ALUMINUM

170-METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)(for UN/NA Number1309)
135-SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE(for UN/NA Number1383)
138-SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (EMITTING FLAMMABLE GASES)(for UN/NA Number1396)
169-ALUMINUM (MOLTEN)(for UN/NA Number9260)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2000)HSDB, 1995;(Lewis, 2000)NIOSH, 1995;(NIOSH , 2000; RTECS , 2000)RTECS, 1995

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Aluminum's shiny silver appearance and its light weight, thermal and electric conductivity and tensile strength all contribute to its commercial value (Bingham et al, 2001).
The main uses of aluminum in the building industry are as construction materials, and in the highway industry, for fences, signs, lights and signal supports (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Harbison, 1998).
Aluminum is commonly used for containers and packaging, especially for food, due to its light weight and ease of recycling. Aluminum cans and aluminum foil are primary products (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998).
It is also used in chemical equipment that is resistant to corrosion, power transmission lines, plates for photoengraving, permanent magnets, machinery and equipment for cryogenics, rocket fuel, thermite and pyrotechnics, foamed concrete vacuum coating and metallizing, and in flake form to insulate liquid fuel (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997).
Aluminum is used to manufacture alloys, engine and aircraft components (as an aluminum/zinc casting alloy ingredient), ship propellers, fittings, automobile engine components and plastic molding dies (as an aluminum bronze ingredient), vehicle body parts (as an aluminum wrought alloy raw material), electrical wires and cables (aluminum power cable alloy raw material), and window frames, roofs and building cladding and panels (Ashford, 1994; Baxter et al, 2000; Zenz, 1994)
Aluminum and aluminum compounds are also used as a blowing agent for lightweight building materials, as a lustering pigment in decorative paint, priming, industrial paints, as a pigment for heat-resistant paints and reflective bitumen paints, in pyrotechnics; in packing and insulating materials; in abrasives, as a reagent in the aluminothermic process; in sprayed metal coatings, and as a steel calorizing agent (Ashford, 1994; Zenz, 1994).
Aluminum and aluminum salts are commonly found in the food preparation and preservation industries as food additives, and are often used in cooking utensils (Baselt, 2000; Harbison, 1998; Zenz, 1994). Aluminum is also used to treat drinking water and sewage (Zenz, 1994).
MEDICATIONS -

Medically, aluminum compounds are used as antacids, analgesics (buffered aspirin), antiperspirants, antidiarrheals (kaolin, aluminum magnesium silicate, attapulgite) and anti-ulcer drugs (sucralfate), astringents, and as adjuvants for vaccines (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; Lione, 1985b).
Aluminum accumulation may occur in individuals with normal renal function and who receive chronic parenteral nutrition with aluminum-contaminated solutions (Klein, 1995). Dextrose, potassium chloride and sodium chloride solutions contain much less aluminum.
ALUMINUM CONTENT OF IV SOLUTIONS (Committee on Nutrition, 1986)
ADDITIVES & SOLUTIONS MEAN ALUMINUM CONTENT (mcg/L)
Albumin 5% 486
Albumin 25% 1161-1647
Ca gluconate 10% 270-5056
Heparin 1000 units/Ml 684
Potassium phosphate 1890-16,598
Sodium phosphate 54-5994

FORMS

Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 8.13 percent) surpassed only by oxygen and silicon (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1997).
In moist air, aluminum forms a hard, highly impervious film of aluminum oxide (AlO3), which protects it from further corrosion (Budavari, 1996).
ALUMINUM SALT PERCENTAGE

Aluminum does not occur free in its metallic form in nature; it exists naturally combined with fluorine, silicon, oxygen and other substances in the earth's crust (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997). Its surface, and therefore its interface with biological media or tissue, is almost always as an oxide (Bingham et al, 2001).
It often occurs as an oxide and combined with silica (Budavari, 1996).
It is available in 65 to 70% and 99.94+% purity forms (HSDB , 2001).
It also is available as low-micron powder in anode grades with 99 to 99.999% purity, and in pellet form at 99.99% purity (HSDB , 2001).
Aluminum is available in the following forms: sheet, wire, leaf, powder, bar, plates, rods and wire foil flakes (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997).

SOURCES

The only method used to produce aluminum in commercial quantities is the Hall-Heroult electrolytic reduction process: Alumina is electrolytically decomposed after being dissolved in molten cryolite. (The alumina is derived from bauxite through the Bayer process.) (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001). Two types of reduction cells exist, prebake and Soderberg (Bingham et al, 2001).
'Ultra-pure' aluminum can be manufactured through the following processes: electrolytic (3-layer); zone refining; and chemical refining (HSDB , 2001).
Soy-based infant formulas may contain a mean aluminum content of 1,478 mcg/L and should probably not be used in infants with renal impairment or in low-birth-weight infants (Committee on Nutrition, 1986).
In a study from Spain, aluminum content was lowest in breast milk (23.4 +/- 9.6 mcg/L). The mean concentration in cows milk was 70 mcg/L and in reconstituted infant formulas was 226 mcg/L, with wide variation (302 to 1,149 mcg/L) in aluminum content (Fernandez-Lorenzo et al, 1999). Aluminum-free water was used for these studies, and tap water may result in still higher concentrations, depending on the source.
Some dialysis solutions prepared with aluminum-containing tap water have contained greater than 100 mcg/L aluminum (Lione, 1985a). The appreciation of the hazard of aluminum in dialysates led to the establishment of a maximum acceptable limit of aluminum in dialysis fluid of 10 mcg/L, and routine use of methods such as reverse osmosis to minimize dialysate aluminum concentrations. However, occasional cases of much higher dialysate aluminum concentrations still occur (Simoes et al, 1994; Burwen et al, 1995).
DECOMPOSITION - Alkyl aluminum compounds decompose to aluminum oxide fumes.
DIETARY SOURCES

Aluminum is present in most foods and is used in food packaging, as a food additive and in cooking utensils; intake may range from 4 to 80 mg/day (Baselt, 2000).
Aluminum is found in a number of commercial teas. One study found between 555 and 1,009 mcg Al per gram (dry weight) (Koch et al, 1988). However, the absorption of aluminum from tea may be very low (Powell et al, 1993).
The aluminum content of drinking water varies, with a mean of 0.09 and maximum of 1.3 mg/L in one survey of water utilities that use alum (Letterman & Driscoll, 1988). The contribution of aluminum in water to Alzheimer disease is controversial (Savory et al, 1996).

Inadvertent addition of a massive amount of aluminum sulfate to water during water treatment resulted in water aluminum concentrations of 30 to 620 mg/L (compared with the maximum admissible concentration of 0.2 mg/L) in Europe. This resulted in short-lived complaints of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers, skin ulcers, skin rashes and arthritic pain. Bone aluminum deposition was seen in two patients, indicating a short period of increased gastrointestinal aluminum absorption, perhaps from the contaminated water (Eastwood et al, 1990).

The main dietary source of aluminum is food additives. Approved 'generally recognized as safe' (GRAS) additives include sodium aluminum phosphates in cake mixes, frozen dough, self-rising flour and processed cheese and sodium aluminum sulfate in baking powders (Lione, 1983; Pennington & Schoen, 1995).
Food preparation and storage, including soft drink packaging in aluminum cans, contributes little aluminum to the diet. Preparation of acidic foods in aluminum cookware can increase their aluminum content (Muller et al, 1993).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Aluminum is ubiquitous, it is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. The majority of human exposure comes from food. It is present in some pharmaceuticals, primarily antacids, analgesics, antacids, antidiarrheals, astringents and as adjuvants for vaccines. In industry it is widely used in construction materials and packaging.

TOXICOLOGY: Aluminum inhibits bone remodeling, causing osteomalacia. It is believed to inhibit erythropoiesis, causing anemia.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Acute toxicity is rare. Most cases of aluminum toxicity in humans are in one of two categories: patients with chronic renal failure, or people exposed to aluminum in the workplace. Soluble forms of aluminum (such as aluminum chloride (AlCl(3+)), aluminum fluoride (AlF(3)), aluminum sulfate (Al(SO4)3) and aluminum citrate (AlC(6)H(8)O(7))) have greater potential for toxicity than insoluble forms (such as aluminum hydroxide (AlOH(3))), due to their greater absorption.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Acute aluminum toxicity is very unlikely to develop. Chronic aluminum hydroxide use can cause constipation.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Patients with renal failure are prone to aluminum toxicity, either from aluminum in the dialysate or other exogenous sources, especially aluminum-containing phosphate binders and antacids. Signs and symptoms may include dementia, memory loss, aphasia, ataxia, seizures, altered EEG, and osteomalacia.
PULMONARY: Chronic exposure to aluminum dust may cause dyspnea, cough, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, pneumoconiosis, encephalopathy, weakness, incoordination, and epileptiform seizures.
OCULAR: Aluminum particles deposited in the eye are generally innocuous. Aluminum salts may cause irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and eczema.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.
Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)

Contact causes severe burns to skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: Aluminum inhibits bone remodeling, causing osteomalacia. It is believed to inhibit erythropoiesis, causing anemia.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Acute toxicity is rare. Most cases of aluminum toxicity in humans are in one of two categories: patients with chronic renal failure, or people exposed to aluminum in the workplace. Soluble forms of aluminum (such as aluminum chloride (AlCl(3+)), aluminum fluoride (AlF(3)), aluminum sulfate (Al(SO4)3) and aluminum citrate (AlC(6)H(8)O(7))) have greater potential for toxicity than insoluble forms (such as aluminum hydroxide (AlOH(3))), due to their greater absorption.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Acute aluminum toxicity is very unlikely to develop. Chronic aluminum hydroxide use can cause constipation.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Patients with renal failure are prone to aluminum toxicity, either from aluminum in the dialysate or other exogenous sources, especially aluminum-containing phosphate binders and antacids. Signs and symptoms may include dementia, memory loss, aphasia, ataxia, seizures, altered EEG, and osteomalacia.
PULMONARY: Chronic exposure to aluminum dust may cause dyspnea, cough, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, pneumoconiosis, encephalopathy, weakness, incoordination, and epileptiform seizures.
OCULAR: Aluminum particles deposited in the eye are generally innocuous. Aluminum salts may cause irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and eczema.

CARDIOVASCULAR

CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY: Aluminum may be partly responsible for cardiac hypertrophy in renal failure patients on chronic hemodialysis. A comparison of 36 dialysis patients with increased body burdens of aluminum, 14 dialysis patients without evidence of aluminum accumulation and 50 control subjects with normal renal function showed that patients with evidence of aluminum accumulation had increased left ventricular mass, as determined by echocardiograms (London et al, 1989).

DERMATOLOGIC

SKIN IRRITATION: Repeated contact of the skin with soluble salts of aluminum results in 'acid' irritation from hydrolysis and a congestive, anesthetic condition of the fingers (acroanesthesia). Alum (aluminum sulfate) may cause these signs and symptoms (Stokinger, 1981).
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION: Delayed hypersensitivity to aluminum can occur. Aluminum-adsorbed vaccines have occasionally induced delayed hypersensitivity to aluminum, although this is rare (Veien et al, 1986; Bohler-Sommerbegger & Lindemayr, 1986; Garcia-Patos et al, 1995).
TELANGIECTASES: Hypersensitivity and telangiectases have occurred from repeated skin contact with aluminum salts. Skin telangiectasias have occurred among workers in an aluminum-producing plant and may be related to fluoride or organofluorine exposure, although the causative compound(s) has not been identified (Sjogren et al, 1997; Zenz, 1994).
GRANULOMA: Aluminum chloride (in antiperspirants), aluminum acetotartrate (medical use) and aluminum adjuvants (vaccines) have all resulted, albeit rarely, in sensitization of the skin to aluminum after repeated use, producing persistent granuloma (injection site) and recurrent eczema (Zenz, 1994).

ENDOCRINE

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM: Aluminum may be directly toxic to the parathyroid gland and reduce the secretion of parathyroid hormone (Lione, 1985a).

FLUID ELECTROLYTE

HYPOCALCEMIA: The presence of hypocalcemia in a child with aluminum overload was interpreted as an aluminum-induced impairment of bone calcium uptake (Klein et al, 1989).
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA: Chronic exposure to aluminum aerosol produced alterations in serum and urinary electrolytes; serum phosphorus was significantly reduced, and iron and copper were slightly lower. Urinary excretion of phosphorus and calcium was increased (Nikolova & Kavaldzhieva, 1994).

GASTROINTESTINAL

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION: Chronically administered aluminum hydroxide may cause chronic constipation, which may lead to intestinal obstruction (Salmon et al, 1978; Townsend et al, 1973; Spofforth, 1921).
GASTRIC ULCER: Sodium aluminate is considered to be corrosive (Stokinger, 1981).

GENITOURINARY

RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME: There is fairly good evidence that aluminum salts are toxic when given chronically to patients with renal failure. A dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (dysarthria, apraxia of speech, asterixis, myoclonus, dementia, focal seizures), a vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, microcytic hypochromic anemia and increased aluminum concentrations in bone, brain and muscle have been reported in humans (Berlyne, 1980; Alfrey et al, 1976; McDermott et al, 1978; Monteagudo et al, 1989; Ganrot, 1986; Gruskin, 1988).
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE SYNDROME: Necrosis of the kidney is a reported effect of exposure to airborne particulates carrying aluminum (Lewis, 1998).

HEENT

IRRITATION: Aluminum dust may cause eye irritation. When aluminum particles were imbedded in rabbit eyes, no serious toxic reactions occurred (Sorenson et al, 1974).

HEMATOLOGIC

MICROCYTIC ANEMIA: Microcytic anemia has been associated with aluminum toxicity in chronic dialysis patients who take aluminum-containing antacids or who have been exposed to high aluminum levels in the dialysate. Discontinuing the aluminum source has led to improvement (Bingham et al, 2001; Jeffery et al, 1996).

HEPATIC

HEPATIC NECROSIS: Necrosis of the liver is a reported effect of exposure to airborne particulates carrying aluminum (Lewis, 1998).
ALUMINUM INTOXICATION: Two patients with chronic liver disease developed aluminum osteodystrophy despite normal renal function. The patients had been taking aluminum-containing antacids for months to years. It was suggested that the patients' lack of normal biliary excretion of aluminum led to increased aluminum levels in bone, resulting in severe osteomalacia. The authors then established that bile contained a higher concentration of aluminum than did urine in patients taking aluminum-containing antacids (Williams et al, 1986).

IMMUNOLOGIC

LYMPHOCYTOSIS: Compared with the control group, the percentage of CD4-CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher in aluminum electrolytic workers. CD4+CD8- T lymphocytes, CD3+ total T cell, and CD19+ B lymphocytes were unchanged (He & Sheng, 2003).

MUSCULOSKELETAL

ALUMINUM-RELATED BONE DISEASE (ARBD): A syndrome of aluminum-related bone disease (ARBD) has been described in renal failure patients on dialysis who receive exogenous aluminum either from excess aluminum in the dialysate (Smith et al, 1987; Kerr et al, 1986) or from chronic therapy with aluminum-containing phosphate binders (Sherrard, 1986).
DIALYSIS-ASSOCIATED ARTHROPATHY: Aluminum accumulates in synovial tissue and fluid and articular cartilage of long-term hemodialysis patients, and may contribute to dialysis-associated arthropathy (Netter et al, 1991).

NEUROLOGIC

TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY: Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (DES) is the most widely recognized and probably the most severe manifestation of aluminum toxicity. The relationship of this syndrome to chronic aluminum toxicity is well established (Monteagudo et al, 1989; Garrett et al, 1988; Rovelli et al, 1988; Altmann et al, 1989). Clinical features of 'dialysis dementia' typically include (Alfrey, 1986a; Bingham et al, 2001; Garrett et al, 1988; Lewis, 1998; Mayor & Burnatowska-Hledin, 1986; Monteagudo et al, 1989; Zenz, 1994):

Memory loss, include speech and language impairment (dysarthria, stuttering, stammering, anomia, hypofluency, aphasia and eventually, mutism), epileptic seizures (focal or grand mal), motor disturbance (tremors, myoclonic jerks, ataxia, convulsions, asterixis, motor apraxia, muscle fatigue), and dementia (personality changes, altered mood, depression, diminished alertness, lethargy, 'clouding of the sensorium', intellectual deterioration, obtundation, coma).

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: Increased concentrations of aluminum have been found in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer disease. It is still unclear whether aluminum is involved etiologically in this disease or exists merely as a marker of some other pathophysiologic process (Crapper McLachlan DR, 1986b; Ganrot, 1986; Martyn et al, 1989; Monteagudo et al, 1989; Perl & Pendlebury, 1986; Yokel, 2000).
DISTURBANCE IN THINKING: Subtle cognitive deficits have been reported in workers exposed to aluminum for years. Cognitive deficits were seen in miners exposed by inhalation to finely ground aluminum and aluminum oxide, which was used for 35 years as a prophylaxis against silicotic lung disease (Rifat et al, 1980). A few potroom workers have had cognitive deficits (White et al, 1992). Neurological syndromes, including cognitive and motor impairment, have been reported in some aluminum welders (Sjogren et al, 1990; 1997).
SHAVER'S DISEASE: This industrial disease, in which aluminum is involved, is known to cause weakness, fatigue and respiratory distress (Hammond & Beliles, 1980).
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: Subtle cognitive deficits have been reported in workers exposed to aluminum for years. Cognitive deficits were seen in miners exposed by inhalation to finely ground aluminum and aluminum oxide, which was used for 35 years as a prophylaxis against silicotic lung disease (Rifat et al, 1980). A few potroom workers have had cognitive deficits (White et al, 1992). Neurological syndromes, including cognitive and motor impairment, have been reported in some aluminum welders (Sjogren et al, 1990; 1997).
DELAYED REACTION TIME: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: The mean of simple reaction time and fastest reaction times were lower than those of controls. Scores of digital symbol, pursuit aiming, and correct pursuit aiming were significantly decreased in the aluminum workers (He & Sheng, 2003).

PSYCHIATRIC

HALLUCINATIONS: Visual and auditory hallucinations, with patients frequently becoming paranoid and suicidal, have been reported as common manifestations of dialysis encephalopathy syndrome secondary to aluminum toxicity (Alfrey, 1986a).

RESPIRATORY

PULMONARY FIBROSIS: Increased aluminum absorption has been linked to pulmonary fibrosis that is severe, rapidly progressive, and usually fatal, with latent periods of 1 to 5 years punctuated by periods of coughing, dyspnea and spontaneous pneumothorax (Baxter et al, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001). This is mainly of historical relevance, as it was last reported in 1962, when the use of a mineral oil-based pyropowder lubricant during the process was discontinued (Bingham et al, 2001).
PNEUMOTHORAX: Dyspnea, cough, pneumothorax, variable sputum production, nodular interstitial fibrosis and fatality have resulted (Stokinger, 1981).
SHAVER'S DISEASE: CHRONIC EXPOSURE: This illness is caused by industrial exposure to aluminum fumes or dust, which results in respiratory distress and fibrosis with large blebs. Symptoms include productive coughing and wheezing, substernal pain, weakness and fatigue; spontaneous pneumothorax is a frequent complication. Autopsy findings include emphysema and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Silicon is often inhaled with the aluminum, and the function of each of these elements is as yet unclear (Bingham et al, 2001; Hammond & Beliles, 1980; Harbison, 1998).
BRONCHOSPASM: Workers involved in aluminum smelting have been noted to develop an asthma-like syndrome ('pot room asthma') as well as increased chronic airway disease (Baxter et al, 2000).
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE: Workers involved in aluminum smelting may be at increased risk of developing chronic obstructive lung disease (Abramson et al, 1989).
GRANULOMA: Aluminum exposure has been linked to the development of sarcoid-like granulomatosis (Baxter et al, 2000).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

DIALYSIS PATIENTS: In the 1970s, chronic aluminum toxicity was recognized as the cause of significant morbidity and mortality in chronic renal failure, resulting in dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, osteomalacia with fracturing osteodystrophy, and microcytic anemia.

The main source of aluminum in these patients in the 1970s was the high aluminum content of the water used for the dialysate. Even though this problem was recognized and corrected, aluminum toxicity continues to occur in some renal failure patients who chronically ingest aluminum-containing phosphate binders or antacids.

INDUSTRIAL: Some aluminum workers are at risk for developing respiratory manifestations of aluminum toxicity, mainly asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Insoluble forms of aluminum are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, GI decontamination is generally unnecessary.
Ingestions of large amounts of soluble forms of aluminum such as aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, or aluminum sulfate may cause GI irritation; sodium aluminate is considered a corrosive. Dilution with small volumes of water or milk may be beneficial.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Insoluble forms of aluminum are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. GI decontamination is not necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE STUDIES

A 22-year-old British worker experienced a rare fatal case of pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of a heavy concentration of fine aluminum dust. The worker had been exposed to varying concentrations of many particle sizes; in the air, the concentration of dust below a size of 5 microns was on the order of 19 mg/m(3) (Hathaway et al, 1996).
A 49-year-old British workman who had worked for more than 13 years in the ball-mill room of an aluminum powder factory died of rapidly progressive encephalopathy. No other cases of encephalopathy with increased levels of aluminum in the brain of aluminum workers have been reported over the past 80 years (McLaughlin et al, 1962).

CHRONIC STUDIES

An 11-month-old girl died of progressive encephalopathy after receiving phosphate binders containing aluminum. Higher-than-normal aluminum levels were found in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (Harbison, 1998).
The industrial process used to manufacture aluminum was classified by IARC as a Group I carcinogen (sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans) (IARC , 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ORAL - Because a safe dosage has not yet been determined, aluminum intake should probably not exceed the equivalent of 30 mg elemental aluminum/kg/day (Committee on Nutrition, 1986).

ORAL

A 1989 report suggests a possible correlation between concentrations of aluminum in public water supplies and the occurrence of Alzheimer disease in 88 county districts of England and Wales. In districts where the mean aluminum concentration in water exceeded 0.11 mg/L, rates were 1.5 times higher than in districts where the mean levels were less than 0.01 mg/L.

The results of this study have been challenged on the basis of study design and data interpretation; however, subtle cognitive deficits have been reported (Hathaway et al, 1991; (Rifat et al, 1990).

There have been several similar studies, some suggesting a link between aluminum in drinking water and Alzheimer disease. Other studies do not suggest such a link (McLachlan, 1995; Savory et al, 1996).
In 19 patients undergoing dialysis with softened or untreated water, 7 experienced encephalopathy associated with the dialysis procedure and high aluminum concentration in the brain (Harbison, 1998).

INHALATION

Inhalation of aluminum powder with a particle size of 1.2 microns (96 percent), given over 10- or 20-minute periods several times weekly, resulted in no adverse health effects among thousands of workers over several years (Martyn et al, 1989).
In the same work environment, 6 of 27 workmen who were heavily exposed to aluminum powder showed symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. The finer the aluminum dust, the more dangerous it was found to be. Two of the twelve men exposed to fine aluminum powder died and two were affected. Two the 15 who worked only with the coarse powder had radiologic changes but no symptoms (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Studies done in the 1930s and 1940s in Germany, Great Britain and Sweden produced the following results: When humans were exposed to 0.1 to 2.7 mg/m(3) or 0.2 to 45 mg/m(3) of abrasive respirable aluminum dust, no cases of fibrosis of the lung (of 92) and 9 cases (of 1000) were reported, respectively (Zenz, 1994).

When humans were exposed to stamped aluminum powder at a level of 0.2 to 10 mg/m(3), 4 to 50 mg/m(3) or 50 to 100 mg/m(3), fibrosis of the lung occurred in 1 to 3 (of 53), 5 to 8 (of 35) and 6 (of 27) cases, respectively (Zenz, 1994).
Cases of fibrosis of the lung are reported very infrequently in North America (Zenz, 1994).

TOPICAL

CASE REPORT - A 43-year-old woman developed bone pain and extreme fatigue after applying 1 gram of an aluminum chlorohydrate-containing antiperspirant cream on each underarm every morning for 4 years. It was found that 1 g of the cream contained 20% aluminum chlorohydrate providing a dose of 0.108 g of aluminum(III) per day and a dose of 157.30 g over a 4-year period. Aluminum levels in plasma and urine were 3.88 mcmol/L (10.47 mcg/dL) and 1.71 mcmol/24 hours (46.1 mcg/24 hours; normal less than 1.10 mcmol/24 hours or 29.7 mcg/24 hours), respectively. Eight months after the discontinuation of the antiperspirant, she recovered completely without further sequelae (Guillard et al, 2004).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7429-90-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Aluminum metal

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Aluminium production

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aluminum
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al)
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7429-90-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Aluminum metal

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: R
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pneumoconiosis; LRT irr; neurotoxicity
Molecular Weight: 26.98

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: R
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
R: Respirable fraction; see Appendix C, paragraph C (of TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pneumoconiosis; LRT irr; neurotoxicity
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7429-90-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7429-90-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Aluminum
REL:

TWA: 10 mg/m(3) (total) 5 mg/m(3) (resp)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): ,

Listed as: Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al)
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): ,

Listed as: Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)
REL:

TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Aluminum, metal (as Al) (Total dust)
Table Z-1 for Aluminum, metal (as Al) (Total dust):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Aluminum, metal (as Al) (Respirable fraction)
Table Z-1 for Aluminum, metal (as Al) (Respirable fraction):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7429-90-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Aluminum (fume or dust)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7429-90-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7429-90-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Aluminum

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1309 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Aluminum powder, coated

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1309
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 13, 39, 52, 53, 74, 101

13: Keep as dry as reasonably practicable.
39: Stow "away from" liquid halogenated hydrocarbons.
52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.
74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.
101: Stow "separated from" iron oxide.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Aluminum powder, coated

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1309
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 13, 39, 101, 52, 53, 74

13: Keep as dry as reasonably practicable.
39: Stow "away from" liquid halogenated hydrocarbons.
101: Stow "separated from" iron oxide.
52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.
74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1383 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s., or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 4.2

4.2: Spontaneously combustible material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1383
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.2

4.2: Spontaneously Combustible.

Special Provisions: B11, T21, TP7, TP33

B11: Tank car tanks must have a test pressure of at least 2,068.5 kPa (300 psig). Cargo and portable tanks must have a design pressure of at least 1,207 kPa (175 psig).
T21: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 187
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1396 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Aluminum powder, uncoated

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1396
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A19, A20, IB7, IP2, T3, TP33

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
A20: Plastic bags as inner receptacles of combination packagings are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 39, 52, 53

39: Stow "away from" liquid halogenated hydrocarbons.
52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Aluminum powder, uncoated

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1396
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A19, A20, IB8, IP4, T1, TP33

A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
A20: Plastic bags as inner receptacles of combination packagings are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 151
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 39, 52, 53

39: Stow "away from" liquid halogenated hydrocarbons.
52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 9260 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Aluminum, molten

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA9260
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: IB3, T1, TP3

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: None
Bulk packaging: 247

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1309 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Aluminium powder, coated
UN Number: 1309

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1383 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Pyrophoric alloy, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1383
Proper Shipping Name: Pyrophoric metal, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1383

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1396 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Aluminium powder, uncoated
UN Number: 1396

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN9260 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7429-90-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Storage should be in a dry, cool, and well-ventilated area. Great care should be taken when handling or storing the powder and dust forms of aluminum. Keep separate from acids, alkalies, halogenated compounds, oxidizers, and combustible materials (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Ensure that aluminum is stored in containers that are kept closed and that will not be subject to physical damage (Sittig, 1991).
Aluminum uncoated powder is often shipped in steel drums or fiber cans, drums, or boxes (NFPA, 1997).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a location that is dry, cool, and well-ventilated (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep the uncoated powder separate from strong acids and alkalies, caustics, halogenated compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, acid chlorides, metal salts, and substances that are combustible (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000).
In general, keep aluminum separate from other metals, as it corrodes quickly due to its being strongly electropositive (HSDB , 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear flame retardant structural firefighters' protective clothing, including faceshield, helmet and gloves, this will provide limited thermal protection.

Personnel working with aluminum should be supplied with boots, aprons, gloves, and goggles. Visors, respirators, gauntlets, aprons, armlets, and spats are needed to protect carbon electrode personnel or those operating a furnace from dust, vapors, and burns (HSDB , 2000).

Appropriate full personal protective clothing should be worn by those working with aluminum, as should a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1997).

Employees must have access to showers and should be provided with separate lockers for work and personal clothing. After working with aluminum, personnel should wash thoroughly (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate goggles and visors (HSDB , 2000).

Do not wear contact lenses when working with aluminum (NIOSH , 2000).

If any form of aluminum comes into contact with the eyes, use copious amounts of water to wash the entire eye area, including under the lower and upper lids. Seek immediate medical attention (NIOSH , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7429-90-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- May react violently or explosively on contact with water.
- Some are transported in flammable liquids.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.
- Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May ignite on contact with air or moisture.
- May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)
- Substance is transported in molten form at a temperature above 705 degrees C (1300 degrees F).
- Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas.
- Will ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, debris, etc.).
- Contact with nitrates or other oxidizers may cause an explosion.
- Contact with containers or other materials, including cold, wet or dirty tools, may cause an explosion.
- Contact with concrete will cause spalling and small pops.
Aluminum is flammable as a finely divided solid. It ignites easily. In air, within a dust cloud, the substance forms mixtures that can explode. Large quantities of dampened dust may heat up spontaneously. The finer dust presents the greatest hazard (NFPA, 1997).
A moderate flammability/explosion hazard exists when aluminum dust is exposed to heat or flame, or reacts chemically with strong oxidizers (Lewis, 2000).
Powdered aluminum ignites on contact with vapors of AsCl3, SCl2, Se2Cl2, PCl5, and CS2 (Lewis, 2000).
Powdered aluminum ignites on contact with barium peroxide, chlorine gas, finely divided iodine (I2) plus water, oxygen and mixtures with oxygen and water (with violent reaction) (Lewis, 2000; Personal Communication, 1998).
Powdered aluminum will ignite when heated in SbCl3 vapor (Lewis, 2000).
Mixtures of powdered aluminum with sodium peroxide may ignite. Aluminum burns when heated in carbon dioxide (Lewis, 2000).
Powdered aluminum may ignite or violently react with the following interhalogens: bromine pentafluoride, chlorine fluoride, iodine chloride, iodine pentafluoride, and iodine heptafluoride (Lewis, 2000).
After a delay, powdered aluminum mixed with picric acid plus water will ignite (Lewis, 2000).
Aluminum powder in contact with oxygen will ignite immediately. When in contact with oxygen and water, ignition and a violent reaction will result (Lewis, 2000).
The reaction of powdered aluminum with chromic anhydride will likely result in flaming or another violent reaction (HSDB , 2000).
Spontaneous ignition results when iodine and aluminum powder come into close contact (HSDB , 2000).
A pyrophoric material is the result of the reaction of bulk aluminum with diborane (Lewis, 2000).
Bulk aluminum will ignite on contact with niobium oxide plus sulfur (Lewis, 2000).
Bulk aluminum undergoes an incandescent reaction with formic acid (Lewis, 2000).
Fine powdered aluminum will produce ammonia and aluminum hydroxide when mixed with nitrate and water. This mixture is expected to progress to the ignition point (Urben, 1999).
Aluminum fibers or powders in an oxygen-fed resonance tube will ignite (Urben, 1999).
Powdered aluminum reacts violently with boiling water to produce highly flammable hydrogen gas (Kirk-Othmer, 1992).
Aluminum powder in antimony trichloride vapor or in carbon disulfide vapor will ignite (Urben, 1999).
"Molten aluminium dropped into liquid dichlorodifluoromethane burned incandescently below the liquid" (Urben, 1999).
When overalls soiled with aluminum dust were immersed in trichloroethylene (for cleaning purposes), the overalls ignited violently. Free hydrogen chloride in the solvent was responsible for this result (Urben, 1999).
At 580 degrees C, aluminum dust ignited in dichlorodifluoromethane vapor (Urben, 1999).
A mild steel tanker filled with chloromethane caught fire at a liquid outlet. Interaction of chloromethane and aluminum baffle plates produced trimethyaluminum in the tanker. The production of this compound was reported to be the cause of the fire (Urben, 1999).
"Aluminium powder ignites in chlorine without heating, and the foil reacts vigorously with liquid bromine at 15 degrees C, and incandesces on warming in the vapor. The metal and iodine react violently in the presence of water, either as liquid, vapour or that present in hydrated salts. Moistening a powdered mixture causes incandescence and will initiate a thermite mixture" (Urben, 1999).
Aqueous acids will violently attack aluminum (Urben, 1999).
A serious fire resulted from mixing aluminum with sulfur niobium oxide (Urben, 1999).
After a delay, adding water to dry picric acid and aluminum powder mixtures will cause ignition. (Ignition is dependent on the quantity of water added.) (Urben, 1999).
When in contact with phosphorus pentachloride, aluminum powder ignites (Urben, 1999).
A flash fire broke out when a joint between an aluminum pipe and a mild steel valve was tightened using a wrench. Sparks from this process are thought to have ignited the fire (Urben, 1999).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7429-90-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.).
Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride based extinguishers, G-1® or Met-L-X® powder.
Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, CO2 OR FOAM ON MATERIAL ITSELF.
Some of these materials may react violently with water.
EXCEPTION: For Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite) UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, USE FLOODING AMOUNTS OF WATER for SMALL AND LARGE fires to stop the reaction. Smothering will not work for these materials, they do not need air to burn.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)

Do Not Use Water, except in life threatening situations and then only in a fine spray.
Do not use halogenated extinguishing agents or foam.
Move combustibles out of path of advancing pool if you can do so without risk.
Extinguish fires started by molten material by using appropriate method for the burning material; keep water, halogenated extinguishing agents and foam away from the molten material.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or DRY sand, EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7429-90-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

"Smother with dry sand, dry clay, dry ground limestone, or use approved Class D extinguishers. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents. DO NOT use water" (NFPA, 1997).

Isolate large fires and allow them to burn out on their own. Extinguish small fires using talc, sand, or sodium chloride (HSDB , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

A moderate flammability/explosion hazard exists when aluminum dust is exposed to heat or flame, or reacts chemically with strong oxidizers (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

In air, powdered aluminum forms mixtures that are explosive (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 1999).

After a delay, powdered aluminum explodes when in contact with the following (Lewis, 2000):

KClO4 plus Ba(NO3)2 plus KNO3 plus H2O; or
Ba(NO3)2 plus KNO3 plus sulfur plus vegetable adhesives plus H2O.

Mixtures of powdered aluminum with the following are powerful explosives (Lewis, 2000):

powdered AgCl,
NH4NO3, and
NH4NO3 plus Ca(NO3)2 plus formamide plus H2O.

Explosions result when powdered aluminum is mixed with ammonium peroxodisulfate plus water (Lewis, 2000).

"Violent or explosive "thermite" reaction when [powdered aluminum is] heated with metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), or sulfides, and with hot copper oxide worked with an iron or steel tool" (Lewis, 2000).

Powdered aluminum may explode when in contact with the following (Lewis, 2000):

CCl4 during ball milling operations, and
chloroform amidinium nitrate.

Many violent or explosive reactions have occurred in industry with powdered aluminum and the following halocarbons (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):

bromomethane
bromotrifluoromethane
carbon tetrachloride
chlorodifluoromethane
chloroform
chloromethane
chloromethane plus 2-methylpropane
dichlorodifluoromethane
1,2-dichloroethane
dichloromethane
1,2-dichloropropane
1,2-difluorotetrafluoroethane
fluorotrichloroethane
hexachloroethane plus alcohol
polytrifluoroethylene oils and greases
tetrachloroethylene
tetrafluoromethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane
trichlorotrifluoroethane-dichlorobenzene

Powdered aluminum reacts violently with the following (Lewis, 2000; Kirk-Othmer, 1992; Urben, 1999):

As (on heating)
Antimony (on heating)
bromine pentafluoride
chlorine fluoride
disulfur dibromide
finely divided iodine (I2) plus water
H2O plus I2
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
hydrogen chloride gas
iodine chloride
iodine pentafluoride
iodine heptafluoride
oxygen plus water
phosphorus
Sb (on heating)
selenium
sulfur (when heated)

Powdered aluminum forms a potentially violent reaction with the silicon steels, sodium acetylide, and sodium peroxide (Lewis, 2000).

Bulk aluminum reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride and with molten silicon steels. At 600 degrees C, an alloy formation with palladium or platinum results and is potentially violent. At above 600 degrees C, bulk aluminum and sodium diuranate form a violent exothermic reaction (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).

When powdered aluminum is mixed with sodium sulfate (at above 800 degrees C), an explosive reaction will result (Lewis, 2000).

The exothermic reaction of powdered aluminum with iron powder plus water releases hydrogen gas, which can explode (Lewis, 2000).

Sensitive explosive mixtures form when aluminum powder combines with the following oxidants (Lewis, 2000):

liquid chlorine and other halogens
N2O4
tetranitromethane
bromates
iodates
NaClO3
KClO3 and other chlorates
NaNO3
aqueous nitrates
KClO4 and other perchlorate salts
nitryl fluoride
ammonium peroxodisulfate
sodium peroxide
zinc peroxide and other peroxides
red phosphorus
powdered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Explosives can be made from powdered aluminum mixtures. Carbon or hydrocarbons or other oxidants are sometimes added (Urben, 1999).

Powdered aluminum and water mixtures, when initiated with a boosted detonator, will explode violently (Urben, 1999).

"During granulation of aluminium by pouring the molten metal through a sieve into water, a violent explosion occurred. This was attributed to steam trapped in the cooling metal" (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum mixed with bromates that are finely divided can explode when exposed to heat or shock (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Bulk aluminum may react exothermically with butanol, methanol, 2-propanol or other alcohols, or sodium hydroxide to release explosive hydrogen gas (Lewis, 2000).

Explosive reactions result when bulk aluminum mixes with molten metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), sulfides, and sodium carbonate (Lewis, 1992).

Maximum explosion pressures of 5.7 and 8.6 bar for atomized and flake aluminum, respectively, have been reported. Maximum pressure rates for both forms of the compound exceed 1.36 kbar/s (Urben, 1999).

High sodium chlorate and aluminum powder concentrations in a mixture of ingredients to produce chromium metal caused an explosion after ignition of the mixture (Urben, 1999).

When a steel shovel was used to mix aluminum powder and hot copper oxide on an iron plate, a violent explosion resulted (Urben, 1999).

When scrap copper was added to molten aluminum, violent explosions occurred (Urben, 1999).

The energy output of explosives is increased up to 100% by adding large amounts of powdered aluminum (up to 32%) (Urben, 1999).

Powdered aluminum heated to 152 degrees C (in a closed system) with chloromethane, carbon tetrachloride-chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride may result in an explosion. This is particularly likely if aluminum chloride in trace amounts is present (Urben, 1999).

An aluminum tank filled with o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloropropane in a 4:1:2 mixture violently exploded after 7 days (Urben, 1999).

Polytrifluoroethylene oils or greases that come in contact with aluminum-bearing surfaces under load will react explosively (Urben, 1999).

"An attempt to scale up the methylation of 2-methlypropane with chloromethane in presence of aluminium chloride and aluminium went out of control and detonated, destroying the autoclave" (Urben, 1999).

During an aluminum degreasing operation using tetrachloroethylene, residues on heating coils were overheated, causing an explosion (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum dust in dichlorodifluoromethane vapor (at 580 degrees C) exploded strongly when sparked (Urben, 1999).

Potassium perchlorate, barium nitrate, potassium nitrate, water, and aluminum powder stored under water for 24 hours exploded (Urben, 1999).

Explosions resulted on two occasions when aluminum powder, barium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sulfur, and vegetable adhesives were mixed with water to form a paste (Urben, 1999).

When a mixture of aluminum powder and oxo-compounds and sulfides is heated to temperatures high enough to start a reaction, the mixture reduces violently or explosively (Urben, 1999).

Explosions may result when large amounts of aluminum come into contact with molten salts (Urben, 1999).

An explosion resulted when sodium carbonate was applied to molten aluminum (Urben, 1999).

A severely shocked mixture of red phosphorus and aluminum powder exploded (Urben, 1999).

The mixture of oleic acid and aluminum exploded, possibly due to peroxidized acid. This reaction could not be reproduced (Urben, 1999).

"Mixtures of aluminum powder with liquid chlorine, dinitrogen tetraoxide or tetranitromethane are detonable explosives, but not as powerful as aluminium-liquid oxygen mixtures, some of which exceed TNT in effect by a factor of 3 to 4 (Urben, 1999).

Upon impact, heating, or friction, iodates, chlorates, or bromates mixed with powdered aluminum may explode (Urben, 1999).

A silver chloride powder and aluminum powder mixture will explode violently, unless aluminum is present in excess (Urben, 1999).

"The violent explosion experience when an 8:3 molar mixture of metal powder and [sodium sulfate] was heated to 800 degrees C was attributed to thermal dissociation (at up to 3000 degrees C) of the metal sulfide(s) formed as primary products (Urben, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

NFPA (1997) reports that aluminum powder may cause minor lung irritation.

Pulmonary fibrosis has been a reported result from breathing fine aluminum powder (Hathaway, et al, 1996; (Lewis, 2000; Zenz, 1994).

Alkaline mixtures in contact with aluminum can produce hydrogen, which will then generate arsine, a compound that is poisonous by inhalation (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum foil mixed with drain cleaner will emit toxic fumes (Urben, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

For fire and explosion information, see the FIRE HAZARD and EXPLOSION HAZARD sections of this document.

Aluminum reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and boiling water with evolution of hydrogen (Budavari, 1996; Kirk-Othmer, 1992).

A toxic arsine gas is produced upon reaction of bulk aluminum with arsenic trioxide plus sodium arsenate plus sodium (Lewis, 2000).

Vigorous dissolution occurs when bulk aluminum mixes in methanol plus carbon tetrachloride. Vigorous amalgamation occurs with mercury(II) salts plus moisture (Lewis, 2000).

Bulk aluminum and sodium diruanate heated above 600 degrees C results in a violent exothermic reaction (Lewis, 2000).

Aluminum powder dispersed in mixtures of butane and air or propane and air will strengthen detonative qualities of stoichiometric mixtures (Urben, 1999).

Water used on a fire involving aluminum dust and chippings caused liberation of hydrogen, which exploded after mixing with air (Urben, 1999).

Butanol will attack aluminum causing release of hydrogen. It is thought that other alcohols would behave in a like manner and form aluminum alkoxide (Urben, 1999).

"At the [melting point] of aluminium (600 degrees C) an aluminium-sheathed palladium thermocouple formed an alloy with a flash and an exotherm to 2800 degrees C. The use of thin layers of palladium or platinum on aluminium foil or wire as igniters derives from the intense heat of alloy formation, which is sufficient to melt the intermetallic compounds" (Urben, 1999).

At -196 degrees C, metal atom/solvent co-condensation produces an aluminum-solvent slurry that is extremely reactive (Urben, 1999).

Formic acid is reduced by aluminum with incandescence (Urben, 1999).

On heavy impact, aluminum mixed with fluorotrichloroethane and trichlorotrifluoroethane will flash or spark (Urben, 1999).

Friction in a dichlorodifluoromethane system on an aluminum part caused a strong exothermic reaction (Urben, 1999).

"Violent decomposition, with evolution of hydrogen chloride, may occur when 1,1,1-trichloroethane comes into contact with aluminium or its alloys with magnesium" (Urben, 1999).

At above 95 degrees C, reactions that are exothermic and uncontrollable result when aluminum powder and dichloromethane combine at appropriate pressure (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum has been reported to react violently when combined in vapor degreasers with trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene (Urben, 1999).

"Chloromethane in liquefied storage diffused 70 m along a nitrogen inerting line into the pressure regulator. Interaction with aluminium components of the regulator formed alkylaluminium compounds which ignited when the regulator was dismantled" (Urben, 1999).

A violent reaction may result after aluminum powder is mixed in alcohol with hexachloroethane (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum is subject to corrosion by 1,2-dichloropropane and degradation by 1,1,1-trichloroethane (Urben, 1999).

A strong exothermic reaction occurred when aluminum came into contact with hydrogen chloride. Aluminum dissolved in 2-propanol is also exothermic (Urben, 1999).

Exotherms to 95 degrees C and emissions of hydrogen occurred when a sludge that contained aluminum dust, iron, and sand contacted water (Urben, 1999).

Vigorous amalgamation occurs when, in a moist environment, aluminum foil comes into contact with mercury(II) salts (Urben, 1999).

Finely divided aluminum mixed with water produces an exothermic reaction resulting in ammonia and aluminum hydroxide formation. Under specific conditions, the mixture could ignite (Urben, 1999).

Aluminum powder and sodium diuranate at 350 degrees C produced a powerful exothermic reaction (Urben, 1999).

Sodium hydroxide solution will corrode aluminum. Vigorous evolution of hydrogen will result (Urben, 1999).

"Cans of aluminium paint contaminated with water contained a considerable pressure of hydrogen from interaction of finely divided metal and moisture" (Urben, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions for solids.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of low areas.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7429-90-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7429-90-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Aluminum
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 12.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 60
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7429-90-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7429-90-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leak with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Do not attempt to stop leak, due to danger of explosion.
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Substance is very fluid, spreads quickly, and may splash. Do not try to stop it with shovels or other objects.
- Dike far ahead of spill; use dry sand to contain the flow of material.
- Where possible allow molten material to solidify naturally.
- Avoid contact even after material solidifies. Molten, heated and cold aluminum look alike; do not touch unless you know it is cold.
- Clean up under the supervision of an expert after material has solidified.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 169 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear flame retardant structural firefighters' protective clothing, including faceshield, helmet and gloves, this will provide limited thermal protection.
Aluminum that has been involved in a spill or leak should be shoveled into an appropriate dry container. Ensure that all sources of ignition are removed from spill/leak area (NFPA, 1997).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 135 (ERG, 2004)
- EXCEPTION: For spills of Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite), UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, dissolve in 5 parts water and collect for proper disposal.
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Aluminum may be recycled. It should be sorted into an appropriately labeled container. Powdered aluminum may be sold as scrap (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Trivalent cations such as aluminum, iron, and chromium can be selectively removed from solutions containing divalent and monovalent cations by phosphate precipitation. This may be a potentially effective method of separating and recovering a trivalent metal from a mixed waste solution (Freeman, 1989).
Disposing in a landfill is not recommended (HSDB , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

In water that is highly acidic, aluminum can leach from sediments that contain the compound and thus pollute the water supply and poison fish and other aquatic life (Lewis, 1998).

Aluminum smelting, refining, and general manufacturing are the processes during which hazardous exposures to the compound often occur (Sittig, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Urban air may contain 10 mcg/m(3) of aluminum. In contrast, non-urban areas have concentrations of 0.5 mcg/m(3) or less (HSDB , 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Ground water concentrations of aluminum range from 5 ppb to 1000 ppb (Dragun, 1988).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Analysis of four small air-dried soil samples indicated that the dissolved aluminum that was present existed mostly as aquo-aluminum (+3). In only one soil sample was 20 to 30% of the dissolved compound organically complexed. The concentrations of dissolved aluminum in the soil closely correlated with the amount of organic aluminum that existed in the same sample (HSDB , 2000).
- Aluminum toxicity in arable soil is a major problem around the world affecting up to 40% of such soil (Flaten et al, 1996).
- Native soil concentrations of Aluminum range from 10,000 to 300,000 ppm (Dragun, 1988).
- Aluminum concentrations in soil have been reported to be as high as 150 - 600 g/kg (HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Aluminum may accumulate in aquatic invertebrates. Aluminum concentrations range from 1000 mg/kg to 16,000 mg/kg in invertebrates. Free-living freshwater insects were found to contain aluminum at concentrations up to 4900 mg/kg (Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996).
- Enteromorpha, an algae, collected from Chesapeake Bay was found to contain 22,800 mg/kg aluminum on average (Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996).
- Aluminum and cadmium ions, especially in acid soils, are taken up by plants which may then become poisoned by them. Culture fluid and culture pot experiments have shown that the toxic effects can be inhibited by magnesium. Toxic aluminum and cadmium concentrations in the soil can be decreased by the use of non-acidifying fertilizers, and inhibited or prevented with fertilizers containing magnesium (Kiss et al, 1991).
- Plants are considered "accumulators" of aluminum if they contain more than 1000 mg/kg. They are called "hyperaccumulators" if they contain more than 5000 mg/kg (Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996).
- Plants appear to accumulate aluminum concentrations according to the following heirarchy: "submerged onrooted > submerged rooted > floating-leaved > emergent species" (Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

(Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996)
- BCF is 0 at pH 4.5
- BCF is 10,000 at pH 6.5
- BCF is 1170 for Mayflies exposed to water containing 2000 mcg/L for 4W
Note: The concentration of aluminum in water and water pH do not appear to correspond with aluminum concentrations in invertebrates (Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Aluminum is acutely toxic to fish in acid waters. The gill is the principal target organ and death is due to a combination of ionoregulatory, osmoregulatory, and respiratory dysfunction (Exley et al, 1991).

Fish extinction has resulted due to aluminum toxicity in fresh waters tainted by acid rain (Flaten et al, 1996).

Ecotoxicity values(Sparling D & Lowe T, 1996):

LC50 - GASTROPODA (Amnicola limosa): >1000 mcg/L -- pH 3.5; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium casertanum): >1000 mcg/L -- pH 3.5; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium casertanum): >400 mcg/L -- pH 4.0; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium casertanum): >400 mcg/L -- pH 4.5; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium compressum): >1000 mcg/L -- pH 3.5; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium compressum): >400 mcg/L -- pH 4.0; aluminum wire
LC50 - PELECYPODA (Pisidium compressum): >400 mcg/L -- pH 4.5; aluminum wire
LC50 - AMPHIPODA (Hyalella azteca): >1000 mcg/L -- pH 5.0; aluminum wire

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

26.98

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Aluminum is a strong, hard metal that has been described as ductile, malleable, and tin-white or silvery white with a slight blue hue (Budavari, 2000; (Lewis, 2000).

Aluminum is also described as a crystalline solid (Lewis, 1997).

Due to a protective oxide film which forms in humid air, aluminum will not corrode (Budavari, 2000). It conducts heat and electricity well, and at 180 degrees C, water will quickly oxidize it (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 1284 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.708 (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)
2.702 (Lewis, 2000)
2.70 (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.70 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 2000)
2.70 kg/L (Ashford, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

1220 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

MELTING POINT

660 degrees C; 1221 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
660.4 degrees C (Zenz, 1994)

BOILING POINT

2327 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2000)

2450 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

2467 degrees C; 4473 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; Zenz, 1994)

2494 degrees C (at 24 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000)

4221 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

760 degrees C; 1400 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Aluminum is insoluble in water (NFPA, 1997) NIOSH, 2001; (Sittig, 1991).

OTHER

Aluminum is soluble in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, alkalies and hot water (Lewis, 2000). HSDB (2001), however, reports that it is insoluble in hot water.
It dissolves in aqua regia (a 3:1 mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) (Kirk-Othmer, 1992).
Aluminum is not soluble in hot acetic acid, cold water or concentrated nitric acid (HSDB , 2001).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (Harbison, 1998) NIOSH, 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents