ALUMINUM OXIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Al2-O3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(ACGIH, 1996; Ariel GlobalView, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2001; Lewis, 2000a; RTECS, 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Aluminum oxide is used in aluminum production, as an adsorbent, desiccant, and abrasive, and as medication and a food additive. It also is used to manufacture the following: refractory material, ceramics, electrical insulators and resistors, alloys, dental cements, glass, steel, artificial gems, paper, spark plugs, crucibles and laboratory wares, fluxes, light bulbs, and heat-resistant fibers (Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).
In addition, aluminum oxide is used in coatings for metals, as a catalyst for organic reactions, and as a chromatographic matrix. When used for the latter purpose, the compound is often referred to as Brockmann aluminum oxide (Budavari, 2000).
Aluminum is found in nature as the mineral, corundum, which can be used as an abrasive and polish (Budavari, 2000).

FORMS

Aluminum oxide exists in various natural and synthetic forms, including: naturally occurring alpha-alumina; alpha-alumina made when gamma-alumina or hydrated alumina is heated above 1250 degrees C; and gamma-alumina (composed of a different crystalline structure) made by heating gibbsite or other hydrated aluminas to 900-1000 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996a).
Aluminum oxide occurs naturally as the following minerals: bauxite, bayerite, boehmite, corundum, diaspore, and gibbsite (Budavari, 2000).
Alundum (a trade name for fused alumina abrasives and refractories) typically contains 95-99% alpha-alumina and 1-1.5% silicon dioxide (ACGIH, 1996a).
Technical grade alumina consists primarily of alpha-alumina. Corundum is natural aluminum oxide and emery is aluminum oxide in an impure crystalline form (NIOSH , 2001).

SOURCES

The substance is derived by leaching bauxite with caustic soda and then precipitating the hydrated aluminum oxide through hydrolysis and seeding of the solution. Washing, filtering, and calcining the alumina hydrate removes the water, leaving anhydrous oxide (Lewis, 1997).
It also may be derived by crushing, grinding, and kiln drying bauxite and then allowing it to react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium aluminate. From this compound alumina trihydrate can be precipitated and calcined (HSDB , 2001).
Aluminum sulfate can be extracted from coal mining wastewaters and reduced to alumina (Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Aluminum oxide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Respiratory effects may include increase in fibrous tissues, emphysema, and blistering.

It is considered an equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The major route of occupational exposure to aluminum oxide is by inhalation, where it is considered a nuisance dust (Hathaway et al, 1991). Aluminum oxide dust would be expected to be an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant from frictional action.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic occupational exposures to aluminum oxide may produce small pulmonary radiographic opacities, but are usually not fibrogenic (Hathaway et al, 1991). Some epidemiologic studies have shown excess nonmalignant pulmonary disease and fibrosis. However, levels of asbestos and silica are not sufficient to explain the findings (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Chronic exposure to aluminum oxide and other agents have caused fibrotic changes in the lungs. Studies of kaolin clay dust exposure reported pneumoconiosis (Hale, 1956). However, workers exposed to silica and aluminum oxide in bauxite dust did not develop lung changes (Jephcott, 1948).

Some reports attribute aluminum oxide exposure alone as causing pneumoconiosis, but it is not clear from these studies if exposures may have been mixed with other fibrogenic substances (Gaffuri, 1985; Cataldi, 1981; HSDB , 2001). Workers exposed to powdered alumina in the china industry for more than fifteen years had no radiological signs of pneumoconiosis which could be related to exposure to aluminum oxide (Posner & Kennedy, 1967). Clinical investigation of the health of aluminum grinders found no evidence for diseases of the trachea, bronchi, or lungs (Hunter et al, 1944).

Lung tissue samples of workers chronically exposed to aluminum oxide had high levels of aluminum fibers (greater than 10(7) fibers/g dry lung). Fibers were also present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. All fibers were short, with a mean length of 1 to 2 micrometers. Because exposure had terminated more than 4 years earlier for 4 out of the 5 subjects, these results provide evidence that aluminum fibers persist in the respiratory tract. The adverse health effects of these fibers, if any, remain to be determined (Voisin et al, 1996).

One investigator has found evidence that lung damage may be caused by the soluble form of aluminum, but not aluminum oxide. Normally, the surface of aluminum metal becomes oxidized to form a thin coating of aluminum oxide when exposed to air. The stamping process of aluminum powders with stearine and mineral oil partially prevents this oxidation. Stamped powders causing lung fibrosis showed a brisk reaction with water, whereas a granular powder covered with aluminum oxide was unreactive. This author related the appearance of pneumoconiosis in British aluminum workers to the introduction of mineral oil in the stamping process (Corrin, 1963).

Studies of persons chronically exposed to aluminum oxide dust have found a dose-dependent increase in aluminum concentrations in the blood and urine (Szczekocki & Chmielewski, 1978), indicating that systemic distribution of aluminum can occur from dust inhalation. Aluminum has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, but has not been proven to be the causative agent. Aluminum has also been associated with bone and osteomalacia (osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy) and renal osteodystrophy. These disorders occur in patients on aluminum hemodialysis.

Exposure to fume from aluminum soldering flux or aluminum smelter potrooms can produce a delayed form of asthma, but the actual etiologic agent is unknown (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Bone accumulation. Aluminum accumulates in bone with consequent increased bone fragility and fractures. This could be due to inhibition of parathyroid hormone. Aluminum has been implicated as the causative agent of osteomalacia in dialysis patients (HSDB , 2001).

Aluminum has been suspected as the causative agent in dialysis dementia, progressive neurologic impairment, speech disorder, dysarthia, dyspraxia, dysphasia, aphemia, amnesia, facial grimacing, and myoclonus (HSDB , 2001).

Rats developed pre-fibrotic changes from inhalation of aluminum oxide dust (pp 329-335). Retention of aluminum in the lungs of rats depended on the exposure pattern, with more dust being retained with longer exposure to lower concentrations than from shorter times with higher doses (Wright, 1957). Alumina injected with asbestos into the trachea of rats increased the amount of fibrosis which developed to greater than that seen with asbestos alone (Smith, 1951).

Guinea pigs exposed to aluminum oxide and cigarette smoke had an increased number of white blood cells, indicating a possible immune response (Rylander, 1979).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If irritation occurs, gently blot or brush away excess.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Ingestion may result in significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns, and EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Deferoxamine and hemodialysis have been used to treat acute aluminum intoxication (Nakamura H, et al, 2000). Improvement in symptoms has been noted in patients treated with deferoxamine for dialysis encephalopahty and osteomalacia (HSDB , 2001).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1344-28-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: alpha-Alumina
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Aluminium oxide (fibrous dust)

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 RTECS, 2001
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TD- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPLEURAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1344-28-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1344-28-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1344-28-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: alpha-Alumina
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix D

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: alpha-Alumina (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for alpha-Alumina (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: alpha-Alumina (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for alpha-Alumina (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1344-28-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Aluminum oxide (fibrous forms)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1344-28-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1344-28-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1344-28-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store the substance in closed containers. Protect from physical damage (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep aluminum oxide separate from chlorine trifluoride, hot chlorinated rubber, acids, and oxidizers (HSDB , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

NIOSH (2001) does not specify a need for eye protection or other personal protective equipment.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1344-28-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Aluminum oxide is a noncombustible solid; however, in air, dusts may form explosive mixtures (NIOSH , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1344-28-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1344-28-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EXPLOSION HAZARD

An oxygen difluoride and alumina reaction is exothermic and may be explosive under appropriate conditions (Urben, 2000).

Mixtures of aluminum oxide with sodium nitrate were reported to be explosive, though the possibility of such an explosion is unlikely (Urben, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Aluminum oxide dust can be toxic. Avoid inhalation (Lewis, 1997).

Immediately move personnel who have breathed the compound to fresh air. Typically, further measures are unnecessary (NIOSH , 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

"Alumina is chlorinated exothermically at above 200 degrees C by contact with halocarbon vapours, and hydrogen chloride, phosgene etc. are produced. It has now been found that a Co/Mo-alumina catalyst will generate a substantial exotherm in contact with vapour of carbon tetrachloride or 1,1,1-trichloroethane at ambient temperature in presence of air. In absence of air, the effect is less intense. Two successive phases appear to be involved: first, adsorption raises the temperature of the alumina; then reaction, presumably metal-catalysed, sets in with a further exotherm" (Urben, 2000).

Chlorine trifluoride in contact with aluminum oxide results in a violent reaction, producing a flame (NFPA, 1997).

When in contact with pure oxides of aluminum, ethylene oxide may polymerize violently (NFPA, 1997).

Liquid ethylene oxide may rearrange and/or polymerize, thus releasing heat, when in contact with pure aluminum oxide (NFPA, 1997).

An oxygen difluoride and alumina reaction is exothermic and may be explosive under appropriate conditions (Urben, 2000).

Mixtures of aluminum oxide with sodium nitrate were reported to be explosive, though the possibility of such an explosion is unlikely (Urben, 2000).

A vigorous reaction may occur between alumina and vinyl acetate (Urben, 2000).

Aluminum oxide is incompatible/reactive with chlorine trifluoride, hot chlorinated rubber, acids, and oxidizers (NIOSH , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1344-28-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS1344-28-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Aluminum oxide (Alumina)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS1344-28-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1344-28-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Sweep spilled aluminum oxide into a suitable container. Attempt to keep dust levels at a minimum. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Dump aluminum oxide into a landfill (ITI, 1995). Avoid mixing industrial process wastes and municipal wastes at such a site (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

NATURAL SOURCES

Aluminum oxide occurs naturally as a component of the minerals bauxite, bayerite, boehmite, corundum, diaspore, and gibbsite (HSDB, 2004).

POLLUTION SOURCES

Particles of aluminum oxide may be released from corroded air conditioners (HSDB, 2004).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers may be exposed to dusts containing aluminum oxide during the production of abrasives from bauxite (HSDB, 2004).
Work in bauxite mines, foundries, and factories may result in occupational exposure to aluminum oxide (HSDB, 2004).

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

The general public may be exposed to particles of aluminum oxide released from corroded air conditioners (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

101.96

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Aluminum oxide is a white, odorless, crystalline powder (NIOSH, 2005).

Lewis (1997) describes the substance as "white powder, balls, or lumps of various mesh."

Aluminum oxide is a very hard substance, registering at about 8.8 on Moh's scale (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg at 2158 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

0 mmHg (approximate) (NIOSH, 2005)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

4.0 (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (NIOSH, 2005; ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

3.5-4.0 mg/m(3) (Lewis, 2000)
3.4-4.0 mg/m(3) (Lewis, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

3632 degrees F (NIOSH, 2005)

MELTING POINT

2030 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997a)
2050 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)
approximately 2000 degrees C (HSDB, 2005)

BOILING POINT

2977 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

5396 degrees F (NIOSH, 2005)

2980 degrees C (HSDB, 2005)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2005)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2005)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Aluminum oxide is insoluble in water (NIOSH, 2005; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997) .

OTHER

It is slightly soluble in mineral and inorganic acids and strong alkali (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
It becomes insoluble in acid when heated above 800 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).
Soluble in hot sodium hydroxide (Lewis, 2000).

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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ALUMINUM OXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents