METHYL ACRYLATE

This compound is widely utilized in industry as well as in medicine, dentistry, and the pharmaceutical sciences. Methyl acrylate is used as a monomer, polymer, and copolymer in the production of modacrylic fibers and acrylonitrile-based acrylic. It is utilized in the production of plastic film, acrylic fibers, and paper as well as textile coatings; as a chemical intermediate; in amphoteric surfactants; in vitamin B; in leather finish resins; "as an aid in timed release of pesticides"; as a resin in decolorizing/purifying industrial effluents; as a microencapsulation component; and in the polymerization into blocks of radioactive waste (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994) Budavari, 2000; (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).

FORMS

At room temperature, methyl acrylate is a liquid (ACGIH, 1991).
The compound is available in technical (inhibited) grade and in the following purities: 98.9% and 99% (HSDB , 2001).
An inhibitor, such as hydroquinone monomethyl ether, is used to stabilize the commercial product (Ashford, 1994).

SOURCES

It is produced by esterification of acrylic acid with methanol (Ashford, 1994).
Methyl acrylate can be manufactured from ethylene chlorohydrin and can be directly synthesized from carbon monoxide and acetylene (Budavari, 2000).
The compound can be produced by: reaction of methanol, ethylene cyanohydrin, and dilute sulfuric acid; oxo reaction of acetylene, methanol, and carbon monoxide with a cobalt or nickel catalyst; and from beta-propiolactone (Lewis, 1997).
The US, Japan, and Europe produced about 7000 metric tons of methyl acrylate in 1983 (ACGIH, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Methyl acrylate is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, skin exposure, and eye contact. It is readily absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. It is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract.

Acute exposure may result in central nervous system depression and convulsions. Burns to the gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and skin have been observed. Headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, vomiting and pulmonary edema may occur following inhalation of methyl acrylate.

Chronic exposure has caused lung, liver, and kidney damage in experimental animals.

The IARC has determined that methyl acrylate is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007). (OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, CNS depression, and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ACUTE LETHAL STUDY

HUMAN - In one instance, a subcutaneously administered dose of 1000 mg/kg produced death (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Methyl acrylate at 75 ppm is the lowest reported dose that is irritating to humans (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Of intradermal samples from 105 workers exposed to methyl acrylate, 76.1% showed positive hemagglutination reactions. Dermatitis, urticaria, and eczema were present in 5.7% of the samples (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats were exposed to 110 ppm for 4 hours/day/5 days per week (total of 32 days). There were no signs of respiratory or central nervous system toxicity, although, there was some indication of eye irritation (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Rats were exposed to 15, 45, or 135 ppm for 6 hours/day/5 days per week (total of 2 years). These specimens demonstrated the dose-related effects of corneal opacity, ocular vascularization, and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium accompanied by basal cell proliferation (Hathaway et al, 1996).
The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for rats in a drinking water study was 5 mg/kg/day. At higher doses, observed effects were increase in number of rats with renal disease, increased relative kidney weights, reduced body-weight gain, and decreased water consumption (ACGIH, 1991).
Rabbits survived 16 to 18 dermal applications of this compound over 3 hours (total dose of 30 g/kg) (ACGIH, 1991).
Two rabbits were fed 23 mg/kg for 5 days/week (24 doses in 33 days). At the time of sacrifice, the only sign of toxicity was a slight decrease in body weight (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS96-33-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Methyl acrylate

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Methyl acrylate

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Methyl acrylate

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Methyl acrylate
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 1996 CHRIS, 2001 Hathaway et al, 1996 HSDB, 2001 ) ITI, 1988 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 3.51 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2001)
1 ppm = 3.52 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS96-33-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Methyl acrylate

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye, skin, and URT irr; eye dam
Molecular Weight: 86.09

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS96-33-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS96-33-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Methyl acrylate
REL:

TWA: 10 ppm (35 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Methyl acrylate
Table Z-1 for Methyl acrylate:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 10

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 35

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS96-33-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Methyl acrylate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS96-33-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS96-33-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenoic acid, methyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1919 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Methyl acrylate, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1919
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1, TP13

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1919 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Methyl acrylate, stabilized
UN Number: 1919

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS96-33-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Acrylate
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Wear appropriate protective equipment before handling broken packages containing the compound (AAR, 2000).

According to 49 CFR 171.2: "No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by.../the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171 to 177)" (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

The following are appropriate containers for shipping: cans, glass bottles (packaged in wood or fiber boxes), drums, and tankers (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Store containers of the compound in an area where they will not be physically damaged (ITI, 1995).
Check the concentration of chemical inhibitor periodically--once a week or so (especially if stored above 21 degrees C for more than 30 days) (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
When moving 5 gallons or more of methyl acrylate in metal containers, ensure that the containers are grounded and bonded (Sittig, 1991).
Equip drums with flame arresters, self-closing valves, and pressure vacuum bungs (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

If possible, store methyl acrylate outside or in storage areas that are detached. A standard combustible liquid storage room is the most appropriate choice when indoor storage is necessary (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Store methyl acrylate in a location that is cool, dry, well-ventilated, and separate from heat and moisture (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
The storage temperature needs to be kept below 21 degrees C, and should never rise above 100 degrees F. High temperatures negate the effects of chemical inhibitors (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
- "In case of storing for longer than 30 days at 21 degrees C or higher, polymerization inhibitor and polymerized substances should be quantitatively checked at least once a week" (ITI, 1995).
- Keep storage temperatures below 20 degrees C to avoid possible violent reactions (Sittig, 1991).
- Pure concentrations of the monomer can be stored at less than 10 degrees C without polymerization; but, NOT under an inert atmosphere - traces of oxygen are needed for inhibition (Budavari, 2000; Urben, 1999).
Keep the compound from being exposed to direct sunlight, smoking, or open flames (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Spark-resistant tools and explosion-proof electrical fittings and equipment should be used in the vicinity of this compound (OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep separate from nitrates, moisture, strong acids, strong alkalis, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, and initiators such as peroxides and oxidizers (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Personnel should wear proper protective clothing (goggles, gloves, boots, imperious outer wear, and a respirator) to prevent skin contact, especially when handling broken packages. If skin contact occurs, wash with soap and water immediately. Workers should immediately remove and isolate clothing and shoes tainted with the compound (AAR, 2000; (OHM/TADS , 2001).

A quick drench should be available near the working area (HSDB , 2001).

After working with the substance and before smoking or eating, personnel should wash their hands (HSDB , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Use appropriate eye protection to prevent contact with this substance (NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

"Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when working with liquid, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn" (Sittig, 1991).

NIOSH recommends that contact lenses NOT be worn when working with methyl acrylate (HSDB , 2001). However, HSDB's recommendation is the following: "The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritation or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place" (HSDB , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 96-33-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Fluorosolv

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-467

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1200
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Neoprene

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Nitrile

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-466

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1200
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

A facility for quickly drenching the body, or body parts, with water needs to be provided within the immediate work area. This is intended to quickly remove methyl acylate from any body areas likely to be exposed. In some instances a hose connected to a sink may be permissible, in others a full deluge shower may be required (NIOSH, 1995).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Exposure to flame, heat, or oxidizers renders methyl acrylate extremely flammable (Lewis, 2000).
Methyl acrylate is a very flammable liquid and combustion is "probable" (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Vapors can move toward ignition sources and flash back. Liquid methyl acrylate floats on water and may move toward ignition sources and cause fire to spread (NFPA, 1997).
The compound "may polymerize" in fire ((CHRIS, 2001)).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS96-33-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Acrylate
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

FLASHPOINT: -3.8 to 6.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS96-33-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Methyl Acrylate
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Fight a fire involving methyl acrylate from as far a distance as is possible; do not extinguish unless it can be done safely and flow can be stopped. Water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical may all be utilized. Flooding amounts of water spray may be used to cool surrounding fire-exposed structures. Water may also be used in flooding amounts as fog. Caution: Solid Streams of water, directly on the fire, may cause it to spread (AAR, 2000; ((CHRIS, 2001); ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Irritating vapors and acrid smoke are emitted when methyl acrylate is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
Decomposition produces and acrid fumes (NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Methyl acrylate vapor, when in contact with oxidizers, sparks, or heat, is an extreme explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

Explosive polymerization of the compound can occur, and violent rupturing of closed containers of methyl acrylate is possible (NFPA, 1997) Urben, 1999).

"Heat may cause an explosive polymerization. Strong ultraviolet light can also initiate polymerization" ((CHRIS, 2001)).

Peroxides, light, and heat can quicken the polymerization process (Budavari, 2000).

When in contact with air, methyl acrylate forms explosive mixtures (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

The compound is "reactive at high temperature or pressure" (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Methyl acrylate vapors can travel some distance from the source and cause fire or explosion (Sittig, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Methyl acrylate vapors may flash back to a source of ignition, as they are heavier than air (NFPA, 1997).

If the vapor ignites in a closed space, an explosion may occur ((CHRIS, 2001)).

Methyl acrylate vapors can travel some distance from the source and cause fire or explosion (Sittig, 1991).

Irritating vapors and acrid smoke are emitted when methyl acrylate is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Decomposition produces carbon monoxide and acrid fumes (NFPA, 1997).

Methyl acrylate vapors are eye and respiratory irritants (AAR, 2000) and can cause convulsions and lethargy (OHM/TADS , 2001). Further, the vapors also can cause nausea, confusion, dizziness, headache, vomiting, and unconsciousness (NFPA, 1997).

Polymer vapors can clog vents in flame arresters and in other confined areas (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Refer to the EXPLOSION HAZARD SECTION of this document for additional information.

Irritating vapors and acrid smoke are emitted when methyl acrylate is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Decomposition produces carbon monoxide and acrid fumes (NFPA, 1997).

Methyl acrylate is incompatible and can react with strong acids and alkalies, oxidizers (such as peroxides), aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, and nitrates (NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Above 70 degrees F (21 degrees C), it can polymerize explosively and easily, with the evolution of heat, when uninhibited. Polymerization can also occur due to heat or strong ultraviolet light. Most commercially produced methyl acrylate will be chemically inhibited to prevent polymerization ((CHRIS, 2001); NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001) Urben, 1999).

"Volatility [of methyl acrylate] suggests rupture hazard when confined in boiler feed or cooling system waters" (OHM/TADS , 2001).

The compound does not react with water or other common materials ((CHRIS, 2001)).

Methyl acrylate is a very flammable liquid and combustion is "probable" (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Exposure to flame, heat, or oxidizers renders methyl acrylate extremely flammable (Lewis, 2000).

"React[s] readily with electrophilic, free-radical, and nucleophilic agent[s]" (HSDB , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If this compound is involved in an uncontrollable fire, or containers of methyl acrylate are in danger of igniting, evacuate in a one-half mile radius. If the substance is not on fire, but leaking, evacuation considerations should include the following: location, weather, and amount of spilled material (AAR, 2000).

In the event of the presence of intense heat or flame, an explosion is possible. The immediate area should be evacuated (OHM/TADS , 2001).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS96-33-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS96-33-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methyl acrylate
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 7.5
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS96-33-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS96-33-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 250 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Remove potential ignition sources from the immediate area. Without endangering personnel, attempt to stop or control the leak. Water spray may be utilized to disperse vapors, cool surrounding structures, and dilute any standing pools of the liquid. Make sure runoff is contained for proper disposal; it may be necessary to build dikes to keep runoff out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
Only persons wearing appropriate chemical protective equipment should be in area of spill. The spill area should be ventilated and the material should be kept out of sewers due to the explosion potential (Sittig, 1991).
Notify fire department and area pollution control and health agencies in case of a spill or emergency situation. If spilled into a water body, contact area wildlife and health agencies and local water intake operators ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- When spilled into a water body, personnel should attempt to stop the discharge and then dilute and disperse the spilled methyl acrylate ((CHRIS, 2001)).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Carbon or peat can be used for in situ cleanup (OHM/TADS , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Wastewater organisms can be used to treat dilute amounts of methyl acrylate. Due to the explosion hazard, however, do not route the spill through sewers (OHM/TADS , 2001).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 2001).
The methyl acrylate spill may be put into sealed containers after being absorbed into materials such as earth, vermiculite, or dry sand (Sittig, 1991).
"For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn paper in suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in suitable combustion chamber" (HSDB , 2001).
The disposal method suggested by Sittig (1991) is incineration.
Small amounts can be burned in paper packaging. Methyl acrylate mixtures also can be sprayed into a furnace; mixing this compound with a more flammable solvent will make this process easier (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
While under a hood, evaporate the substance on an iron dish or glass (ITI, 1995).
When spilled onto a beach or into a water body, "skim, clean shore line, [and] salvage water fowl" ((CHRIS, 2001)).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

From its production and use in the manufacture of various products, methyl acrylate can pollute the environment by way of a variety of waste streams (HSDB , 2001).

Methyl acrylate is a volatile component of pineapple concentrate (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Based on methyl acrylate's vapor pressure and a gas/particle partitioning model, the substance is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase when released to the atmosphere. It will photooxidize when in contact with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life of 41 days) and ozone (half-life of 4 days). It is thought that the compound will not directly photolyze (HSDB , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- When released to water, hydrolysis is expected to be a significant process. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms and adsorbtion to suspended particulate matter or sediment do not play a major role. It will volatilize from the surface of water (estimated model river half-life: 6.8 hours; estimated model lake half-life: 5 days). In natural waters, methyl acrylate may biodegrade (HSDB , 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Methyl acrylate in soil is predicted to exhibit great mobility; hence, there is a high likelihood that it will leach to groundwater. This compound may biodegrade or it may volatilize from moist or dry surface soil surfaces (HSDB , 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

"The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methyl acrylate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.4X10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 deg C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 41 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10(5) hydroxyl radicals per cm(3)" (HSDB , 2001).

"The rate constant for the reaction of methyl acrylate with ozone was determined to be 2.9X10(-18) cm(3)/mole-sec, corresponding to a half-life of 4 days" (HSDB , 2001).

Hydrolysis is expected to be a significant process, based on data for the structurally similar ethyl acrylate, which exhibited half-lives of 3 years, 103 days, and 2.5 hours at pH 7, pH 8, and pH 11, respectively (HSDB , 2001).

Half-Lives (Howard et al, 1991):

Air: High: 27 hours; Low: 2.7 hours; Comment: "Based upon estimated photooxidation half-lives in air."
Surface Water: High: 168 hours (7 days); Low: 24 hours; Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life."
Groundwater: High: 336 hours (14 days); Low 48 hours (2 days); Comment: "High value is scientific judgement based upon aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. Low value is based upon measured hydrolysis data."
Soil: High: 168 hours (7 days); Low: 24 hours; Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life."

Aqueous Biodegradation (unacclimated)

Aerobic: High: 168 hours (7 days); Low: 24 hours; Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon a biological screening test."
Anaerobic: High: 672 hours (28 days); Low: 96 hours (4 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-lives."

Photooxidation (in air): High: 27 hours; Low: 2.70 hours; Comment: "Based upon estimated photooxidation rate constant with -OH."

Hydrolysis

First-order: 24,700 hours (2.8 years); Comment: "Half-life at 25 degrees C and pH 7 based upon measured base rate constant."
Acid rate constant (M(H+)-hr)-1: 1.2 x 10(-7); Comment: "Measured rate constant for ethyl acrylate at 25 degrees C. At 25 degrees C and pH 5, the half-life would be 280 years; this half-life results primarily from the base rate constant; the acid rate constant is too slow to be important."
Base rate constant (M(OH-)-hr)-1: 0.0779; Comment: "Measured rate constant for methyl acrylate at 25 degrees C. At pH 9 and 25 degrees C, the half-life would be 240 hours (10 days)."

BIODEGRADATION

This compound has been demonstrated to be biodegradable, and may do so in soil and water. Processes for biodegradation of the compound include biological wastewater treatment with appropriate acclimation. Anaerobic biodegradation may also occur. Successful biodegradation using sewage seed is predicted (HSDB , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- This compound is not predicted to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB , 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Utilizing a regression-derived equation and a log Kow of 0.80, a BCF of 2 has been estimated (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Inhibition of cell multiplication was seen in the protozoan Uronema parduczi at a threshold concentration of 84 mg/L (HSDB , 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

86.09

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Methyl acrylate monomer is a volatile, clear, "practically colourless," watery liquid possessing an acrid odor (also described as sharp and fruity); the polymer is an elastic, transparent material with almost no odor and "little adhesive power" (ACGIH, 1991) Budavari, 2000; (HSDB , 2001; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

9 kPa (ILO , 1998)

65 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

68.2 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

86.6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

100 mmHg (at 28 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.96 (68 degrees F/4 degrees C) (NIOSH , 2001)
0.9561 g/mL (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; (Lewis, 2000)
0.9574 g/mL (at 20 degrees C/20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.9702 (at 0 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.9868 (at -5 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.9929 (at -10 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.956 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001))
0.9574 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY

0.02049 lb/ft(3) (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-77 degrees C; -106 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
-76.5 degrees C; -105.7 degrees F; 196.7 K ((CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 1997)
-75 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

MELTING POINT

-77 degrees C; -106 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
-76.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991) Budavari, 2000)

BOILING POINT

85 degrees C (at 608 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000)

79-81 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

81 degrees C; 177 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

80 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

80.5 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001; HSDB , 2001)

80.6 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991)

80.6 degrees C; 177 degrees F; 353.8 degrees K ((CHRIS, 2001))

70 degrees C (at 608 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

60 degrees C (at 428 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

50 degrees C (at 298 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

40 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

20 degrees C (at 88 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

10 degrees C (at 54 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

5 degrees C (at 41.5 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

0 degrees C (at 32 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-5 degrees C (at 24.5 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-10 degrees C (at 18.5 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

Forms azeotropes with water and methanol: 9.5% water, boiling point = 73 degrees C; 49% methanol, boiling point = 61 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

FLASH POINT

-2.8 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

-2.8 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-3 degrees C; 27 degrees F (open cup)(NFPA, 1997)

-3 degrees C (closed cup) (ILO , 1998)

-3.8 degrees C; 25 degrees F (Tagliabue open cup) (Lewis, 1997)

6.7 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

468 degrees C; 875 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.8% (NIOSH , 2001)

UPPER

25% (NIOSH , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

6 g/100 mL (at 20 degrees C); 5 g/100 mL (at 40 degrees C) (slightly soluble) (Budavari, 2000).
Solubility of water in methyl acrylate (at 20 degrees C) is 1.8 mL/100 g (Budavari, 2000).
4.94X10(4) mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
Slightly soluble at 68 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001).
60,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble at greater than 10% in acetone, alcohol, and ether (HSDB , 2001).
Soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, and ethanol (ACGIH, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.80 (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

4304 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

137 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

4.8 ppb (ACGIH, 1991)
20 ppm (approximate) (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

630 psia; 43 atm; 4.3 MN/m(2) ((CHRIS, 2001))

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

263 degrees C; 505 degrees F; 536 degrees K ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-9900 Btu/lb; -5500 cal/g; -230 x 10(5) J/kg (estimated) ((CHRIS, 2001))
502.88 kcal/mol (Budavari, 2000)

HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION

-392 Btu/lb; -218 cal/g; -9.13X10(5) J/kg ((CHRIS, 2001))

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.401 (at 20 degrees C/D) (Budavari, 2000)
1.4040 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.90 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

64 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

0.482 CP (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001)

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METHYL ACRYLATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents