METHYL CHLOROFORMATE

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-03-00-00023
IMO CLASSIFICATION:3.2 - Methyl Chloroformate; Methyl chlorocarbonate
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51374

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C2-H3-Cl-O2 ClCOOCH3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

155-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (FLAMMABLE / WATER-SENSITIVE)(for UN/NA Number1238)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002; Sittig, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Methyl chloroformate was used in the past as a lacrimating military warfare agent, and is currently used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis, a warning agent in fumigations with hydrocyanic acid, and in the production of insecticides (Bingham et al, 2001a; EPA, 1985; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997a; Sittig, 1991a).
Methyl chloroformate is used as an intermediate for herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, veterinary medicines, and pharmaceutical synthesis. It is used as a photographic solvent, in the production of carbamates used to synthesize dyes, and as the starting material for the synthesis of the preservative velcorin (HSDB, 2002).

FORMS

Methyl chloroformate is available as a technical grade material at a minimum of 95% purity (Lewis, 1997a), and as high as 97% or greater (CHRIS, 2002).

SOURCES

Methyl chloroformate is derived from the reaction of carbonyl chloride and methanol (Lewis, 1997a).
Methanol and phosgene can produce methyl chloroformate by phosgenation (Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 2000) .

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Methyl chloroformate is very irritating and corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Symptom onset may be delayed. Fatal occupational exposures have occurred.

Signs and symptoms of exposure may include respiratory tract irritation, cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, and shock. Esophageal or GI tract irritation or burns may be seen following ingestion. Seizures have been observed in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Inhalation exposure at 190 ppm (1 mg/L) of methyl chloroformate for 10 minutes can be lethal (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1985; Sittig, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Exposure to vapor concentrations of 10 ppm for 10 minutes has caused excessive lacrimation in humans (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1985).

The maximum tolerated chronic inhalation exposure was 0.197 mg/m(3) in rats and 0.185 mg/m(3) in mice (Gurova et al, 1977).

LACK OF EFFECT

The highest ineffective concentration for mice is 0.185 mg/m(3) and 0.197 mg/m(3) for rats (HSDB , 2002).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-22-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Methyl chlorocarbonate
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Bingham et al, 2001 CHRIS, 2002 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-22-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS79-22-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-22-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Carbonochloridic acid, methyl ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Methyl chlorocarbonate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Carbonochloridic acid, methyl ester
P or U series number: U156
Footnote:
Listed as: Methyl chlorocarbonate
P or U series number: U156
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Methyl Chloroformate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): d

d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS79-22-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Methyl chlorocarbonate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS79-22-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS79-22-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Carbonochloridic acid, methyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1238 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Methyl chloroformate

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1238
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3, 8

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, N34, T22, TP2, TP13, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 21, 40, 100

21: Segregation same as for flammable liquids.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
100: Stow "away from" flammable solids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1238 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Methyl chloroformate
UN Number: 1238

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS79-22-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Do not handle broken packages of methyl chloroformate unless wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash contaminated skin areas with soap and water or copious amounts of water (AAR, 2000).

"Do not use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling" (ICSC, 1993).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Owing to the fact that these compounds decompose easily, storage containers should be vented (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Ambient temperature for storage is preferred (CHRIS , 2002).
Storage areas should be dry and fire proof. Store away from strong oxidizers, food, and feedstuffs (ICSC, 1993).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Methyl chloroformate can be a fire hazard when mixed with oxidizers (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Contact with water produces hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride) (ILO , 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Methyl chloroformate can attack some plastics and coatings, and can attack or corrode rubber (CHRIS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Sodium biocarbonate and lime solution can neutralize methyl chloroformate (CHRIS , 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective chemical resistant clothing when working with methyl chloroformate. A positive-pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), pressure-demand supplied respirator with escape SCBA, or acid- or organic-canister mask is also recommended. Contaminated clothing should be removed and isolated. The speed in removing contaminated clothing is extremely important (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

A face shield or goggles is recommended (CHRIS , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection is needed when exposed to methyl chloroformate. A positive-pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), pressure-demand supplied respirator with escape SCBA, or an acid- or organic-canister mask is recommended (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 79-22-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.011
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Use local exhaust ventilation at the point source of emissions in the work area. Explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting also needs to be incorported into the work area (HSDB , 2002) ICSC, 1993).

When handling these materials, there should be adequate ventilation, and provisions for flushing eyes and skin with water (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Methyl chloroformate is flammable and a dangerous fire hazard when it is exposed to heat sources, oxidizers, sparks or flames (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).
Methyl chloroformate vapors can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash back (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998).
Move containers, if possible, from the fire area to prevent containers from exploding. If it is not possible, keep the containers cool with water (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 1993; (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS79-22-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

76 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2002)
73 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2002)
24.4 degrees C (tag open cup) (HSDB , 2002)
17.8 degrees C (tag closed cup) (HSDB , 2002)
12 degrees C; 54 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)
15 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
54 degrees F (12.2 degrees C) (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)
13 degrees C (closed cup) (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.
CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS79-22-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, water spray, or foam for small fires (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 1993; (Sittig, 1991).

Water spray, fog, or foam is recommended for larger fires (Sittig, 1991).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog or spray if large quantities of methyl chloroformate are involved in a fire. Contain runoff or dilution water for disposal (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, methyl chloroformate releases highly irritating and toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and phosgene (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Vapor may explode if ignited in a enclosed area (CHRIS , 2002).

Methyl chloroformate can form explosive mixtures with air (ICSC, 1993; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, methyl chloroformate releases highly irritating and toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and phosgene (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000).

Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrogen chloride (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Vapor may explode if ignited in a enclosed area (CHRIS , 2002).

Methyl chloroformate vapor is heavier than air and can travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

Methyl chloroformate vapors are irritating to the eyes (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, methyl chloroformate releases highly irritating and toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and phosgene (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000).

Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride). The reaction occurs slowly, but can be hazardous if the water is hot (CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Corrodes rubber (CHRIS , 2002).

Methyl chloroformate is decomposed by hot water, but is stable in cold water (Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997).

Methyl chloroformate presents a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flames, sparks, or oxidizing materials (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

It can form explosive mixtures with air (ICSC, 1993; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Methyl chloroformate can corrode some metals if it is exposed to moisture (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1238 - Methyl chloroformate

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 180 meters (600 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Keep people upwind, away from vapors, and avoid contacting the liquid. The amount spilled, weather, and location of the spill should be considered during evacuation (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).

If the containers have direct exposure to fire or the fire is out of control, consider evacuating a radius of one-third mile. If a tank becomes discolored or there is a rising sound from the venting safety device, withdraw from the area immediately (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS79-22-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Methyl Choloroformate
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 2
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS79-22-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methyl chloroformate; (Methyl chlorocarbonate)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 2.2
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 6.7
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS79-22-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Methyl chloroformate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Methyl chloroformate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4 ppm
mg/m3: 16 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2.8 ppm
mg/m3: 11 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.2 ppm
mg/m3: 8.6 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.4 ppm
mg/m3: 5.5 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.7 ppm
mg/m3: 2.7 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Methyl chloroformate
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 47 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 8.5 ppm
mg/m3: 33 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.7 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.2 ppm
mg/m3: 16 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.1 ppm
mg/m3: 8.2 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS79-22-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Isolate and ventilate the area. Stop discharge is possible. Shut off ignition sources and keep the area clear of smoking, flames, and flares. Methyl chloroformate may be dangerous if it enters water intake. Call the fire department and notify the local health and pollution control agencies (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Small spills can be absorbed with sand or other noncombustible materials and placed in suitable containers for disposal (Sittig, 1991).
Methyl chloroformate can be neutralized with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime, or by using flooding amounts of water and rinsing with lime solution or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Stop discharge is possible. Shut off ignition sources and keep the area clear of smoking, flames, and flares (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Dilute and disperse the spill. Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors. Build large dikes far ahead if necessary to contain flow and for later disposal. Methyl chloroformate may be dangerous if it enters water intakes (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
AAR (2000) states not to use water directly on the spill.
Methyl chloroformate can be neutralized with flooding amounts of water and rinsing with lime solution or sodium bicarbonate (CHRIS , 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

A pump can be used for recovery (CHRIS , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Methyl chloroformate can be neutralized with flooding amounts of water and rinsing with lime solution or sodium bicarbonate (CHRIS , 2002).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Methyl chloroformate is a good candidate for controlled incineration. A combustible fuel may be added. Take precautions that complete combustion occurs to prevent the formation of phosgene. Liquid injection, rotary kiln, or fluidized bed incineration methods are acceptable. Acid scrubbers are necessary to remove halo acid residue (HSDB , 2002).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Methyl chloroformate can be released into the environment as a result of its manufacture, in the preparation of insecticides, and as an intermediate in organic synthesis. It was also released in WWI when it was used as a military poison gas (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Methyl chloroformate is vulnerable to photooxidation. A half-life of 74 days was calculated at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3). The chemical is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase (HSDB, 2004).
The rate constant is 0.22X10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C for the vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Methyl chloroformate will hydrolyze rapidly in water. The calculated half-life is 34.8 minutes at 19.6 degrees C. Bioconcentration, biodegradation, adsorption to sediment and suspended solids, and volatilization are not expected to be significant due to its rapid hydrolyzation property (HSDB, 2004).
- The rate constant for hydrolysis in an aqueous solution is 3.3X10(-4)/sec which corresponds to a half-life of 34.8 minutes. Acidic or basic solutions may be a catalyst in this reaction (HSDB, 2004).
- The hydrolysis rate constant in distilled water is 0.000564/sec at 25 degrees C which corresponds to a half-life of 20.5 minutes (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Methyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in moist soil. Biodegradation, volatilization, and adsorption are not expected to be significant fate processes, but specific data are not available (HSDB, 2004).
- Volatilization from dry near-surface soil may be significant (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In air, methyl chloroformate is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase and it is vulnerable to photooxidation. Methyl chloroformate will hydrolyze rapidly in water; therefore, bioconcentration, biodegradation, adsorption to sediment and suspended solids, and volatilization are not expected to be significant fate processes. Methyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in moist soil and may readily volatilize from dry near-surface soil. Methyl chloroformate is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation data in the laboratory or natural systems are not available. Biodegradation is not expected to be a significant process since methyl chloroformate hydrolyzes so rapidly (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Methyl chloroformate is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

94.50

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Methyl chloroformate is a colorless or colorless to light yellow liquid with an unpleasant, acrid odor. It sinks in water; it is stable in cold and decomposes in hot water (CHRIS , 2002; EPA, 1985; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

108.5 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

13.7 kPa (at 20 degrees C) (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.22 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)
1.23 (at 15 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.2 Methyl chloroformate (ICSC, 1993)
1.223 Methyl chloroformate (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO , 1998)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.223 g/mL (20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

<-81 degrees C; <-114 degrees F; <192 K (CHRIS , 2002)

MELTING POINT

-61 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2000; ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)
-81 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

70.4-70.9 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

71 degrees C; 160 degrees F; 344 K (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)

71.4 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997)

71-72 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

FLASH POINT

76 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2002)

73 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2002)

12.2 degrees C; 54 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

24.4 degrees C (tag open cup) (HSDB , 2002)

17.8 degrees C (tag closed cup) (HSDB , 2002)

12 degrees C; 54 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

15 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

54 degrees F (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000)

13 degrees C (closed cup) (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

940 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

777.15 K (HSDB , 2002)

510 degrees C (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

6.7% (CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998)
7.5% (ICSC, 1993)

UPPER

15.6% (HSDB , 2002)
18.5% (ICSC, 1993)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Methyl chloroformate is slightly soluble in water with gradual decomposition by hydrolysis (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
Methyl chloroformate has poor solubility or is insoluble (ICSC, 1993; (ILO , 1998).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Methyl chloroformate is soluble in or miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, methanol (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997).
It is soluble in all proportions in alcohol and ether (HSDB , 2002).
It is miscible with most organic solvents (Ashford, 1994).

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

13474 (Sadtler Research laboratories Prism collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

196 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

26 dynes/cm; 0.026 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (est) (CHRIS , 2002)
0.044116 N/m (at 192 K) (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

5.36X10(6) Pa (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

525 K (HSDB , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

4463 (Sadtler Reasearch Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

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METHYL CHLOROFORMATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents