia in bottom waters and sediment cause an increase in net mercury methylation and, hence, an increase in bioavailable mercury (Regnell & Tunlid, 1991).
- In a study of six lakes in northwestern Ontario, it was determined that rates of mercury methylation (M) were positively dependent on water temperature, whereas rates of methyl mercury demethylation (D) were inversely related to temperature. Thus, M/D was strongly temperature dependent. Mercury concentrations in four fish species were significantly positively correlated with mean epilimnetic water temperatures. This suggested that higher water temperatures in smaller lakes during the open-water season influenced M/D ratios and were the cause of higher fish mercury levels (Bodaly RA & Fudge RJP, 1993).
- Methylation and demethylation of mercury were studied in sediments and surface waters of several remote lakes on the Canadian Shield. Radiochemical assays of mercury methylating activity, which peaked during summer, were 20 to 40 times faster in epilimnetic than in hypolimnetic sediments. Demethylation rates were usually highest during winter and in hypolimnetic sediments. Epilimnetic sediments were capable of producing methyl mercury 20 to 40 times faster than hypolimnetic sediments sampled at the same time, with methylating activity peaking during the warm summer months. Because of the opposite pattern of methylating and demethylating activity and because epilimnetic sediments often constitute most of the surface area of these lakes, most of the net methylation (M/D) occurred in the epilimnion of the lakes during summer (Ramlal et al, 1993).
- A study evaluated the relationship between bacterial sulfate reduction and production of methyl mercury in sediments in Quabbin reservoir, MA. The study was prompted by the observation that the methyl mercury levels of fish in this reservoir and other lakes affected by acid rain is often elevated. The results showed that sulfate-reducing bacteria are important mediators of mercury methylation in lacustine sediments and provide a possible mechanism for increased methyl mercury bioaccumulation in these waters (Gilmour et al, 1992).
- The conversion, in aquatic environments, of inorganic mercury compounds to methyl mercury implies that recycling of mercury from sediment to water to air and back could be a rapid process (HSDB , 1995).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Methyl mercury is part of the biogeochemical cycle of mercury. Where mercury is found in soil, methyl mercury may also be found since it is both produced and destroyed by microbial processes involving mercury compounds. Since elemental mercury is not destroyed it remains available for transformation into methyl mercury (HSDB , 1994).

OTHER

OTHER
- Rates of methyl mercury ion production and bioaccumulation depend not only on the abundance of inorganic mercury but also on a complex assortment of environmental variables which affect the activities and species composition of the microflora and the availability of the inorganic mercury for methylation (HSDB , 1994).
- Methyl mercury is accumulated in the tissue of fish and other organisms for relatively long periods of time, with a depuration half-life of 1 to 3 years (HSDB , 1994).

BIODEGRADATION

Methyl mercury may be degraded by some aerobic bacteria. In a study of 106 strains of aerobic bacteria isolated from the Fiora River in Italy, 7 of the 37 strains which grew on an agar medium degraded methyl mercury (Baldi et al, 1989).

The demethylation of methylmercury in vivo was shown to proceed through an active oxygen reaction in rats. The reactive oxygen species was shown to be a hydroxyl radical that cleaved the carbon-mercury bond leading to inorganic mercury (Yasutake et al, 1993).

The bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, was 10 to 100 times more resistant to methylmercury toxicity than Pseudomonas and Clostridium strains. In the Desulfovibrio strain methylmercury was quickly converted to the insoluble dimethylmercury sulfide, which accounted for its lower toxicity (Baldi et al, 1993).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Methyl mercury is the form of mercury present in most fish tissue, and it is the most readily accumulated and retained form of mercury in aquatic biota. Methyl mercury is readily accumulated by fish both from their food and through the water (HSDB , 1994).
- Accumulation of methyl mercury in aquatic and terrestrial food chains represents a potential hazard to man by consumption of certain species of oceanic fish, of fish or shellfish from contaminated waters, and of game birds in areas where methyl mercury fungicides are used (HSDB , 1994).
- The methyl mercury content of the edible tissues of fish is believed to be increased as acid rain acidifies lakes (Clarkson, 1990).
- In a two-year study of the Experimental Lakes Area Reservoir Project in Canada, it was determined that the amount and seasonal pattern of mercury uptake by fish appeared to be related in a general way to the relative concentrations and seasonal pattern of concentrations of methyl mercury in the water of two wetlands ponds: uptake was higher in the pond with higher concentrations of methyl mercury in water. However, uptake by the whole fish community in these ponds was quite small relative to the amount of methyl mercury produced naturally in the ponds, and most uptake by the fish was probably from food (Bodaly RA & Fudge RJP, 1993).
TUNA: In a US FDA survey, the average amount of methyl mercury found in 220 cans of tuna was 0.17 ppm (as Hg); the range was from less than 0.1 to 0.75 ppm. The amount of mercury was not related to the size of can, and none of the samples exceeded the FDA action level of 1 ppm (Yess, 1993).
Starfish were exposed to inorganic mercury and methylmercury for 24 hours at a concentration of 200 ng/L. Methylmercury accumulated at an average rate three times higher than inorganic mercury, except in the gonads where inorganic mercury accumulated 5 times faster (Rouleau et al, 1993).
Methylmercury bioaccumulates in the aquatic food chain and concentrates in edible tissues of predatory fish in fresh of ocean waters. It is transferred unhindered to brain tissues in humans and has a half-life of about 50 days (Clarkson, 1993).
The fertilized eggs of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, from Piles Creek (a polluted environment) were more resistant to methylmercury than killifish eggs from unpolluted waters on eastern Long Island. The Piles Creek eggs were more susceptible to inorganic mercury (Khan & Weis, 1993).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- PLANKTON: Methylmercury was bioaccumulated in proportion to available supply; acidification may increase supply to the base of the food chain (Watras & Bloom, 1992).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration factors of 10,000 and 40,000 have been obtained for mercuric chloride and methyl mercury with an oyster (HSDB , 1994).
Mercury (II) and methylmercury were accumulated by microbial bioflims. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for methylmercury was in the range of 20,000 to 50,000 (Hintelmann et al, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

SOIL: Methyl mercury compounds at concentrations of 25.0 mg Hg/kg in soil were fatal to all tiger worms (Eisenia foetida) in 12 weeks; however, at 5.0 mg/kg, only 21% died in a similar period (HSDB , 1994).

Methyl mercury can be formed in an urban environment. Various substrates, including sewage sludge, normal soil, pond sediment, river sediment, tetraethyl lead-contaminated soil, and cow dung, supported the biogenic formation of methyl mercury in a laboratory study (Shukla & Pandey, 1993).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

215.63 (Lewis, 1992)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

It is a colorless liquid (Hathaway et al, 1991).

No information on the odor or taste of methyl mercury was found in available references at the time of this review.

No information on the pH of methyl mercury was found in available references at the time of this review.

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METHYL MERCURY

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents